褐煤CO／H2O体系亚临界—超临界流体萃取的研究

本利用ＣＯ／Ｈ２Ｏ体系，对我国三种煤进行了亚临界－超临界流体萃取的研究。鉴于可保煤有较高的反应活性，故进一步考察了过程参数对其萃取率的影响，寻找了较好的工艺条件，在此条件下萃取率可达８８％左右，油收率可达６０％。研究了萃取物的基本性质，探讨了残煤的利用途径。     

超临界CO2萃取小麦胚芽油的研究

用超临界ＣＯ２萃取小麦胚芽油，较一般压榨法及有机溶剂萃取法得到的油品质好，出油率高，且无毒无副作用，经试验研究得到了压力，时间、温度、ＣＯ２流量及物料水分含量等萃取操作的最佳条件，萃取率可达８５％以上，为进一步的奠定了基础。     

高硫煤的燃烧脱硫法

本文通过正交试验，利用ＳＣ－１３２定硫仪的红外吸收原理，测定高硫煤中硫的挥发规律，选用含ＣａＯ量较大的脱硫剂与高硫煤混合燃烧，使煤中硫在挥发过程中与脱硫剂中的ＣａＯ结合较稳定的ＣａＳＯ４固定在煤的灰渣中，并使低温分解的脱硫剂捕捉有机硫，使中、高温分解的脱硫剂捕捉硫铁矿物硫，可达８０％的脱硫率。配合反烧法充分利用煤的灰渣对ＳＯ２挥发的阻挡及吸附作用，可使脱硫率进一步提高至９３％。     

超临界CO2萃取艾蒿挥发油工艺条件的研究

为了用超临界CO2流体萃取（SFE-CO2）技术从艾蒿全草中提取挥发油并确定最佳工艺条件。利用正交试验研究了萃取压力、萃取温度及萃取时间对提取率的影响。结果表明超临界CO2流体萃取技术能有效的萃取艾蒿挥发油成份,萃取率可达7．22％,产品色度较好。通过正交试验确定的最佳工艺条件为：萃取压力30MPa,夹带剂量100mL,40℃萃取100min。     

超临界CO2萃取玉米黄色素的研究

研究了以玉米蛋白粉为原料利用超临界ＣＯ２ 萃取技术萃取玉米黄色素的工艺，探索了萃取压力、萃取温度、分离温度、分离压力及操作时间、ＣＯ２ 流量对玉米黄色素萃取率的影响。     

超临界CO2萃主米黄色素的研究

研究了以玉米蛋白粉为原料利用超临界ＣＯ２萃取技术萃取玉米黄色素的工艺，探索了萃取压力、萃取温度、分离温度、分离压力及操作时间、ＣＯ２流量对玉米黄色素萃取率的影响。     

膜萃取法处理TNT生产废水的研究

本文介绍了中空纤维膜萃取ＴＮＴ的方法，通过膜萃取实验，研究了萃取时两相压力差和流速对萃取效率的影响。结果表明，废水中ＴＮＴ的萃取率可达９０％左右，能使工业ＴＮＴ废水达到国家排放标准。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取大蒜油

采用冷冻干燥和超临界二氧化碳萃取相结合技术萃取大蒜油，通过均匀设计在萃取率和萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、CO2流量之间建立了理论模型，确定了SC—CO2萃取大蒜油的最佳工艺参数：萃取压力25MPa，萃取温度45℃，萃取时问5h，CO2流量44kg／h，在此条件下萃取率可达1．19％．     

超临界CO2萃取沙棘油工艺条件的优化

在萃取时间为３ｈ,ＣＯ２流量为３￣４ｋｇ／ｈ条件下,按不同萃取压力和不同萃取温度、分离温度萃取沙棘籽油。试验结果表明,萃取压力为２８￣３０ＭＰａ,萃取温度为４８￣５０℃,分离温度为环境温度时,超临界ＣＯ２萃取沙棘籽油的提取工艺条件为最佳,此条件下的沙棘籽油得率可达６．８％以上。     

亚临界水条件下煤中铅的挥发性研究

运用半连续反应装置对山西吴家坪煤和四川华荧山煤中铅在亚临界水萃取过程中的脱除率和挥发性进行了研究．着重考察了反应温度、压力对铅脱除率和挥发性的影响；同时应用浮沉实验和逐级化学提取考察了原煤及残渣中铅的赋存形态．研究结果表明：在亚临界水条件下，2种煤中铅都不易挥发；随着温度升高，2种煤中铅的脱除率和挥发性都有所增加，当温度从320℃增加到380℃时，吴家坪和华荧山两煤中铅的脱除率分别从4．9％和7．1％增加到24．6％和10．9％；当温度升高到410℃时，华荧山煤中铅的脱除率增加为13．7%；在相同温度下，亚临界水处理过程中铅的挥发性要高于热解过程中铅的；随着压力的增大，2种煤中铅的脱除率和挥发性无明显变化；华荧山和吴家坪煤中的铅都主要以不溶态存在，分别为46％和54％，同时也以碳酸盐结合态、硫酸盐和单硫化物结合态及二硫化物和部分有机质结合态存在，亚临界水萃取过程中，2种煤中以上述形态赋存的铅都有所减少并转化为新的含铅不溶稳定态．     

不同形态钠对伊敏褐煤碳黑生成特性的影响

为揭示褐煤的碳黑生成特性与Na在煤衍生碳黑形成过程中的作用,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪研究分别担载了空白、物理吸附态Na (ANa)与离子可交换态Na (INa)的酸洗伊敏褐煤在沉降炉中不同停留时间下热解所产生碳黑的产率、表面与整体化学特性.结果表明:在表面增长阶段,褐煤的碳黑产率增幅远超焦油产率降幅;当停留时间足够长时,碳黑产率有所降低,含氧官能团含量升高;担载Na可以降低碳黑产率,但INa对碳黑的抑制作用比ANa强得多,且INa可以使热解气溶胶中醚与砜的含量升高.这些现象说明:在褐煤二次热解过程中,小分子芳香化合物、脂肪族物质与轻质气体也会通过表面增长提高碳黑产率.褐煤热解气中含氧物质可以在停留时间足够长时表现出对碳黑的氧化作用. INa可以保持与焦炭或挥发分之间有机结合状态,在一次热解过程减少初级焦油释放,在二次热解过程中促进挥发分与含氧物质结合;而ANa在一次热解过程中作用不明显.在二次热解过程中,气化的ANa与INa抑制碳黑形成的作用机制相同.     

褐煤超临界醇解影响因素的研究

采用自行开发的褐煤超临界醇解提质装置,研究反应温度、反应压力、醇解时间、醇解次数和醇煤质量比对锡林浩特褐煤在超·临界醇解中反应特性的影响。结果表明,无催化剂条件下,当反应温度为310℃、反应压力为17～18MPa、醇解时间为120min、醇解次数为3次和醇煤质量比为4．5：1时,锡林浩特褐煤的超·临界醇解的醇解率为54．03％（同条件下的单次醇解率为39．5％）,其反应达到最佳效果。     

呼伦贝尔褐煤中低温快速热解实验研究

以呼伦贝尔褐煤为研究对象,陶粒为固体热载体,考察了固定床快速热解过程中温度、颗粒尺寸、反应时间等因素对煤热解产物产率和组成的影响,目的在于能够获得最多轻质油品的热解条件.结果表明,热解时间对气体产品的组成、焦油产率影响不明显.煤粒径对焦油产率影响显著.在热解温度550℃、煤粒径为1.10～1.18mm下,热解30min,焦油收率最高,达到6.2%,与慢速热解相比提高了19.2%,其中正己烷可溶物达77.1%.     

锡林浩特褐煤的超临界甲醇解研究

在250-330℃温度范围内研究锡林浩特褐煤的超临界甲醇解,考察反应温度、时间、压力、溶煤比和醇解次数等对锡林浩特褐煤在超临界甲醇中可溶物收率的影响,并采用GC/MS对可溶物进行分析表征。结果表明,在310℃下进行超临界甲醇解,锡林浩特褐煤热溶物收率高达39.5%,其可溶物主要由酚类、芳烃、酯类、正构烷烃及含硫和含氮化合物组成。     

Enhanced-hydrogen gas production through underground gasification of lignite

Underground coal gasification is one of the clean technologies of in-situ coal utilization. Hydrogen production from underground gasification of lignite was investigated in this study based on simulation experiments. Pyrolysis of lignite, gasification activity, oxygen-steam gasification and the effect of groundwater influx were studied. As well, the advantages of lignite for stable underground gasification were analyzed. The results indicate that lignite has a high activity for gasification. Coal pyrolysis is an important source of hydrogen emission. Under special heating conditions, hydrogen is released from coal seams at temperatures above 350 ℃ and reaches its maximum value between 725 and 825 ℃. Gas with a hydrogen concentration of 40% to 50% can be continuously obtained by oxygen-steam injection at an optimum ratio of steam to oxygen, while lignite properties will ensure stable gasification. Groundwater influx can be utilized for hydrogen preparation under certain geological conditions through pressure control. Therefore, enhanced-hydrogen gas production through underground gasification of lignite has experimentally been proved.     

Bio-solubilization of Chinese lignite Ⅱ：protein adsorption onto the lignite surface

Lignite bio-solubilization is a promising technology for converting solid lignite into oil. This study concerns the adsorption of lignite-solubilizing enzymes onto the lignite surface. Adsorption capacity, infrared spectral analysis and driving forces analysis are studied as a way to help understand the bio-solubilization mechanism. The results show that the amount of lignite bio-solubilization is proportional to the amount of adsorbed lignite-solubilizing enzymes. An increase in lignite-solubilizing enzyme adsorption of 10% leads to a 7% increase in lignite bio-solubilization. However, limited amounts of enzymes can be adsorbed by the lignite, thus resulting in low percentages of bio-solubilization. Infrared spectral analysis shows that side chains, such as hydroxyl and carbonyl, of the lignite structure are the main, and necessary, structures where lignite-solubilizing enzymes attachto the lignite. Furthermore, driving force analysis indicates that the electrostatic force between lignite and enzymes is the main adsorption mechanism. The forces are influenced by solution pH levels, the zeta potential of the lignite and the isoelectric points of the enzymes.     

皂化褐煤及吸附性能表征

利用NaOH和Na2CO3与褐煤反应制得皂化褐煤,并使其对水溶液中Cu2+和洗涤剂进行吸附性质表征.结果显示对Cu2+去除率在97%以上,吸附基本符合Langmuir单分子层模型,对洗涤剂中有机物一次性吸附其CODcr去除率为50%左右,同时用Na2CO3皂化褐煤的吸附性能优于用NaOH皂化的褐煤.     

Separation and analysis of lignite bioconversion products

The bioconversion of coal at ambient conditions is a promising technology for coal processing, although the mechanisms of coal degradation are still not understood fully. In this work, the bioconversion of lignite was studied using a fungus isolated from decaying wood. The lignite samples were oxidized with nitric acid under moderate conditions and then the oxidized samples were placed on a potato medium with isolated fungus for lignite bioconversion. Lignite, oxidized lignite and residual products after bioconversion of lignite were sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, CS₂, methanol, acetone and tetrahydrofuran (THF), and then each extract was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The differences in composition and structure among the samples were inferred by comparing the differences between the extracts. The results show that aromatics with one or several benzene rings and their derivatives; and some long-chain alkanes containing oxygen decreased in the methanol-, acetone-, and THF-soluble fraction from residual lignite, whereas long chain or a few branched alkanes and small quantities of aromatic compounds increased in petroleum ether and CS₂ soluble fractions.     

Bio-solubilization of Chinese lignite Ⅰ: extra-cellular protein analysis

A white rot fungus strain, Trichoderma sp. AH, was isolated from rotten wood in Fushun and used to study the mechanism of lignite bio-solubilization. The results showed that nitric acid pretreated Fushun lignite was solubilized by T. sp. AH and that extracellular proteins from T. sp. AH were correlated with the lignite bio-solubilization results. In the presence of Fushun lignite the extracellular protein concentration from T. sp. AH was 4.5 g/L while the concentration was 3 g/L in the absence of Fushun lignite. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the extracelhilar proteins detected at least four new protein bands after the T. sp. AH had sohibilized the lignite. Enzyme color reactions showed that extracelhilar proteins from T. sp. AH mainly consisted of phenol-oxidases, but that lignin decomposition enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase and manganese peroxidases were not present.     

煤催化多段加氢热解过程的产物分析

以MoS2为催化剂在固定床反应器中对录甸褐煤的加氢热解及多段加氢热解过程的产品分布，性质进行了详细的分析。结果表明：多段催化加氢热解与传统的加氢热解相比，转化率及焦油收率均有所提高，尤其是油收率从51.8%提高到63.9%,同时气体收率减少一半，催化条件下煤多段加氢热解焦油与传统加氢热解焦油在组成上并没有特别显著的不同，但是各组分间的相对含量却有较大的差别，煤的多段加氢热解过程明显提高了焦油中轻质组分的含量，使焦油进一步轻质化，其中苯类，酚类和萘类分别增加了42%，37.8%和115.4%；由多段催化加氢热解所得的半焦的比表面积要比由传统催化加氢热解所得的大得多，而且平均孔径也明显减少，半焦的孔体积增加了一倍以上；多段催化加氢热解过程有明显的优越性。