On the Steady Performance of Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing: Rabinowitsch Fluid Model

The present theoretical analysis is to investigate the effect of non-Newtonian pseudoplastic lubricant (lubricant blended with viscosity index improver and viscosity thickener)–Rabinowitsch fluid model on the performance of externally pressurized hydrostatic thrust bearing. The expression for pressure has been derived using an energy integral approach. The load capacity and frictional torque of the bearing have also been numerically calculated for various values of viscosity index improver along with the centrifugal effects. The results so obtained are compared and found to be in good agreement with the earlier theoretical and practical results of Dowson, and the effect of viscosity index improver is also analyzed.     

Performance and Durability of High Temperature Foil Air Bearings for Oil-Free Turbomachinery

The performance and durability of advanced, high temperature foil air bearings are evaluated under a wide range (10 to 50 kPa) of loads at temperatures from 25° to 650 °C. The bearings are made from uncoated nickel based superalloy foils. The foil surface experiences sliding contact with the shaft during initial start/stop operation. To reduce friction and wear, the solid lubricant coating, PS304, is applied to the shaft by plasma spraying. PS304 is a NiCr based Cr₂O₃ coating with silver and barium fluoride/calcium fluoride solid lubricant additions.

The results show that the bearings provide lives well in excess of 30,000 cycles under all of the conditions tested. Several bearings exhibited lives in excess of 100,000 cycles. Wear is a linear function of the bearing load. The excellent performance measured in this study suggests that these bearings and the PS304 coating are well suited for advanced high temperature, oil-free turbomachinery applications.     

Non-Newtonian Effects of Powder-Lubricant Slurries in Hydrostatic and Squeeze-Film Bearings

This paper presents the result of pressure measurements made in hydrostatic and squeeze-film bearings lubricated with a powder-lubricant slurry. The powder lubricant was powdered graphite and the carrier fluid was ethylene glycol. Pressure measurements compared favorably with analytical predictions based on a power law rheological model.

The behavior of ethylene glycol acting alone as a lubricant was also analyzed to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of the graphite powder additive on pressure and flow rate.

The hydrostatic bearing test showed that the addition of graphite powder into ethylene glycol can raise the load-carrying capacity of a lubrication system however pumping requirements are also raised. Squeeze-film bearing tests showed that the damping factor is increased with the addition of powdered graphite into the carrier fluid.     

一种新型的气体静压支承

本文介绍了一种新型的气体静压支承的结构及其设计方法。此种气体静压支承具有设计计算简便,加工容易、制造成本低,承载能力高、刚性好、能同时承受两个方向载荷等优点。具有很好的工程应用前景,可广泛应用于摩擦力测量试验台、机床导轨等。     

Evaluation of Ion-Sputtered Molybdenum Disulfide Bearings for Spacecraft Gimbals

High-density, sputtered molybdenum disulfide films (MoS₂) were investigated as lubricants for the next generation of spacecraft gimbal bearings where low torque signatures and long life are required. Low friction in a vacuum environment, virtually no out-gassing, insensitivity to low temperature, and radiation resistance of these lubricant films are valued in such applications. One hundred and twenty five thousand hours of accumulated bearing lest time were obtained on 24 pairs of flight-quality bearings ion-sputtered with three types of advanced MoS₂ films. Life tests were conducted in a vacuum over a simulated duty cycle for a space pay bad gimbal. Optimum retainer and ball material composition were investigated. Comparisons were made with test bearings lubricated with liquid space lubricants.

Self-lubricating PTFE retainers were required for long life, i.e., > 40 million gimbal cycles. Bearings with polyimide retainers, silicon nitride ceramic balls, or steel balls sputtered with MoS₂ film suffered early torque failure, irrespective of the type of race-sputtered MoS₂ film. Failure generally resulted from excess film or retainer debris deposited in the ball track which tended to jam the bearing. Both grease lubricated and the better MoS₂ film lubricated bearings produced long lives, although the torque with liquid lubricants was lower and less irregular.     

An Evaluation of Several Metals and Ceramics in Lubricated Sliding

A numerical scheme that has been successfully used to solve a wide variety of compressible flow problems, including flows with large and small discontinuities, entitled the space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method, is extended to compute compressible viscous flows in pressurized thin fluid films. This method is applied to calculate the pressure distribution in a hybrid gas journal bearing. The formulation of the problem is presented, including the modeling of the feeding system. The numerical results obtained are compared with experimental data. Good agreement between the computed results and the test data were obtained, and thus, validate the CE/SE method to solve such problems.     

An Application of Newton's Method to the Lubrication Analysis of Air-Lubricated Bearings

This study deals with the development of a computational procedure for solving the isothermal compressible Reynolds equation as the governing equation of air-bearing analysis. Newton's method is used to linearize Reynolds equation and an iterative successive relaxation process is adopted to solve for the air film pressure. The optimal value of relaxation factor for the cases studied is suggested in this report for numerical stability and computational efficiency. The model is verified numerically by examining the conservation of mass flow of the lubricant. The dimensional analysis of the governing equation permits the model to be readily applied to any given film geometry.

The computer model developed can evaluate the air film pressure distribution, load capacity, frictional force, and mass flow of an air bearing. The proposed computational scheme efficiently analyzes the performance of air-lubricated journal bearings at large eccentricity ratios. A similar procedure can be employed to investigate the performance of highspeed noncircular air bearing or gas-lubrication film under slip-flow conditions. This study gives an analytical basis for the design of orifice-compensated externally pressurized air-lubricated bearing.     

The Interfacial Shear Strength of Molybdenum Disulfide and Graphite Films

A number of interfacial shear properties of thin film of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and oleophilic graphite are presented. The interfacial shear strength dependences on contact pressure and on temperature are compared with the data that have been accumulated for organic polymer film of comparable thickness. The interfacial shear strength results have been obtained using both plastically and elastically deforming contacts and the data are in good agreement.     

高速回转件润滑状态测量方法的研究

本文提出一种测量高速回转件润滑状态的新方法，通地在摩擦副间施加一个大小可变的直流电压，利用润滑油（脂）膜瞬间被电压击穿的原理，进而对记录的信号波形进行分析，可分别获得摩擦副间的润滑膜厚度以及微观表面粗糙度等信息，用该方法对纺织机械中的高速回转件，诸如气流纺杯轴承和化纤锭子的润滑状态进行了测量，取得了较好的效果，从而为纺机高速回转零件在运转过程中润滑状态的测量提供了有效的测试手段。     

八纵向沟水润滑橡胶轴承润滑性能研究

水润滑橡胶轴承是水下最适宜的轴承之一,笔对潜水泵上常用的八纵向沟水润滑橡胶轴承,在水润滑条件下的润滑机理进行了实验研究,根据实验结果剖析了影响摩擦系数的主要因素及其影响规律,并据此提出了一组实用设计参数。     

Cam and Tappet Lubrication. IV–Radioactive Study of Sulfur in the EP Film

A radioactive tracer, sulfur-35, synthesized into zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate molecules, was used to study the EP film formed on cast iron cams and tappets run in motor oils containing this additive. The sulfur content of static films increased with immersion time and temperature, and the presence of phosphate-coated metal surfaces. The bound sulfur of films formed during dynamic tests increased with running time, load, and with the use of phosphate-coated surfaces. These conditions also influenced the ratio of Zn:P:S contained in both static and dynamic films. Zinc, and particularly phosphorus, in the films increased more rapidly than the sulfur with increased temperature and/or pressure. The dynamic films are not easily worn off by running in nonadditive oil. The mechanism of action of zinc dithiophosphates appears to be related to chemical reactions of additive decomposition products with the metal surfaces to form tightly-bound solid films which reduce damage under extreme pressure conditions. Radioactive counting and X-ray spectroscopy were used to obtain the amount of sulfur and zinc on tappets. Densitometer traces of the autoradiographs were utilized to determine the distribution of the sulfur on cam and tappet surfaces.     

Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Ball Bearings with Couple-Stress Fluids,Part II: Dynamic Analysis and Application

Stiffness and damping coefficients of isothermal elastohydrodynamically lubricated point-contact problems are evaluated numerically with couple-stress fluids. A set of equations under steady-state and dynamic conditions is derived from the modified Reynolds equation using a linearized perturbation method. This paper is the second part of the present study; the modified Reynolds equation derived from the Stokes micro-continuum theory is used in the previous article. Dynamic pressures are found after solving the set of perturbed equations using the previously obtained steady-state pressure from the modified Reynolds equation. The stiffness and damping coefficients of the film are determined using the dynamic pressures. Then the overall stiffness and damping matrices of the ball bearing are obtained from load distribution, coordinate transformation, and compatibility relations. The bearing coefficients are introduced into a rotor system to simulate the response. It has been observed that the influence of couple-stress fluids on the dynamics of a rotor supported on lubricated ball bearings is marginal; hence, Newtonian theory can be used instead for simplicity. However, with increasing content of polymer additives in lubricant, for an accurate analysis the effect of couple stresses in a fluid should not be neglected.     

含铅量对Fe-Pb-3Cu系含油轴承性能的影响

在含油轴承试验机上，通过对Fe-Pb-3Cu系列含油轴承运转时的摩擦系数和温升等性能参数的试验测试对比，讨论了含铅量对Fe-Pb-3Cu系列含油轴承性能的影响。试验结果表明，在不同含铅量的四种Fe-Pb-3Cu系含油轴承中，Fe-20Pb-3Cu含油轴承的摩擦性能为最好。这就说明在Fe-Pb-3Cu系含油轴承中，含铅量太大和太小都对含油轴承的性能不利，只有当含铅量达到一个恰当的值时，含油轴承的摩擦性能才能达到最佳。     

Lubrication Analysis of a Connecting-Rod Bearing in a High-Speed Engine. Part II: Lubrication Performance Evaluation for Non-Circular Bearings

In this article a numerical investigation of a connecting rod bearing operating at 6,500 rpm is performed. This is a companion to an earlier article that took into account the effects of the inertial force and the variable bolt tension force, which are considered to be the principal factors that affect the connecting rod bearing lubrication characteristics of an engine running at high speed. It was found that a thinner minimum oil film and a larger peak hydrodynamic pressure are predicted in a deformed connecting rod bearing than in a rigid connecting rod bearing. Multi-peaked hydrodynamic pressure was found to appear as well because of two or more converging-diverging film regions.     

Ultra Starvation Studied in the Spiral Orbit Tribometer

Spiral orbit tribometry has been used to study the coefficient of friction and electrical contact resistance of two vacuum lubricants in both the flooded system and the regime in which only a few nanoliters (μ g) of the lubricant are present, and the latter regime is designated here as ultrastarved. The experiment was supported by the extension to the ultrastarved regime of the recent analysis by Cann and coworkers of contact film thickness as a function of the lubricant volume in the heavily starved regime. The coefficients of friction in the ultrastarved regime were found to be the same as for the flooded system. The contact resistance was found to be zero at the beginning of the tests in the ultrastarved regime. The analysis by Cann and coworkers predicts the absence of a mobile liquid film at the contact in the ultrastarved regime. It is speculated that this persistence of lubrication into the ultrastarved regime is due to the retention of adherent lubricant molecules on the contacting surfaces and the sliding of these molecules over each other. An incomplete coverage of these molecules permits zero contact resistance at the start of the test. The results indicate that ball bearings can operate normally in the ultrastarved regime until the lubricant is consumed by tribochemical reaction.     

Crystal Chemistry and Solid Lubricating Properties of the Monochalcogenides Gallium Selenide and Tin Selenide

The interatomic array and bond structure in crystalline states of the monochalcogenides tin selenide and gallium selenide are described and correlated with their solid lubricating capacity. Friction tests assessing their solid lubricating performance were carried out on a pin-on-disk machine. Specifically, large crystalline pieces of each inorganic solid were cut and cleaved into flat squares and subsequently rubbed against sapphire balls. In another case, fine powders of gallium selenide and tin selenide luere manually fed into the sliding interfaces of 440C pins and 440C disks. For the specific test conditions explored, friction coefficients of the sapphire/ gallium selenide and sapphire/tin selenide pairs were approximately 0.23 and approximately 0.35, respectively. The friction coefficients of 440C pin/440C disk test pairs with gallium selenide and tin selenide powders were approximately 0.22 and approximately 0.38, respectively. For comparison, a number of parallel friction tests were also performed with MoS₂ powders and compacts, and the results of these tests are reported. The friction data, together with the crystal-chemical knowledge and electron microscopy evidence, supported the conclusion that the solid lubricating capabilities and lubrication mechanisms of these solids are closely related to their crystal chemistry and the nature of their interlayer bonding.     

固体润滑剂在轴承上的应用研究

以水轮发电机轴承为应用研究实例，介绍了轴承镶嵌固体润滑剂的摩擦磨损机理，镶嵌轴承套的结构，固体润滑剂材料；并用摩擦学性能试验及台架模拟试验验证；在水轮发电机轴承上使用固体润滑剂可以提高润滑性能、降低摩擦系数，使摩擦副间能不断形成自补偿固体润滑转移膜，说明在重载，低速，摆动，间歇运动和泥水环境苛刻条件下工作的水轮发电机轴承使用固体润滑剂，比液体润滑具有更优越的性能。     

Analysis,Design, and Comparison of Different Types of Pistons for Sealless Pneumatic Cylinders and Valves

This article presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of sealless pistons featuring a special geometry capable of eliminating friction in pneumatic cylinders and valves. Three different piston geometries were investigated: tapered, stepped, and slot-pocket. Performance was evaluated for each geometry in terms of pressure distribution, leakage flow rate, and the self-centering force on the piston. The piston configuration that provides the best tradeoff between self-centering thrust and leakage flow rate in the air gap was also determined. The theoretical and experimental results obtained with the different piston designs were then compared.     

Modification of Tribological Properties of Silicon by Boron Ion Implantation

Friction and wear properties of silicon used in the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are important for their long-term reliability. In the present study, the authors have implanted single-crystal and polycrystalline silicon wafers with boron ions to improve their mechanical and tribological properties. The authors have studied the effects of ion implantation on the crystallinity, microstructure, nanohardness, and friction and wear properties and have found that silicon remains crystalline after ion bombardment at doses up to 2 × 10¹⁷ ions.cm^?2 but with a large amount of defects. The ion bombardment modifies elastic/plastic deformation characteristics and crack nucleation that occurs during indentation. There is a minor increase, ? 10-15 percent, in the nanohardness as a result of boron-ion implantation. Ion bombarded single-crystal silicon exhibits very low friction (0.05) and low wear factor (10^?6 mm³·N^?1m^?1) while slid against a 52100 steel ball. The coefficient of friction of bombarded silicon in dry air and dry nitrogen is even lower.     

Starting and Steady-State Friction Torque of Grease-Lubricated Rolling Element Bearings at Low Temperatures—Part II: Correlation with Less-Complex Test Methods

Today, torque measurements are conducted in full-scale test rigs, either standardized or specially designed. This is a time-consuming approach, especially at low temperatures, and it is therefore of high priority to find some less complex test method(s) correlating with bearing friction at different temperatures. The paper deals with five possible candidate test methods to predict low temperature starting and running friction: apparent viscosity, base oil viscosity, sliding friction, base oil traction properties and yield stress. The pros and cons of these methods are discussed and empirical expressions are presented for the methods where good correlation was found.

It is stated that base oil viscosity at the temperature of interest is the best method to predict bearing friction torque at low temperature starting.