An evaluation of the effect of simulated launch vibration on the friction performance and lubrication of ball bearings for space applications

Ball bearings in space mechanisms are subjected to vibration during launch which can lead to a temporary loss of contact between the balls and the raceway. On re-establishing contact the transient high contact stresses which arise may cause damage to the bearing. This transient loss of contact is referred to as “gapping”. Despite the fact that it is clearly of interest to understand how exposure to the launch vibration impacts upon bearing and lubricant performance, the dynamic behaviour of bearings subjected to vibration typical of that occurring during launch has been little studied.This paper describes a theoretical and experimental investigation to examine the influence of simulated launch vibration on the torque performance of solid and liquid lubricated ball bearings. A fixture containing a pair of preloaded face-to-face angular contact bearings was mounted on an electro-dynamic vibrator. Two laser triangulation transducers were used to measure the relative axial displacement of the bearing components at a range of acceleration levels. A simple analytical model was also developed to predict gapping for a range of different test conditions. Data from this model was compared to measured gapping. The effect of vibration on bearing torque was measured following each level of acceleration. Finally, features arising in the bearing raceway due to vibration testing were assessed.     

Progress in Rolling Bearing Vibration Research and Control

The effect of rolling bearing vibrations on machine noise is experimentally determined. The mechanics of bearing vibration generation and transmission are described. An analytical model for the bearing as a vibration generator is used to identify forcing frequencies, resonant frequencies, and amplitude relationships. Results of measurements of the radial, axial, and angular vibrations of both small ball and large roller bearings are cited. The effect on vibration of masses and compliances attached to the bearing is examined.

A review of recent progress in the manufacture of smooth running ball and roller bearings is presented.     

Real-time recognition of ball bearing states for the enhancement of precision,quality, efficiency,safety, and automation of manufacturing

Real-time recognition of ball bearing states can enhance precision, quality, efficiency, safety, and automation of manufacturing. Three features, including peak amplitude of the frequency domain, percent power, and peak RMS, have been extracted from the radial acceleration of ball bearings. The sequential forward search algorithm has been applied to select the best vibration features. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) have been used. A 2?×?2 ANFIS using the π-shaped built-in membership function can distinguish normal bearing states from defective bearings states with 100 % success rate. Furthermore, a 3?×?5 ANFIS can classify ball bearings into six different states with a success rate of over 95 % for diagnostic purpose. In this manner, real-time recognition of ball bearing states for manufacturing can be performed efficiently and effectively.     

波纹度波数对深沟球轴承振动特性的影响

建立了三自由度轴承动力学模型和波纹度模型,以6201深沟球轴承为研究对象,基于定步长四阶龙格-库塔法得到轴承振动频率和振动加速度,分别通过与文献和试验结果的对比,验证了模型的正确性.并分析了内外圈波纹度波数对轴承加速度峰峰值和有效值的影响,结果表明:轴承振动加速度响应的峰峰值和有效值随内外圈波纹度波数增大而增大,波纹度...     

不同轴向载荷下氮化硅全陶瓷轴承润滑特性

全陶瓷球轴承广泛应用在航天航空领域、燃气发动机和极端工况下,然而针对全陶瓷轴承油润滑特性的研究比较少见。以氮化硅6206全陶瓷深沟球轴承作为研究对象,在轴承测振仪上开展陶瓷轴承润滑特性实验研究,采用拟静力学和最小油膜厚度理论通过MatLab的牛顿迭代法得到比较精确的数值解,分析陶瓷轴承的接触载荷、轴向载荷、离心力、最小油膜厚度之间的关系,并通过改变供油量和轴向载荷得到陶瓷轴承在不同工况下的振动规律。实验结果表明：在轴向载荷相同条件下球与外圈之间的接触载荷比球与内圈之间的接触载荷大,轴向位移随着轴向载荷增加呈递增趋势;在轴向载荷一定时,存在一个最佳供油量使轴承振动最小,在干摩擦条件下轴承振动随着轴向载荷增加呈先减少后增大的趋势。     

球轴承振动的试验研究

在改装的轴承振动测量装置上，对专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，用固定式安装的加速度计，以基于微机的数字化振动测量和分析系统，试验研究了载荷、速度和润滑对球轴承振动特性的影响，通过试验进一步验证了球轴承振动的理论模型，证明了球轴承振动的摩擦动力学本质。     

滚动轴承测振系统的研究

本文对目前我国使用的轴承振动加速度测试系统进行了理论分析和实验研究,得出下列几点结论性意见：1.从理论计算、实测传感系统的谐振频率和实测轴承振动的频谱,都说明目前所用的弹簧连接的压电晶体加速度计测试系统谐振频率在3～4kHz之间。2.从理论和实验都证明弹簧连接的压电晶体加速度计轴承振动测试系统,在触针和轴承外圈之间加油能降低系统的谐振幅值,而不能提高系统的谐振频率到10kHz以上,谐振频率仍在3～4kHz之间。3.本文对目前使用的动圈式轴承振动速度传感测试系统的谐振频率进行了实测,说明速度传感系统谐振频率在12kHz附近。众所周知,轴承振动频率一般在50Hz～10kHz之间,动圈式速度传感系统谐振频率在12kHz左右,和动圈式速度传感系统测试轴承振动,能真实地反映出轴承的振动情况;而触针式压电晶体加速度计测试系统谐振频率在3～4kHz之间系统的固有频率会影响测值的真实性,因此它不能反映同承的真实振动情况,所以对于轴承这种特殊零件的振动测量,速度传感器比加速度传感器适用。因此本文最后建议用动圈式速度传器对轴承振动进行速度测量。     

基于小波包变换的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对故障轴承振动信号能量集中与调制的特点,提出了一种基于小波包能量法与Hilbert变换的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。使用小波包变换对振动信号进行分解、重构及能量计算,并应用Hilbert变换对能量集中频段的重构信号进行解调和频谱分析,提取故障特征频率。同时针对诊断过程中故障特征参数依靠人工计算的问题,提出故障特征参数自动提取方法。实际的滚动轴承实验数据的处理和分析结果表明,该诊断方法能够准确、快速地识别滚动轴承表面损伤的故障模式。     

基于小波变换的滚动轴承内圈故障诊断

利用小波变换将滚动轴承故障振动加速度信号分解到不同尺度,对包含有故障特征频率的小波系数进行Hirbert变换解调,最后对解调后的信号进行频谱分析获取轴承故障特征信息.实例分析表明,利用小波变换进行滚动轴承内圈故障诊断具有良好的诊断效果.     

轿车轮毂轴承微动磨损试验分析

利用自行设计的轿车轮毂轴承径向式微动磨损试验系统,对三组轮毂轴承进行试验。试验轴承滚道上出现宏观条状磨损痕迹,轴承次表面约20 ?m处出现了连续微孔,严重微动磨损的轴承次表面出现了近似平行于滚道的微裂纹。同时,模拟径向载荷下轮毂轴承的内部3D应力分布,结果表明,轮毂轴承载荷区出现条状应力/应变峰的幅值波动。在此基础上,结合轿车行驶时轮毂轴承的承载特点,提出了轮毂轴承广义复合微动磨损机理模型。该模型为减缓轮毂轴承微动磨损程度和提高轴承可靠性提供了新的途径。     

考虑轴箱轴承表面波纹度的高速车辆振动特性分析

采用SIMPACK动力学软件,建立一高速车辆出现轴箱轴承表面波纹度缺陷的动力学计算模型,将轴承假设为只有外圈和内圈两者之间的相互作用,轴承中的滚子直接等效成若干个力元,分别考虑轴承的内、外圈以及滚子表面波纹度对车辆振动特性的影响。仿真结果表明:当轴承出现波纹度缺陷时,轴箱振动加速度会增大,而构架的加速度变化不大;对于外圈表面波纹度,会在特定频率及其倍频处出现峰值,且当纹度波数等于或接近滚子数目相或其倍数关系时,轴箱会出现严重的振动;对于内圈表面波纹度,当波纹度数N_w≠iZ±1且N_w≠iZ±1(其中i为正整数)时,在所仿真的波数下可能会出现多种基频及其倍频成分,否则只会产生特定的基频及其倍频成分;对于滚子表面波纹度,当滚子波纹度数目为偶数时,只会出现特定的基频及其倍频成分,且在特征频率旁边存在着调制边带;随着滚子波纹度数目的变化,三种情况下的轴箱振动加速度幅值会在波纹度数目等于滚子数目处产生峰值点,且随着波纹度幅值的增加,三种情况下的轴箱的振动均变得越来越剧烈。     

Experimental diagnostics of ball bearings using statistical and spectral methods

Vibration measurements and signal analysis is widely used for condition monitoring of ball bearings as their vibration signature reveals important information about the defect development within them. Time domain analysis of vibration signature such as peak-to-peak amplitude, root mean square, Crest factor and kurtosis indicates defects in ball bearings. However, these measures do not specify the position and/or nature of the defects. Each defect produces characteristic vibrations in ball bearings. Hence, examining the vibration spectrum may deliver information on the type of defects. In this paper a test rig is designed and a pair of brand new commercial ball bearings is installed. The bearings run throughout their lifespan under constant speed and loading conditions. Vibration signatures produced are recorded and statistical measures are calculated during the test. When anomalies are detected in the statistical measures, vibration spectra are obtained and examined to determine where the defect is on the running surfaces. At the end of the test, the ball bearings are disassembled in order to take microscopic photos of the defects.     

轿车轮毂轴承载荷分布数值求解与分析

在考虑接触角的变化和轴向预载荷影响的前提下,基于静力学分析方法建立两自由度的数学模型,介绍了精确求解轿车轮毂轴承载荷分布的数值方法,同时系统分析了侧向加速度和轴向预载荷对载荷分布的影响.轮毂轴承在合适的轴向预载荷状态下工作,可以获得最大的疲劳寿命.     

双联角接触球轴承轴向预载荷试验

以角接触球轴承轴向载荷和轴向位移的非线性函数关系为基础,进行了双联轴承加载试验。通过对加载曲线的分析对比,得到了施加在双联轴承上的轴向预载荷。串联型双联轴承虽然不存在预载荷问题,但通过加载试验曲线的测试与分析,可以使两套轴承承受相同的轴向载荷。     

全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性及其对服役性能影响规律

相比于金属球轴承,全陶瓷球轴承在极端工况下的服役性能更加突出。为了揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,提高全陶瓷球轴承的运转性能与使用寿命,以6208CE氮化硅全陶瓷深沟球轴承为例,对其在油润滑工况下所表现出的摩擦、振动、温升等特性进行试验研究,探讨供油量对全陶瓷球轴承润滑状态的影响,并对试验后的全陶瓷球轴承接触微区表层进行解析。研究发现：全陶瓷球轴承油润滑服役过程中,在某个特定工况下存在一个最佳供油量,使得轴承可实现全膜润滑,从而表现出最好的摩擦、振动、温升等特性;小于最佳供油量时,为乏油状态,轴承接触微区存在油-固混合润滑状态;大于最佳供油量时,过多润滑油液会产生的黏滞阻力;相比于载荷,轴承的转速对最佳供油量的取值具有决定性影响。研究成果对于揭示全陶瓷球轴承油润滑特性,丰富其润滑理论与方法具有一定指导意义。     

高速角接触球轴承中的冲击滑动研究

高速角接触球轴承中,球与保持架的碰撞会导致球与滚道的冲击滑动,从而引起滚道划伤和轴承早期失效。为探究球与保持架的冲击碰撞导致的瞬时滑动,以某高速角接触球轴承为研究对象,通过对联合载荷下角接触球轴承的动力学仿真,分析了变速工况及保持架结构参数对球与保持架的冲击碰撞、球与滚道的冲击滑动以及零件磨损率的影响。结果发现,加减速及恒定转速下,球与保持架的运动呈现周期性变化;由于球进入和离开径向载荷区域时公转角速度的变化,球与保持架碰撞并导致球相对内、外圈滚道发生冲击滑动;为适应球公转角速度的变化,适当增大兜孔间隙,可以减小球与保持架兜孔碰撞力的大小和频率,从而减小球与滚道的冲击滑动以及保持架的磨损率。     

滚动轴承故障特征的时间—小波能量谱提取方法

振动信号中的周期性冲击现象是诊断滚动轴承各元件故障的重要依据之一,针对滚动轴承故障特征,在小波变换理论基础上提出一种时间—小波能量谱信号处理方法,它能够有效地提取出振动信号中冲击成分的时域和频域特征。利用时间—小波能量谱方法分析正常、外圈故障、内圈故障、滚珠故障等四种状态下滚动轴承的振动信号,并与传统的包络解调分析方法进行对比分析。时间—小波能量谱不仅可以有效提取出冲击特征明显的滚动轴承外圈故障,还能提取出内圈、滚珠等信号特征微弱的滚动轴承故障,而包络解调分析方法只能提取出外圈故障特征而不能提取出滚珠故障、内圈故障特征。结果表明,时间—小波能量普比包络解调分析方法更能有效地提取出振动信号中的冲击信号成分。     

球轴承的弹性接触振动

以深沟球轴承为代表,建立了球轴承振动的弹性接触模型,计算了振动的固有频率,并以专门设计的试验方法验证了理论结果,从而揭示了球轴承振动的基本特征,为进一步探讨滚动轴承振动的本质和量化各种因素的影响奠定了理论基础。     

Frequency effects in fretting wear

The effect of frequency of vibration on fretting wear has been investigated in the 10 – 1000 Hz range with additional experiments at 20 000 Hz. Fretting tests were performed with two materials, a low carbon steel (AISI 1018) and an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304). The experiments showed that two cases of fretting contact can be distinguished and related to the displacement amplitude. If the amplitude is low, the contact situation is characterized by partial stick at the interface. At these conditions the wear rate (measured as the volume of material removed per cycle) is little affected by frequency. However, in low amplitude fretting material damage by surface degradation and fatigue crack initiation is usually of more concern than the actual wear itself. Both of these parameters are found to be greatly accelerated by an increase in frequency. In high amplitude fretting, in contrast, gross slip occurs at the interface and wear becomes the dominant damage mode. At these conditions variations in frequency appear to have little effect on fretting wear and related mechanisms. Therefore, in the case of fretting at high displacement amplitudes, it may be possible to apply high frequency fretting to obtain accelerated testing conditions.     

Dynamic stability experiments of compliant foil thrust bearing with viscoelastic support

In order to reduce the complexity of machine construction and improve the mechanical efficiency, high speed rotation machineries usually implement self-acting gas bearings to substitute the traditional oil-lubricated bearings. This paper presents test results of a gas thrust bearing with viscoelastic support which is designed for high speed turbo-machinery. The gas bearing, which belongs to compliant foil bearings, consists of a top thin metal foil and a bottom thin rubber foil. Static and stability experiments are conducted on a high speed gas turbine test rig. The static results indicate that the structural stiffness of test bearing generally increases with the increase in axial load and the decrease in thickness of bottom foil. In the rotation tests, rotor runs stably with small vibration amplitude, which is dominant in waterfall plot during whole speed up procedure. It shows that test bearing has preferable stability characteristics for high speed gas turbines.