钢铜摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的试验研究

本文试验分析了ＺＱＡ１９－４和ＺＱＺｎ６－６－３两种铜合金材料在不同的表面粗糙度下对摩擦系数和出口区油温的影响，以及改变载荷和相对滑动速度时，摩擦系数的变化状况。结果表明；铜合金成分不同时具有不同的硬度。     

On Deformation Friction and Interface Shear Stress in Viscoelastic-Elastic Layered System under a Moving Load

An investigation is made of the physical behavior of a viscoelastic-elastic layered system under the influence of a moving load. It is restricted to a quasi-stationary case within the plane strain theory, and the viscoelastic material is represented by a standard linear model in shear. The quasi-stationary nature of the surface deformation and interface shear stress are studied. The surface deformation is correlated with the coefficient of deformation friction through a newly developed criterion.     

拉深模激光毛化表面的磨损性能研究

为提高拉深模的磨损性能和使用寿命,利用激光毛化技术在模具钢试样表面分别加工出不同直径和间距的微单元体。对比研究毛化表面试样和非毛化表面试样的磨损性能,结果表明,毛化试样表面耐磨性均优于非毛化表面试样。通过激光毛化可提高拉深模寿命,改善板料成形时的流动性。     

Reciprocating Sliding Wear Performance of Hard Coating on Modified Titanium Alloy Surfaces

The high strength, low weight, and outstanding corrosion resistance properties possessed by titanium alloys have led to a wide range of successful applications in aerospace, automotive, and chemical industries and in power generation. Titanium alloys are characterized by poor wear resistance properties and their utilization has been excessive in nontribological applications. Surface texturing is a well-known and effective means of surface modification to improve the tribological properties of sliding surfaces. In the present work, modification of titanium alloy surfaces (Ti6Al4V) was done by lapping and laser surface texturing. The wear-resistant coating, AlCrN, was applied over the modified titanium alloy surfaces, with and without a chromium interlayer. Linear reciprocating sliding wear tests were performed with ball-on-flat contact geometry to evaluate the tribological performance of the coated alloy. The tests were performed under different normal loads for a period of 105 cycles at a frequency of 5 Hz. The friction force between the contact pair and displacement of the ball were simultaneously observed using a force transducer and laser displacement sensor. Optical microscopy was used to quantify the wear volume by measuring the wear scar diameter on both the specimen and the counterbody. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the morphology of the wear scar. The characteristic behavior of the AlCrN coating such as bonding strength, wear volume, wear rate, and coefficient of friction with the chromium interlayer was evaluated and compared with the coating directly applied over the substrate. The coating on the textured surface, with the chromium interlayer showed better tribological performance.     

几种超细粒子在半流体脂中的摩擦行为

对一些软金属粉和常用的固体润滑剂石墨粉以及气相SiO2在半流体脂中的分散稳定性和摩擦行为进行了考察。摩擦试验研究了它们的抗磨性（四球机长期磨损）、承载能力（PB值）、摩擦系数，同时通过台架试验，发现它们均具有良好的润滑特性和分散稳定性。     

The Effect of Laser Texturing of Steel Surfaces and Speed-Load Parameters on the Transition of Lubrication Regime from Boundary to Hydrodynamic

Laser surface texturing (LST) is an emerging, effective method for improving the tribological performance of friction units lubricated with oil. In LST technology, a pulsating laser beam is used to create thousands of arranged microdimples on a surface by a material ablation process. These dimples generate hydrodynamic pressure between oil-lubricated parallel sliding surfaces. The impact of LST on lubricating-regime transitions was investigated in this study. Tribological experiments were carried out on pin-on-disk test apparatus at sliding speeds that ranged from 0.15 to 0.75 m/s and nominal contact pressures that ranged from 0.16 to 1.6 MPa. Two types of oil with different viscosities (54.8 cSt and 124.7 cSt at 40°C) were evaluated as lubricants. Electrical resistance between flat-pin and laser-textured disks was used to determine the operating lubrication regime. The test results showed that laser texturing expanded the range of speed-load parameters for hydrodynamic lubrication. LST also reduced the measured friction coefficients of contacts that operated under the hydrodynamic regime. The beneficial effects of laser surface texturing are more pronounced at higher speeds and loads and with higher viscosity oil.     

Analysis of Journal Bearing with Double-Layer Porous Lubricant Film: Influence of Surface Porous Layer Configuration

This article presents an analysis of a long journal bearing with a double-layer porous lubricant film using couple stress and Newtonian fluids. The porous layer with infinite permeability analyzed in this study simulates the surface layer. The Brinkman model was utilized to model the flow in the porous region. The effects of couple stresses were analyzed based on Stokes microcontinuum theory. A double-layer porous lubricant film configuration, with a low-permeability porous layer on top of a high-permeability bearing adherent porous layer, improved the journal bearing performance characteristics. A surface porous layered lubricant film configuration increased the load-carrying capacity and reduced the coefficient of friction in a journal bearing.     

粗糙表面弹流润滑的摩擦系数的分析计算

本文在弹性流体动力润滑情况下对摩擦系数的计算方法进行了分析,考虑了流体的非牛顿流变特性和微凸体接触压力的影响。以平均型条纹粗糙表面为计算模型,在各种工况下对摩擦系数进行了计算对比。     

Friction and Wear of Refractory Compounds

The sliding characteristics of the borides, carbides, nitrides, and silicides and oxides of several metals were investigated in air at temperatures up to 2000 F. Tests were of the crossed-cylinder type and friction and wear effects measured under repetitive sliding conditions.

Correlation of the friction and wear characteristics with known or predicted solid solubility was only fair. High hardness coupled with low fracture strength and excessive brittleness of these materials produced fracturing of asperities and abrasive wear before a true measure of the adhesion could be obtained. Oxidation products were found to provide some lubrication at elevated temperatures, particularly the formation of B₂O₃ on boron carbide. However, none was effective at room temperature.     

A Study of Piston Friction Force in an Internal Combustion Engine

Quantitative estimation of friction losses in the initial design stage of an automobile engine is a crucial issue that determines the fuel economy and performance of the automobile. However, measurements and mathematical treatments of friction losses were difficult, and practical estimation methods were scarce.

This study was carried out due to such circumstances, with emphasis placed on the analysis of mechanism of friction losses of the piston system, and the introduction of practical equations for calculation of those friction losses.     

Experimental Investigation of Partial Laser Surface Texturing for Piston-Ring Friction Reduction

An experimental study is presented to evaluate the effect of partial laser surface texturing (LST) on friction reduction in piston rings. In a previous study, 30% friction reduction was obtained with full LST where the full width of the piston ring is textured with a very large number of microdimples that act individually as microhydrodynamic bearings. In partial LST, only a portion of the piston-ring width is textured with high dimple density, producing a “collective” effect of the dimples that provides an equivalent converging clearance even with nominally parallel mating surfaces. Experimental results obtained with flat and parallel test specimens with partial LST are presented, confirming a previously published theoretical model and the advantage of partial over full LST. Friction reduction by LST with actual production-crowned piston rings and cylinder liner segments is not straightforward and needs further investigation.     

润滑条件对Al_2O_3基陶瓷材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

本文对Al2O3基陶瓷材料/45＃钢摩擦副的摩擦系数与45＃钢/45＃钢的摩擦系数作了对比滑动摩擦试验研究,观测分析了Al2O3基陶瓷材料磨痕形貌,并就干摩擦,油润滑状态下Al2O3基陶瓷材料的磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明,分别在干摩擦和20＃机油润滑下,Al2O3基陶瓷材料/45＃钢的摩擦系数均比45＃钢自配副时的低。在干摩擦条件下,Al2O3基陶瓷材料的磨损机理是脆性微剥落和磨粒磨损,油润滑条件下,该材料的磨损机理是脆性脱落和耕犁,但磨损量小于干摩擦条件下的磨损量,说明油润滑对Al2O3基陶瓷材料有明显的减磨作用。     

干摩擦状态下动载荷特性对磨损的影响

在自行研制的环一块磨损试验装置上研究了干摩擦状态下矩形波载荷特性对磨损的影响,结果表明。1)矩形波载荷和静载荷作用下试件的磨损过程一样,存在跑合期和稳定磨损期;2)矩形波载荷的占空比愈小,跑合期磨损量愈少,跑合期愈长。     

Friction-Reducing Surface-Texturing in Reciprocating Automotive Components

A model is presented to study the potential use of micro-surface structure in the form of micro pores to improve tribological properties of reciprocating automotive components. The Reynolds equation and the equation of motion are solved simultaneously for a simplified “piston/cylinder” system with surface texturing. The solution provides the time behavior of both the clearance and the friction force between the “piston ring” and “cylinder liner” surfaces. It is shown that surface texturing can efficiently be used to maintain hydrodynamic effects even with nominally parallel surfaces. It is also shown that optimum surface texturing may substantially reduce the friction losses in reciprocating automotive components.     

THD Effects of Static Performance Characteristics of Infinitely Wide Turbulent Journal Bearings

Formulas for static parameters were found for infinitely wide turbulent full journal bearings that correlate either load capacity or friction coefficient for thermohydrodynamics (THD) effects in terms of a single THD parameter. The database was built by numerical simulation of turbulent liquid lubricant flows with various eccentricity ratios in a wide range of the Reynolds number for both isoviscous and THD cases. The least-squares method was applied to the groups of parameters yielding the formulas of load capacity, friction coefficient, and attitude angle. The isoviscous attitude angle was fitted as a function of the maximum-to-minimum film thickness ratio, and the variation of attitude angle due to THD is linearly dependent on the THD-to-isoviscous load capacity ratio. With the formulas provided in this study, designers can quickly determine static parameters of turbulent journal bearings without the burden of labor-intensive numerical computation of the governing differential equations.     

单面界面滑移对阶梯轴承润滑性能的影响研究

由界面滑移理论模型可知,在传统阶梯轴承固体和液体交界处,如果界面处应力达到极限剪应力时,润滑剂就会发生界面滑移,此时润滑膜会失效,这将大大降低润滑膜的承载力。因此,很有必要研究界面滑移对轴承润滑性能的影响。考虑润滑油膜在阶梯轴承入口区静止接触表面上滑移而避免润滑油膜在轴承其他表面上滑移,给出了阶梯轴承润滑油膜承载能力和摩擦系数分析结果。算例得出,在一定工况下这种轴承的承载能力因界面滑移而提高,而其摩擦系数却因界面滑移而下降。     

Chemical Modification of Friction Surfaces in Boundary Lubrication

The influence of the nature and structure of chemically active additives on the chemical modification temperature of friction surfaces was investigated using a KT-2 four-ball machine with various metal and lubricant-additives combination. A synergistic effect of detergent and antioxidant additives on the critical and chemical modification temperature of oil was found.     

Frictional Behaviors of Some Nitrogen Ceramics in Conformal Contact with Tin Coated Al-Si Alloy,Steel and MMC

The frictional behavior of certain nitrogen-containing ceramics, such as silicon nitride, alpha sialons, and beta sialons as journal materials were studied in conformal contact with a tin-coated Al-Si alloy (Al-Si/Sn), forged 1141 steel and a cast aluminum matrix composite with silicon carbide reinforcement (cast MMC) as bearing materials while lubricated with SAE WW30. A case-hardened 1016 steel was also tested with the Al-Si/Sn and cast MMC bearings under the same conditions. The friction values of the ceramic and the steel journal wear pairs were compared and their frictional behaviors were evaluated.

Silicon nitride and one of the beta sialons exhibited higher load-supporting capacities than the others when they were in contact with the 1141 steel bearings. The journal surface roughness was found to be very important when the journals were in contact with the Al-Si/Sn bearings. The frictional behavior of the ceramics and cast MMC pairs and the steel and cast MMC pairs were controlled by different wear mechanisms, namely for the former, hard particle pull-out and matrix plowing, and for the latter, iron transfer from the journal to the cast MMC bearing surface.     

SiCp/AI有机摩擦材料摩擦磨损特性研究

对20%Vol SiCp/AI复合材料与有机摩擦材料组成的摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性进行了试验研究.试验表明:该摩擦副在不同的速度情况下都具有平稳的摩擦系数.摩擦系数在一定速度范围内随速度增加而减小,而在超过一定速度后随速度增加而增大.对摩擦系数随速度变化的机理进行了讨论.     

Topographic Investigation of the Wear Resistance of PTFE Seals in Sliding Contact with Ceramic Materials

This paper is concerned with the wear of PTFE seals used in connection with reciprocating ceramic-coated rods. An analysis of the relationship between the surface topography of ceramics and wear of PTFE seals was undertaken, formulating three hypotheses which have been investigated experimentally using a seal test rig and a system for three-dimensional surface roughness analysis. It was observed that no running-in of the rod surface lakes place and, consequently, the tribological situation never stabilizes. It was shown that seal wear rate is dependent on the number of asperities penetrating the lubricant film thickness, the wear rate being correlated to a functional parameter (S_{pk_0}) which was especially developed to describe the peak height above the mean plane. Furthermore, it was illustrated how the structure of ceramics allows the lubricant to flow unhindered between isolated asperities in contrast to the traditionally polished structure of steel which restricts the lubricant flow.