预应力内荷载的新计算方法—直接内载法

预应力内荷载是预应力束对结构作用产生的内荷载,是预应力结构设计和理论分析时需要计算的重要参数。依据预应力对结构作用的形态,得出预应力对结构的作用是由预应力束的法向反弹力、预应力束端部的锚固力和预应力束对构件的摩擦力组成。根据这个结论,提出直接内载法计算作用在结构上的预应力内荷载,推导了预应力摩擦应力损失方程,并证明了预应力内荷载的自平衡性,分析了它与等效荷载法的区别和一致性,得出了直接内载法能揭示预应力荷载的分布规律,说明了直接内载法是对目前普遍使用计算预应力内荷载的等效荷载法的修正和补充。同时,通过试验实测和有限元ANSYS结构分析程序进行数值模拟分析,得到的理论计算结果与实测结果相互吻合,验证了本文的结论。     

预应力内荷载的新计算方法-直接内载法

预应力内荷载是预应力束对结构作用产生的内荷载,是预应力结构设计和理论分析时需要计算的重要参数.依据预应力对结构作用的形态,得出预应力对结构的作用是由预应力束的法向反弹力、预应力束端部的锚固力和预应力束对构件的摩擦力组成.根据这个结论,提出直接内载法计算作用在结构上的预应力内荷载,推导了预应力摩擦应力损失方程,并证明了预应力内荷载的自平衡性,分析了它与等效荷载法的区别和一致性,得出了直接内载法能揭示预应力荷载的分布规律,说明了直接内载法是对目前普遍使用计算预应力内荷载的等效荷载法的修正和补充.同时,通过试验实测和有限元ANSYS结构分析程序进行数值模拟分析,得到的理论计算结果与实测结果相互吻合,验证了本文的结论.     

Effects of thermal creep of prestressed steel on post‐tensioned concrete slabs in and after fire

The effects of thermal creep of prestressed steel on post‐tensioned concrete slabs in and after fire were investigated based on an existing thermal creep model and calibrated parameters in this paper. A nonlinear finite element model was built up employing ABAQUS package, taking into account frictionless contact behaviour between prestressed steel tendons and surrounding concrete. The nonlinear material behaviour of concrete and prestressed steel at elevated temperatures was taken into account, where three material models for prestressed steel were adopted with or without considering thermal creep, and based on the model from EN 1992‐1‐2. The finite element model developed was verified against experimental results from the literature, showing that the model considering thermal creep was more accurate. Then the fire resistance period and responses of post‐tensioned concrete slabs in and after fire were investigated based on the verified model. Ignoring thermal creep underestimated the fire resistance period but overestimated the residual tendon stresses. The model from EN 1992‐1‐2 achieved nearly the same effects as the model considering thermal creep in fire but might yield inaccurate evaluation of residual tendon stresses. The model considering thermal creep worked well under fire and in the post‐fire conditions yielding reasonable predictions.     

体外预应力纤维增强树脂基复合材料筋混凝土结构研究进展

本文从纤维增强树脂基复合材料(FRP)筋、关键技术和构件三个主要方面综述了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的研究成果。首先,介绍了预应力FRP筋拉伸性能和长期性能,给出了面向设计的FRP筋蠕变断裂应力值、松弛率及疲劳最大应力和应力幅限值。阐述了预应力FRP筋三种主要锚固技术的优缺点和减小锚固端应力集中的方法,重点介绍了近年来新开发的复合材料夹片锚具,其锚固效率系数高于90%;同时,基于转向FRP筋力学性能试验结果,建议转向半径不宜小于FRP筋半径的200倍,转向角度不宜大于5°。梳理了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土构件的试验研究结果(单调加载、长期持荷和循环加载),介绍了国内外规范中的设计方法,并基于既有文献中42根梁的试验结果评价了规范中计算方法的精度,验证了我国规范GB 50608—2020中体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构设计计算方法的准确性。本综述将对体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的推广应用起积极推动作用。      

Concepts and requirements of durability design for concrete structures: an extensive review of CCES01

Acquiring enough durability for concrete structures in their design phase is a crucial step against unexpected deterioration during their service life. This article gives an extensive and in-depth review of the first Chinese national guide, CCES01-2004, destined exclusively for durability design of concrete structures. Based on the state-of-art knowledge on durability and in place experiences, this guide formulates its durability requirements from several fundamental concepts: environmental action, durability limit state and structure service life. For each environmental class and expected service life, the guide details its requirements on raw material constituents, concrete curing conditions, material performance as well as structure details, in particular the concrete cover to reinforcement steel. The relevant quantitative requirements are compared with those from other codes such as EuroCode2, EN206, ACI318 and CSA. As a special case, the durability of post-tensioned prestressed concrete structures is treated separately and a multi-layer, environment-based strategy is proposed for the prestress tendon and anchorage protection. At the end, the remaining crucial questions are brought forth for durability design of concrete structures.     

CFRP筋体外加固铁路预应力混凝土简支梁桥设计及试验研究

采用自主研发的CFRP筋体外预应力加固桥梁锚具装置(包括锚固装置和张拉装置),对铁路预应力混凝土简支梁桥进行加固设计和现场试验。针对CFRP筋体外预应力加固特点,计算预应力损失和CFRP筋配筋面积,验算加固桥梁的反拱、正截面强度、抗裂性、抗剪性以及挠度等;在此基础上,对大秦铁路线某16m预应力混凝土简支梁桥进行了现场加固试验。结果表明:该文提出的加固方法适用于实际铁路桥梁加固,加固后符合现行铁路相关规范和混凝土结构加固设计规范要求,且桥梁的受力性能得到明显改善。     

OPTIMIZATION OF GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR STUCTURES WITH RESPECT TO BOTH BUCKLING AND POSTBUCKLING CONSTRAINTS

In this paper the optimization of structures against instability is carried out, and nonlinear behaviour of designed elements is taken into account. The form of the deformation path for an optimal element is analysed to check whether that behaviour is stable or not. In the latter case the formulation of the design problem is modified with a view to include constraints that take care of a stable form of the postbuckling path of the structure. A suitable form of the postbuckling constraints is proposed depending on the type of instability. If bifurcation occurs the constraints will force the structure to behave in a stable way after buckling. When a limit point is reached without bifurcation of the equilibrium the formulation is modified in such a way that the resulting structure does not iose its stability at all. For structures for which design can modify postbuckling behaviour without affecting buckling load, the postbuckling constraints are chosen so as to ensure stable behaviour of the structures after buckling. When the critical state does not exist and instability occurs at finite displacements the minimum load value of the deformation path is maximized.     

Simulating RC beams with unbonded FRP and steel prestressing tendons

A partial interaction based analysis to simulate the behaviour of RC beams with prestressed unbonded tendons is proposed. Unlike bonded reinforcement, the strain developed in unbonded reinforcing tendons under bending is uniform along the length of the member and is thus member dependant. Conventional analysis techniques incorporate correction factors and empirical components in defining the strain developed in both the unbonded and bonded reinforcement. Being semi-empirical, the post-cracking analysis cannot directly simulate the effects of tension-stiffening on the untensioned bonded reinforcement. Accordingly, this paper presents a segmental moment–rotation approach for simulating the behaviour of RC beams with unbonded prestressed reinforcement, such that the mechanics of the approach removes the reliance on empiricisms in defining the reinforcement and unbonded tendon behaviour. Validated against experimental results, the approach is shown to accommodate concrete creep, shrinkage and reinforcement relaxation, thus enabling prestressing losses to be quantified.     

框架-摇摆墙结构受力特点分析及其在抗震加固中的应用

摇摆结构是一种新型抗震结构体系。摇摆结构通过释放某些部位的约束,允许结构相应位置发生相对位移,从而改变构件的受力状态,改善结构的抗震性能。框架-摇摆墙结构是摇摆结构的一种,其中摇摆墙能够绕着墙底连接件发生面内转动。墙体底部约束的释放降低了对基础的承载力需求,同时能有效避免地震作用下墙体的损伤。具有较大刚度的摇摆墙能有效地控制结构的变形模式,防止出现变形和损伤集中。在框架-摇摆墙结构中增设阻尼器和预应力钢筋可分别增加其耗能能力并减少震后残余变形。该文提出了框架-摇摆墙结构的分布参数模型,利用该模型分析了摇摆墙刚度对结构侧移分布、摇摆墙和框架承载力需求的影响。研究了摇摆墙在国内某工程抗震加固改造中的应用,提出了摇摆墙加固的具体方法以及连接的局部构造。采用动力弹塑性时程分析的方法,对比了原结构与摇摆墙加固后结构的抗震性能。分析结果表明,摇摆墙加固方案能使塑性铰的分布更加均匀,增设预应力钢筋和金属屈服型阻尼器显著提高了结构耗能能力,减小了结构的残余变形。     

无粘结CFRP筋部分预应力混凝土连续梁试验与分析

制备了9根两跨无粘结CFRP筋部分预应力混凝土连续梁,并完成了每跨三分点加载试验。考察了在加载过程中的开裂、中支座控制截面非预应力筋屈服、跨中控制截面非预应力筋屈服、极限破坏状态等阶段的受力特征,获得了无粘结CFRP筋在设计用承载能力极限状态和真实承载能力极限状态下的应力增长规律,基于试验结果提出了在这两个状态下的中支座两侧等效塑性铰长度计算公式,提出了分别以中支座控制截面综合配筋指标为自变量和以中支座控制截面相对塑性转角为自变量的弯矩调幅的计算公式。      

Optimization of complex structures to satisfy static,dynamic and aeroelastic requirements

A structural optimization problem is considered in which the design requirements include restrictions on the strength, stability, frequency and flutter characteristics of the structure. One of the central concerns of this phase of the work has been to overcome the problems inherent in analysing the dynamic and aeroelastic behaviour of structures with many degrees of freedom. The multiweb delta wing structure under supersonic flight conditions is the model upon which this exploratory study is based. The finite element idealization, with three different kinds of elements, is used to model the wing structure. The constant stress triangular plate elements, the rectangular shear panels and the pin-jointed bar elements are used to represent, respectively, the cover skins, webs and stringers of the wing structure. The design problem is formulated as a minimum weight optimization problem and is solved by using non-linear programming techniques. Computationally efficient schemes are developed for the necessary derivatives of the behaviour constraints. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility and the computational effectiveness of the method.     

Investigation of the behaviour of a chopped strand mat/woven roving/foam-Klegecell composite lamination structure during Charpy testing

This paper presents the investigation of the characteristic behaviour of polymer matrix composites under Charpy impact conditions with different design configurations of the laminate structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of different lamination designs for composite materials, in term of contact load, energy absorption, deflection and damage behaviour. In this study, laminated panels were fabricated using chopped strand mat (CSM), woven roving fabric (WR) and foam-PVC Klegecell as reinforcement with a combination of epoxy or polyester resin, respectively. Structural panels of composite laminates were produced using a hand lay-up technique. Each configuration design was impact tested to failure. Finite element analyses (FEA) were employed in this study to correlate the experimental value of energy absorption with simulation results. The characteristics of different reinforcement types, matrix type, hybrid type, architecture and orientation type were studied. These characteristics need to be considered, due to their affecting the characteristic behaviour of the composite lamination structures. Based on the results, it was found that differences in configuration design of the lamination structure of the polymer matrix composites do influence the strength and weakness of the materials.     

Structure-mechanical properties relationship of natural tendons and ligaments

The mechanical characterization of rabbit Achilles' tendon and anterior cruciate ligament is presented. Both static and dynamic mechanical tests have been performed on fresh explanted tissues. Experimental results are presented and discussed in terms of a relationship between structural architecture and mechanical properties. The differences in collagen fibre configuration and composition between tendon and ligament influence the tensile and viscoelastic properties. In particular, tendons and ligaments showed a gradual transition from a rubber-like to a glassy-like behaviour during the loading process due to the traightening of collagen fibres.     

预应力简支工字钢梁自振频率变化规律研究

为研究预应力简支工字钢梁固有频率在不同工况下的变化规律及其变化的原因。采用分级施加预应力的方式进行2组体外预应力简支工字钢梁的动力试验,以预应力简支工字钢梁的试验研究结果为基础,建立简支工字钢梁和预应力简支工字钢梁有限元分析模型。试验结果与有限元对比分析表明:预应力筋张拉力、偏心距和预应力筋线型布置对预应力简支工字钢梁固有频率有影响,偏心距和预应力筋的线型布置对预应力钢梁固有频率影响较大,预应力筋张拉力影响较小。     

不锈钢和CFRP混合配筋预应力混凝土梁的延性和变形性能

由于FRP(fiber-reinforcedpolymer/Plastics)材料直到拉断还表现出线弹性的力学性能,使得采用FRP配筋的混凝土结构延性较差,且已成为这类结构应用中人们所关注的一个主要问题。研究了不锈钢和CFRP(Carbonfiber-reinforcedpolymer/Plastics)混合配筋部分粘结、部分预应力混凝土梁的延性和变形特性。分析时假定这类梁的截面在加载过程中具有3折线的弯矩-曲率关系,而在卸载过程中截面的弯矩-曲率关系假定为线性,据此提出了这类梁受力全过程的非线性分析方法,并以试验结果验证了其适用性。基于能量耗散的观点引入了反映这类梁延性特性的延性指标,并利用所提分析方法对这类梁的延性进行了参数分析。分析结果表明:增加混凝土极限压应变和预应力束的无粘结部分长度可以有效地增加这类梁的变形性能,但对延性的增加却很有限,而且这两个参数对梁延性和变形性能的影响程度还强烈依赖于梁的破坏形态。     

Effects of solution exposure on the combined axial-shear behaviour of unidirectional CFRP rods

In fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) prestressed concrete applications, an FRP tendon must sustain high axial tensile stresses and, if cracks occur, additional dowel forces. The tendon may also be exposed to solutions and so the combined axial-shear stress performance after long-term environmental exposure is important. Experiments were conducted to investigate the combined axial-shear stress failure envelope for unidirectional carbon FRP tendons which had been exposed to either water, salt water or concrete pore solution at 60 °C for approximately 18 months. The underlying load resisting mechanisms were found to depend on the loading configuration, restraint effects and the initial stress state. When saturated, CFRP tendons are likely to exhibit a reduced shear stiffness. However, the ultimate limit state appeared to be fibre-dominated and was therefore less susceptible to reductions due to solution uptake effects.     

大跨拱支预应力网壳结构的模糊优化设计研究

针对武汉长江防洪模型展示大厅采用的大跨拱支预应力网壳结构,考虑优化目标函数与约束条件的模糊性,建立了该类结构体系的模糊优化设计数学模型;求解时首先通过约束水平截集法,将模糊优化模型转化为一系列确定性优化模型;然后基于拱支预应力网壳的结构特点,将预应力构件(拉索和吊杆)截面尺寸、预应力作用取值(构件初始应变)以及非预应力构件截面尺寸等优化设计变量分别归为不同的优化级别,采用分级优化思想对确定性优化模型进行求解;最后依据结构经济性与安全性平衡的目标求出结构的最优约束水平,从而得到最优的结构设计方案,并同时确定结构的合理预应力分布,由此形成了拱支预应力网壳结构的两阶段三级模糊优化设计方法。     

Design of framed structures: an integrated non-linear analysis and optimal minimum weight design

The aim of this paper is to develop a structural optimization algorithm based on optimality criterion approach to achieve a minimum weight structure that satisfies a set of displacement constraints. Optimal designs are found considering both linear and non-linear behaviour of the structure and compared through an example problem. Many algorithms have been developed to determine the optimal minimum weight design of framed structures under a set of displacement constraints; however, in almost all of them linear analyses are performed. This paper shows how the non-linear analysis will effect the optimal design of a structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simulation approach for evaluation and improvement of organisational planning in collaborative product development projects

Human behaviour and organisational structure impact collaborative product development outcome on a large scale. Therefore, companies are continuously seeking new opportunities to increase the efficiency, effectiveness and predictability of their collaborative product development projects, and to develop innovative principles for organisational design and management such as multi-functional teams. However, there are many factors which have to be considered and assessed to systematically optimise organisational planning in respect of team configuration, structure organisation, and human behaviour. This paper proposes an agent-based simulation methodology to evaluate and improve the organisational planning in complex product development projects. An agent-based integrated simulation model is formulated which can explicitly represent human behaviour, organisational interactions, and tasks networks. Based on the model, the design agent structure and behaviour protocols are studied in detail, and a simulation platform is developed. Finally, the methodology is evaluated in a collaborative roadway design project, and several management insights are established, which are proven to be effective for the organisational optimisation. The results of the case study also show that the methodology can effectively support the evaluation and improvement of organisational planning.     

On a model of elastic-plastic structure optimized for post-buckling behaviour

The post-critical analysis performed for a structure optimized only for buckling constraints shows in many cases that the behaviour of the designed element after buckling is unstable. That should be considered as a drawback of the standard design since the applicability of such an unstable optimal structure may be questionable. Recently the new concept of structural optimization against instability has been proposed. The post-buckling analysis is included directly in the optimization problem and the modified design is formulated. As a result, the modified optimal structure with stable behaviour after buckling is created. Many modified design problems for structures exposed to elastic instability have been already formulated and solved. This paper gives some proposals of extending that approach for the design of elastic-plastic structures.