冠醚化合物对钢/铜和钢/铝摩擦副的抗磨减摩性能研究

本文利用ＳＲＶ摩擦磨损试验机研究了省代苯并－１５－冠醚对钢／铜、钢／铝摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,溴代苯并－１５－冠－５冠醚对钢／铜摩擦副起到减摩抗磨作用,对钢／铝摩擦副起到加速腐蚀磨损的作用。利用ＸＰＳ对磨痕表面进行了分析,发现铜和铝磨痕上发现了Ｂｒ,金属溴化物的生成减少了铜的摩擦和磨损,但却由于腐蚀而加速了铝合金的磨损。     

An Experimental Study of Fretting Wear in Gear Tooth Flexible Couplings

To gain further knowledge of the wear phenomena in gear tooth flexible couplings, specimens of coupling materials were tested in an apparatus which simulates service conditions. The variable test parameters were load, amplitude of motion, speed, hardness, surface geometry, and lubricant. The wear patterns that were obtained in short-duration tests on this machine duplicate those found in service. A common gear steel, SAE 4140, was chosen as a standard material, and curves of wear versus load and amplitude of motion were generated for three different hardnesses of this material in a bath of 2190 TEP oil. Further investigations were made on ways to improve the performance of this material. These included special surface treatments, different lubricants, crowning of the surfaces, and other special surface geometries. Several other materials were tested with various crowns to compare their wear properties to that of the standard. These materials included 4340 steel, aluminum bronze versus NicuAl alloy, nitrided AMS 6475, nitrided 304 stainless steel, manganese bronze, CuAlNiFe alloy and worm wheel bronze versus 4140 steel. Of the materials tested, it appears that manganese bronze (Mil-B-16522 Class 1) is the best material for dental coupling use at the conditions of these tests.     

The effect of zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate on bronze wear in a lubricated bronze-on-steel contact

The tribological behaviour of zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate in steel-on-bronze contacts has been studied in a three-pin-on-disc wear machine under closely controlled conditions, whilst parameters such as load, sliding speed, additive concentration and roughness of the steel disc were varied systematically. Most of the work was carried out with a mineral base oil having a low sulphur content. The work has shown that there are several ways in which the presence of the zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate in the oil can influence the wear of the bronze.Firstly, the zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate modifies the top surface layer of the bronze which results in a decrease of mechanical wear, i.e. adhesive and abrasive wear processes, but which promotes chemical wear. The net effect is to promote wear when the concentration of the additive is high and the lubrication conditions are mild, i.e. smooth discs and high sliding speeds. It has been observed that the net effect can also be to inhibit wear at low concentrations of the additive and intermediate roughnesses of the steel disc.Secondly, the zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate interacts with the steel surface by protecting the asperity tips on the steel against wear. With the base oil alone the asperities are allowed to run in and thereby reduce wear, but the additive prevents running in. This mechanism predominates when the roughness of the steel disc is high.     

Studying colloidal greases with hard nanoparticles of aluminum silicates used to reduce wear of steel friction pairs

Electron diffraction analysis was used to study the dispersion of natural bentonite particles accompanied by the formation of nanoparticles of aluminum silicates and the rheological behavior of these colloidal systems was investigated. Based on these results, an additive to grease has been proposed, which was highly efficient in terms of improving the wear resistance of lubricated steel surfaces. This additive was produced by the chemical disintegration of modified natural aluminum silicates and their homogeneous distribution in the bulk of the grease using the resonance method. The effect of the amount of the antifriction additive to the grease on the wear resistance of steel specimens was studied. Improving the wear resistance of lubricated steel surfaces was due to the use of the antiwear additive that contained available and inexpensive components. The proposed grease is promising for lubricating the rail-wheel contact, especially in high-speed railway transport.     

直链脂肪酸与直链脂肪醇混合对钢—钢和钢—铝摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响研究

本文利用四球摩擦磨损试验机和SRV摩擦磨损试验机研究了直链脂肪酸和直链脂肪醇以及其混合物对钢－钢、钢－铝摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明，对钢－钢和钢－铝摩擦副的润滑，直链脂肪酸和直链脂肪醇混合物的抗磨性能要优于单独的直链脂肪酸和直链脂肪醇的抗磨性能。     

新型铝基滑动轴承合金的摩擦特性研究

在转速200r／min,载荷为750,1000,1500N和转速400r／min,载荷为300,500,750,1000,1500N下,对比了新型铝基滑动轴承合金（TZS88）和ZQSn6—6—3的摩擦特性。结果表明：TZS88的减摩性、耐磨性优于ZQSn6—6—3,可用于取代ZQSn6—6—3制造滑动轴承。TZS88磨损试样的扫描电镜观察表明：其中的锡均匀分布于工作面上,具有润滑、降低摩擦因数和抗咬合的作用。     

An X-ray diffraction study of the triaxial normal residual stresses in worn aluminum bronze surfaces

In metallic systems subjected to sliding wear material loss often results from the formation and subsequent delamination of a transfer layer. This phenomenon has previously been observed in copper-rich aluminum bronzes. The evidence obtained indicates that wear occurs by the delamination of the layer parallel to the surface in the vicinity of the layer-substrate interface.In general, copper-rich aluminum bronzes exhibit increasing wear rates with increasing aluminum content. Since wear results from the failure of the transfer layer, it is expected that factors which affect the stability of the layer should be related to the observed wear rate. One factor could be the residual stress pattern induced during the wear process. In a previous study the in-plane residual stresses were measured on worn copper-rich aluminum bronze samples. The residual stresses were found to be compressive and of increasing magnitude for increasing wear rate (increasing aluminum content). In this investigation the stresses normal to and at some distance below the surface were measured on samples of compositions similar to those used previously. The normal stresses were found to be tensile and increased in magnitude with increasing wear rate. It is suggested that the development of residual stresses normal to the surface may be an important wear-controlling parameter.     

A study of the effect of radial clearance,contact angle and contact pressure on the wear of boundary-lubricated bearing bronze

In the course of work directed towards the development of an international standard on the measurement of the tribological properties of bearing materials, the influence of radial clearance, contact angle and contact pressure on the wear of boundary-lubricated bearing bronze Cu5Sn5Pb5Zn in contact with plain carbon steel rings was studied. It was found that under all experimental conditions wear proceeds via the build-up of a thin transferred layer of bronze on the mating steel surface. Neither wear rate nor process surface roughness depend on radial clearance or contact angle. However, the friction-time diagram is found to react to a change in test conditions. From such diagrams the time necessary to attain equilibrium friction can be found. It is shown that this time bears no relation at all to the time needed to adapt the stationary bronze specimen to the radius of the mating steel ring. It is also concluded that the contact pressure does not influence the wear process.     

Friction and wear behaviors of aluminum-on-steel under the lubrication of grease containing a complex of lanthanum dialkyldithiocarbamate and phenanthroline

A complex of lanthanum dialkyldithiocarbamate and phenanthroline was synthesized, and its lubricating and antiwear behaviors as an additive in lithium grease were evaluated using a Timken tester with a SAE52100 steel ring sliding under an A1 2024 block. As a comparison, the wear behavior of a steel-on-steel system under the lubrication of the same grease was also investigated under the same test conditions. The protective film formed on the rubbed surface of aluminum was investigated by both XPS and AES. Results of friction and wear tests indicate that this rare earth complex possess good antiwear ability for aluminum, and its antiwear and friction reduction properties for the aluminum-on-steel system is even superior to that for the steel-on-steel system. The results of AES and XPS analyses illustrate that the prepared La complex as an additive in lithium grease forms a protective film containing lanthanum oxide, aluminum sulphide, and an organic compound containing sulfur and nitrogen on the rubbed surface of aluminum.     

钛合金TC4与铝青铜在冲击滑动耦合作用下的磨损特性

采用正交试验方法,利用冲击滑动磨损试验装置研究钛合金TC4与铝青铜在冲击滑动耦合作用下的磨损特性,运用极差分析处理试验数据,研究试验因素对冲击试件(铝青铜)平均磨损体积,回转试件(钛合金)平均磨损体积及两者比值的影响.结果表明:较硬的钛合金的磨损体积大于较软的铝青铜.对磨痕表面形貌分析表明,冲击频率增大,冲击试件(铝青铜)的磨损形式呈现由机械作用到黏着剥落的变化;回转试件(钛合金) 磨痕表面呈片状剥落,随滑动速度的增加,片状剥落趋向严重;冲击试件与回转试件之间存在物质转移,主要为钛合金向铝青铜转移.     

7075铝合金和QRO90模具钢在热成形工况下的摩擦磨损行为

铝合金在热成形制造过程中存在严重的模具磨损,不但缩短模具使用寿命,还造成工件表面拉毛和成形偏差。为模拟模具钢与7系铝合金在热成形工况下的摩擦过程,搭建单向高温摩擦磨损试验平台,对热成形工况下的摩擦磨损行为展开研究,并通过光学轮廓仪和扫描电镜分析模具钢与铝合金磨损表面形貌。结果发现,热成形过程中黏结磨损和磨粒磨损同时存在,磨损颗粒在粗糙表面上被压实和堆积,对后续的摩擦磨损行为有显著影响。对单向高温摩擦试验的接触副局部进行有限元建模,分析粗糙接触表面上的局部接触条件,探讨其对后续摩擦学行为的作用。分析表明,摩擦过程中存在黏滑现象,局部接触压力受表面形貌影响,显著大于名义载荷,最大等效应力出现在表面之下。这对进一步分析磨损行为、提出合适的表面工程方案提供了基础。     

Welding of tribologically optimized polyetheretherketone films with metallic substrates

A thermal impact welding process has been developed which allows the thermal joining of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix materials with steel and aluminum substrates, respectively. The objective is to render manufacturing of innovative slide elements possible without the need for an up to now commonly used layer of sintered bronze in order to enhance the adhesion of the polymer. It is proven that excellent joining quality and wear resistance of the polymer layer can be achieved without sintered bronze.     

Wear of aluminium bronze on steel under conditions of boundary lubrication

An investigation was conducted to examine the wear of aluminium bronze against tool steel when lubricated under a boundary lubrication regime by aviation kerosene, both with and without the inclusion of a commercially available boundary additive. The objective was to isolate the mechanisms of boundary film formation, protection and wear of the metal surfaces, through mechanical measurements and analyses of surfaces and debris.A model is proposed to explain these mechanisms in terms of material transfer and subsequent competing reactions between dissolved oxygen and long chain hydrocarbon acid molecules, and the metal surface.     

Wear Behavior of Aluminum Alloys at Slow Sliding Speeds

The investigated slow sliding speeds presented in this work enable the understanding of the wear behavior on aluminum alloys and could possibly facilitate the completion of the previously proposed wear mechanism map for aluminum at this slow sliding speed range. Dry sliding block-on-ring wear tests were carried out on aluminum alloys, AA5754 (Al-Mg), AA6082 (Al-Mg-Si), and AA7075 (Al-Zn-Cu), at a very slow sliding speed range (<0.01 m/s). A bearing steel ring of AISI 52100 was used as the counterbody. Tests were performed at varying contact pressures, 20, 100, and 140 MPa, and sliding speeds ranging from 0.001 to 1.5 m/s. The wear tracks and debris collected were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with the aim of analyzing their morphology and composition. At relatively slow sliding speeds (>0.01 m/s), the specimens exhibited a wear process placed at the mild wear regime, characterized by oxidation and delamination mechanisms of both the aluminum specimen and the steel ring. However, at very slow speed range (<0.01 m/s), an increase in the wear rate and the friction coefficient is observed for all of the aluminum alloys, thus suggesting that an alternative wear mechanism could be taking place.     

渗氮GCr15钢在含氮硼酸酯添加剂润滑油作用下的摩擦学性能

针对提高滚动轴承使用寿命的问题,提出离子渗氮处理与添加剂结合的解决办法。用等离子渗氮炉在GCr15轴承钢表面制备了渗氮层,并用扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope, SEM )、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)和显微硬度计观测了渗层的形貌、相结构和硬度变化。利用四球摩擦磨损试验机对比考察渗氮钢和未渗氮钢在含氮硼酸酯润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,并用X射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, XPS)分析摩擦反应膜的成分与化学结合态。结果表明,渗氮层与润滑油添加剂之间发生了意想不到的良好交互作用,渗氮钢在质量分数为1.25%氮硼酸酯的润滑条件下表现出最低的摩擦因数和磨斑直径,比未渗氮钢分别降低了34%和45%;分析证明,渗氮层的摩擦表面生成了高BN质量分数的摩擦反应膜是获得优异摩擦学性能的主要原因,而在未渗氮钢摩擦表面未检测到BN。     

Relationship between molecular structures and tribological properties of phosphazene lubricants

Cyclotriphosphazene lubricants were synthesized and the relationship between their structures and tribological properties was investigated using an optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester and one-way reciprocating friction tester. The elemental composition and chemical nature of the antiwear films generated on steel surface were analyzed on a scanning electron microscope with a Kevex energy dispersive X-ray analyzer attachment (SEM–EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). It was found that aryloxyphosphazene with polar substituent as a lubricant of steel–steel and steel–aluminum pair gave low wear, while aryloxyphosphazene with nonpolar group on the phenyl pendant led to high wear. Phosphazene provides poor lubricity for the steel–aluminum system under low load (0.5–3 N). The XPS analytical results of the antiwear films generated on the steel and aluminum surface indicate that phosphazene reacted with steel or aluminum counterface and formed a surface protecting film consisting of fluoride and organic compounds containing O, C, F, N, and P during friction. This contributes to reduce the friction and wear of steel–aluminum system.     

钢芯铝绞线磨损微粒特性分析

在自制导线微风振动模拟试验机上,于8%拉断张力下,对LGJ150/25型钢芯铝绞线完成了3种不同振动周次下的微风振动磨损试验。在线夹出口89mm处采集了磨损微粒,利用铁谱仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪对磨粒表面微观形貌、成分和尺寸进行了分析。结果表明,钢芯铝绞线铝线股的磨损主要为磨料磨损和氧化腐蚀磨损;随着振动周次的增加,磨粒尺寸迅速减小,几何长短轴比逐渐趋于1,棱角逐渐变得平滑,形成粒度较小,数量较多,且分布均匀的磨损微粒;在1×107振动周次下,试验导线的钢芯线发生较为明显的磨损现象。     

对偶材料对树脂基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

分别以45#钢、铍青铜、碳化硅颗粒基体改性铍青铜、氧化铝涂层为对偶材料与同一种树脂基摩擦材料在MM1000-II型摩擦磨损试验机上进行干式摩擦磨损试验,研究对偶材料对树脂基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响;利用偏光显微镜观察材料磨损后的表面微观形貌。结果表明:氧化铝涂层对偶材料的磨损率最低,摩擦因数适中,但摩擦因数稳定性较差;对偶材料为45#钢时摩擦因数较低,但摩擦因数的稳定系最好;对偶材料为铍青铜时摩擦磨损性能最佳,摩擦因数较高且稳定性较好,铍青铜本身和与之匹配的摩擦材料的磨损率都很低,且摩擦表面均没有形成孔洞和犁沟;改性铍青铜在各方面都表现出较差的性能。     

The Wear of Copper,Aluminum, Mild Steel,and Zinc,and Their Wear Particle Shape Factors

Unlubricated, highly loaded sliding experiments were conducted for systems of mild steel, copper, aluminum, and zinc. Load is critical in determining the wear mode. A Cocks wedge mechanism is the primary method of wear for copper, and for aluminum until a critical temperature is reached. The wear of steel is characterized by the formation of small un-joined fragments.

The surfaces of wear particles were of two types; copper showed one type, and aluminum, mild steel, and zinc the other.

Wear particle shape can be characterized by the ratios of dimensions (L/W) and (L/H). These factors are easily determined to good accuracy, and have distributions which are both far different in form and mean values for the various metals. The mean values of the shape factors are independent of particle size, and of each other.

Surface roughness is not related to wear particle size for highly loaded sliding.     

Tribological evaluation of oil pump relief valve coatings compatible with an aluminum oil pump body

Wear can cause automotive relief valves to jam. In order to evaluate and screen candidate coatings for oil pump relief valves for reduction of aluminum pump cylinder bore wear and wear-related sticking, a laboratory reciprocating wear test using production parts has been developed. The coatings on valves include impinged and physical vapor deposited (PVD)-coated molybdenum disulfides, electroplated nickel–phosphorous with polytetrafluoroethylene (Ni–PTFE), electroplated bronze, and electroplated nickel–phosphorous–boron nitride (Ni–P–BN).

The test results showed that the electroplated bronze coating demonstrated the best wear resistance against 380 aluminum pump bores while Ni–PTFE ranked second, PVD-coated MoS₂ third, and Ni–P–BN ranked last. It was observed that the electroplated bronze coating showed only mild oxidative or abrasive wear after 20 h wear test. The Ni–P–BN coating gave the worst wear resistance due to severe abrasive wear, surface scoring, and coating abrasion during the wear test. The major wear mechanisms for valve bore/relief valve can be classified at different levels from mild wear (oxidative wear or surface delamination) to abrasive wear (scoring, scuffing, and ploughing). This paper also reviewed the rooted wear mechanisms of production pump relief valves against aluminum bores based on metallographic observations of worn surfaces after field tests. This tribological investigation of valve coatings has provided insights into the fundamental wear mechanisms which depend on the compatibility of two sliding materials, protective coating composition, hard particle content, and surface interaction. The information will be useful in preventing oil pump relief valves from jamming.