考虑轴箱轴承表面波纹度的高速车辆振动特性分析

采用SIMPACK动力学软件,建立一高速车辆出现轴箱轴承表面波纹度缺陷的动力学计算模型,将轴承假设为只有外圈和内圈两者之间的相互作用,轴承中的滚子直接等效成若干个力元,分别考虑轴承的内、外圈以及滚子表面波纹度对车辆振动特性的影响。仿真结果表明:当轴承出现波纹度缺陷时,轴箱振动加速度会增大,而构架的加速度变化不大;对于外圈表面波纹度,会在特定频率及其倍频处出现峰值,且当纹度波数等于或接近滚子数目相或其倍数关系时,轴箱会出现严重的振动;对于内圈表面波纹度,当波纹度数N_w≠iZ±1且N_w≠iZ±1(其中i为正整数)时,在所仿真的波数下可能会出现多种基频及其倍频成分,否则只会产生特定的基频及其倍频成分;对于滚子表面波纹度,当滚子波纹度数目为偶数时,只会出现特定的基频及其倍频成分,且在特征频率旁边存在着调制边带;随着滚子波纹度数目的变化,三种情况下的轴箱振动加速度幅值会在波纹度数目等于滚子数目处产生峰值点,且随着波纹度幅值的增加,三种情况下的轴箱的振动均变得越来越剧烈。     

Development of Seals for Rocket Engine Turbopumps

An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of frequency and amplitude of axial vibration and of bearing axial play in producing fretting damage in unlubricated ball bearings at constant temperature and humidity. A study was also made of the impact forces occurring within the bearings due to these vibrations. A simplified analog simulation model of the ball bearing and the vibration exciter system was also developed.

Frequency, amplitude, time, and a derived parameter GxI (the product of acceleration and impact frequency) had a very significant influence on fretting damage, indicated statistically at a confidence level of ninety-nine percent. Although axial play had little effect on fretting damage for the range of axial plays of the test bearings, it had significant effect on the acceleration levels obtained within the bearings. Fretting damage was measured with a bearing torque analyzer. The experimental test vibrations were accurately reproduced on the analog model.     

球轴承振动的试验研究

在改装的轴承振动测量装置上，对专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，用固定式安装的加速度计，以基于微机的数字化振动测量和分析系统，试验研究了载荷、速度和润滑对球轴承振动特性的影响，通过试验进一步验证了球轴承振动的理论模型，证明了球轴承振动的摩擦动力学本质。     

铝板带材轧机振动测试分析

针对某铝板热轧机严重振动问题，测试了轧辊垂直振动、主传动系统扭振和液压压下系统压力与主电机电枢电流等参数，分析了其振动特点。采用拟三维有限元模型分析了同系统的固有特性。测试与分析表明，铝板热轧机振动的主要形式是强迫振动，主要振因来源于工作辊轴承和支承辊轴承特征振动。     

基于LMD和增强包络谱的滚动轴承故障分析

针对滚动轴承发生故障时振动信号幅值分布的峭度和歪度都会发生变化的特点,提出基于峭度-歪度的局部均值分解分量筛选准则,将峭度值和歪度绝对值最大的分量筛选出来并重构故障信号,以达到降噪的目的。对降噪后的信号进行增强包络谱分析,得到故障的特征频率。应用提出的新方法对实测的滚动轴承外圈、滚动体和内圈发生故障时的振动信号分别进行了分析。结果表明,基于峭度-歪度的局部均值分解分量筛选准则有效地降低了信号中的噪声,在此基础上应用增强包络谱有效地减少带内噪声影响,从而使故障特征信息凸现出来,有利于对滚动轴承的各种故障进行诊断。     

具有局部表面损伤的滚动球轴承动力学建模

提出了一种滚动球轴承局部表面损伤故障的动力学分析方法。模型中每个轴承元件具有6个运动自由度,并完整地考虑了陀螺效应、离心力及润滑牵引等动力学因素。通过几何特征的变化对局部表面损伤进行了建模。采用四阶变步长Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg积分法对动力学方程进行了数值求解,并在时域和频域中对动力学响应进行了分析。研究结果表明,由于考虑了润滑剂的牵引效果,计算得到的故障特征频率较纯滚动假设下的计算结果有一定的差异。文中综合考虑了轴承元件的三维运动、相对滑动、润滑效应以及局部表面损伤等因素,因此所提出的模型更为全面、有效和实用。     

基于小波变换的滚动轴承内圈故障诊断

利用小波变换将滚动轴承故障振动加速度信号分解到不同尺度,对包含有故障特征频率的小波系数进行Hirbert变换解调,最后对解调后的信号进行频谱分析获取轴承故障特征信息.实例分析表明,利用小波变换进行滚动轴承内圈故障诊断具有良好的诊断效果.     

Experimental diagnostics of ball bearings using statistical and spectral methods

Vibration measurements and signal analysis is widely used for condition monitoring of ball bearings as their vibration signature reveals important information about the defect development within them. Time domain analysis of vibration signature such as peak-to-peak amplitude, root mean square, Crest factor and kurtosis indicates defects in ball bearings. However, these measures do not specify the position and/or nature of the defects. Each defect produces characteristic vibrations in ball bearings. Hence, examining the vibration spectrum may deliver information on the type of defects. In this paper a test rig is designed and a pair of brand new commercial ball bearings is installed. The bearings run throughout their lifespan under constant speed and loading conditions. Vibration signatures produced are recorded and statistical measures are calculated during the test. When anomalies are detected in the statistical measures, vibration spectra are obtained and examined to determine where the defect is on the running surfaces. At the end of the test, the ball bearings are disassembled in order to take microscopic photos of the defects.     

滚动轴承早期缺陷振动的简化模型

建立了滚动轴承早期缺陷振动的线性简化模型,依据该模型分析了滚动轴承早期缺陷引起振动的特性。理论分析和实际测量表明:滚动轴承早期缺陷激励出轴承的固有振动,产生了脉冲冲击波;非周期早期缺陷振动为正常振动信号叠加一个或几个离散脉冲冲击波,产生垃圾音,周期早期缺陷振动为正常振动信号叠加一串串周期脉冲冲击波,产生内圈伤音、外圈伤音或滚动体伤音;脉冲冲击波是滚动轴承早期缺陷引起的异常声的主要原因。     

The Prediction of Contact Pressure–Induced Film Thickness Decay in Starved Lubricated Rolling Bearings

Under starved conditions the thickness and distribution of the lubricant film in an elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contact is directly related to the distribution of lubricant on the track in the inlet to the contact. In starved lubricated rolling bearings this lubricant distribution is determined by many effects. The authors have developed a model to predict the oil lost from the track induced by EHL pressure with no replenishment. A complete bearing is modeled with multiple rolling element EHL contacts and with the applied load to the rolling elements varying along the circumference of the bearing. Results of the oil layer thickness on the track are presented for a ball bearing and a spherical roller bearing for different bearing loads and rotational speeds. The predicted layer thickness decay rate for a ball bearing is significantly larger than for a spherical roller bearing and the predicted effect of the bearing load on the decay rate is small compared to the effect of the rotational speed. The predicted decay periods due to the contact pressure effect are small compared to the observed (grease) life of bearings. The results show that a bearing cannot sustain an adequate layer of oil on the running track unless significant replenishment takes place.     

不同轴向载荷下氮化硅全陶瓷轴承润滑特性

全陶瓷球轴承广泛应用在航天航空领域、燃气发动机和极端工况下,然而针对全陶瓷轴承油润滑特性的研究比较少见。以氮化硅6206全陶瓷深沟球轴承作为研究对象,在轴承测振仪上开展陶瓷轴承润滑特性实验研究,采用拟静力学和最小油膜厚度理论通过MatLab的牛顿迭代法得到比较精确的数值解,分析陶瓷轴承的接触载荷、轴向载荷、离心力、最小油膜厚度之间的关系,并通过改变供油量和轴向载荷得到陶瓷轴承在不同工况下的振动规律。实验结果表明：在轴向载荷相同条件下球与外圈之间的接触载荷比球与内圈之间的接触载荷大,轴向位移随着轴向载荷增加呈递增趋势;在轴向载荷一定时,存在一个最佳供油量使轴承振动最小,在干摩擦条件下轴承振动随着轴向载荷增加呈先减少后增大的趋势。     

考虑三维运动和相对滑动的滚动球轴承局部表面损伤动力学建模研究

滚动体通过局部表面损伤时轴承的运动参数及动力学响应是轴承疲劳损伤分析和故障诊断的有效输入和重要依据。基于GUPTA轴承模型构建具有局部表面损伤的滚动球轴承的完整动力学模型。该模型中每个轴承元件(滚球、内圈及外圈)具有6个自由度,并且考虑了元件之间的相对滑动和润滑牵引特性。在对局部表面损伤进行建模时,完整考虑了损伤出现后由于材料缺失而引入的额外间隙,以及损伤对赫兹接触刚度及接触载荷作用方向的影响。研究滚球在通过局部表面损伤时轴承的加速度与滚球/损伤之间冲击力的对应关系,以及轴承转速和损伤宽度对轴承振动响应的影响规律。仿真结果表明,由于考虑了相对滑动和滚球/损伤之间冲击力的影响,本模型能够对具有局部表面损伤的球轴承进行更为合理的动力学特性分析,可为滚动球轴承的疲劳损伤分析和故障定量诊断提供一定的理论依据。     

全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性及其对服役性能影响规律

相比于金属球轴承,全陶瓷球轴承在极端工况下的服役性能更加突出。为了揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,提高全陶瓷球轴承的运转性能与使用寿命,以6208CE氮化硅全陶瓷深沟球轴承为例,对其在油润滑工况下所表现出的摩擦、振动、温升等特性进行试验研究,探讨供油量对全陶瓷球轴承润滑状态的影响,并对试验后的全陶瓷球轴承接触微区表层进行解析。研究发现：全陶瓷球轴承油润滑服役过程中,在某个特定工况下存在一个最佳供油量,使得轴承可实现全膜润滑,从而表现出最好的摩擦、振动、温升等特性;小于最佳供油量时,为乏油状态,轴承接触微区存在油-固混合润滑状态;大于最佳供油量时,过多润滑油液会产生的黏滞阻力;相比于载荷,轴承的转速对最佳供油量的取值具有决定性影响。研究成果对于揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,丰富其润滑理论与方法具有一定指导意义。     

球轴承振动和异常声在线自动测量与分选

介绍一种球轴承振动和异常声的在线自动检测、分选系统，详尽地描述了自动检测机构和控制系统的结构及功能，该设备能配置在球轴承装配生产线上检测轴承的振动和异常声，并按测得的振动的均方根值、峰值、峰值因数和峭度，将已测轴承分为4个等级。通过一维单自由度的轴承振动模型，分析了异常声产生的机理。     

滚动轴承故障特征提取的EMD频谱自相关方法

首先,在论述频谱自相关方法(spectrum auto-correlation,简称SAC)的特点、经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)分析过程和轴承故障机理的基础上,指出了在故障信号不占主导作用时频谱自相关方法在轴承故障诊断中的局限性,并得到仿真算例验证;然后,提出了基于经验模态分解和频谱自相关的轴承故障特征提取方法,将经验模态分解得到的各分量进行分析比较,再对适合的分量进行频谱自相关分析,可有效提出轴承故障频率;最后,分别在轴承故障试验台实测了深沟球轴承和圆柱滚子轴承内外圈故障振动数据,结果表明,EMD-频谱自相关分析方法可以很好地提取轴承故障信号,较单一EMD分解、频谱自相关和峭度等方法效果更好,为轴承故障诊断提供了新思路。     

球轴承的弹性接触振动

以深沟球轴承为代表,建立了球轴承振动的弹性接触模型,计算了振动的固有频率,并以专门设计的试验方法验证了理论结果,从而揭示了球轴承振动的基本特征,为进一步探讨滚动轴承振动的本质和量化各种因素的影响奠定了理论基础。     

A fault diagnosis approach for roller bearing based on VPMCD under variable speed condition

Essentially the fault diagnosis of roller bearing is a process of pattern recognition. However, existing pattern recognition method failed to capitalize on the nature of multivariate associations between the extracted fault features. Targeting such limitation, a new pattern recognition method – variable predictive model based class discriminate (VPMCD) is introduced into roller bearing fault identification. The VPMCD consider that all or part of the feature values will exhibit interactions in nature and these associations will have different performances between different classes, which is always true in practice when faults occur in roller bearings. Target to the characteristics of non-stationary and amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated (AM–FM) of vibration signal picked up under variable speed condition, a fault diagnosis method based upon the VPMCD, order tracking technique and local mean decomposition (LMD) is put forward and applied to the roller bearing fault identification. Firstly, LMD and order tracking analysis method are combined to extract the fault features of roller bearing vibration signals under variable speed condition; Secondly, the feature values are regard as the input of VPMCD classifier; finally, the working condition and fault patterns of the roller bearings are identified automatically by the output of VPMCD classifier. The analysis results from experimental signals with normal and defective roller bearings indicate that the proposed fault diagnosis approach can distinguish the roller bearing status-with or without fault and fault patterns under variable speed condition accurately and effectively.     

An automated procedure for detection and identification of ball bearing damage using multivariate statistics and pattern recognition

This paper suggests an automated approach for fault detection and classification in roller bearings, which is based on pattern recognition and principal components analysis of the measured vibration signals. The signals recorded are pre-processed applying a wavelet transform in order to extract the appropriate high frequency (detailed) area needed for ball bearing fault detection. This is followed by a pattern recognition (PR) procedure used to recognise between signals coming from healthy bearings and those generated from different bearing faults. Four categories of signals are considered, namely no fault signals (from a healthy bearing), inner race fault, outer race fault and rolling element fault signals. The PR procedure uses the first six principal components extracted from the signals after a proper principal component analysis (PCA). In this work a modified PCA is suggested, which is much more appropriate for categorical data. The combination of the modified PCA and the PR method ensures that the fault is automatically detected and classified to one of the considered fault categories. The method suggested does not require the knowledge/determination of the specific fault frequencies and/or any expert analysis: once the signal filtering is done and the PC's are found the PR method automatically gives the answer if there is a fault present and its type.     

New Stress-Based Fatigue Life Models for Ball and Roller Bearings

New stress-based life models are introduced to define “dynamic stress capacity” in rolling bearings for the first time. The generalized stress capacity equations are formulated, for both point and line contacts, in terms of distinct geometrical and materials parameters while the empirical constants are now material independent. Life equations are first developed for individual rolling element to race contacts and then statistically combined to estimate lives of both races, rolling elements, and, finally, the whole bearings for both ball and roller bearings. An estimate of the empirical constant for the ball bearing equation is derived by regression analysis of available experimental data. The applicable constant for roller bearings is then derived by relating the ball and roller bearing constants to the fundamental subsurface fatigue hypothesis applicable to both point and line contacts. For AISI 52100 bearing steel at room temperature, life predictions with the new stress-based equations are in complete agreement with those currently provided by widely used load-based formulations, where the empirical constant contains the elastic properties of AISI 52100 bearing steel. In addition to these life equations based on the magnitude and depth of maximum orthogonal subsurface shear stress and the volume of material stressed, a new model that eliminates life dependence on the depth of maximum orthogonal shear stress and relates life to only the subsurface maximum shear stress and the stressed volume is presented. Though the predicted life estimates with the currently used and newly introduced life models are comparable in the contact stress range of 2 to 3 GPa, the new model provides significantly higher lives at low contact stresses.     

Defect diagnostics of roller bearing using instantaneous frequency normalization under fluctuant rotating speed

We investigated the feasibility of utilizing the normalized characteristic frequencies for diagnosing the defective roller bearings in case of fluctuant rotating speeds. The time-frequency distributions of the envelope signals of the vibration data were constructed through the Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) as well as the instantaneous frequency calculation. The bearing defect-related frequencies were then normalized with respect to the instantaneous rotation frequency of the shaft so that the factor of the rotating speed fluctuation was removed; thus the characteristic frequencies of bearing malfunctions could be observed in terms of constant values. The magnitude distributions of the marginal envelope spectra at the corresponding normalized bearing defect-related frequencies were extracted as the feature vectors. The Support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify the extracted feature vectors of different bearing fault classes. A test rig of roller bearing system was performed to illustrate the different bearing faults, including different levels of inner race defect, outer race defect and roller defect. The analysis results demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed approach for accurately identifying the bearing defects in case of fluctuant rotating speed.