基于对偶性原理的三相多芯柱变压器暂态模型

提出了一种基于对偶性原理的三相多芯柱变压器暂态模型；通过分析三相多芯柱变压器磁路模型并应用对偶性原理，建立了考虑电路与磁路耦合的变压器暂态计算模型，采用Jiles-Atherton铁磁磁滞模型来描述铁心模块的饱和以及磁滞效应，而涡流和杂散损耗用一个等值电阻替代，零序磁通用一个线性电感以及反映其涡流损耗的电阻代替；该模型可以计算分析直流偏磁和空载合闸等情况下变压器励磁电流以及铁心磁通等电气参数；算例分析结果与实验结果的对比证明了该模型的准确性。     

特高压直流换流变压器励磁涌流及其抑制

对换流变压器空载合闸引起的励磁涌流进行研究是特高压直流工程过电压、滤波器设计以及保护配置的重要依据之一。为研究特高压直流换流变压器励磁涌流产生的原因,结合铁磁性材料的饱和特性曲线,从原理上说明励磁涌流的产生条件。结合单相换流变压器简化数学物理模型分析,建立电磁暂态仿真模型进行验证,仿真模型基于±1 100kV特高压直流用高压端换流变压器,根据系统主回路参数计算结果,将其作为设计输入提供给变压器制造厂商,并推算出换流变压器饱和特性曲线。最后研究了系统短路容量、合闸电阻以及选相合闸对励磁涌流的影响及抑制作用,研究结果对于特高压直流,特别是±1 100kV直流系统换流变压器的励磁涌流及其抑制具有指导意义。     

考虑铁磁磁滞的变压器励磁涌流仿真分析

提出了一种考虑铁芯铁磁磁滞的变压器电磁暂态模型,并对变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流现象进行了仿真研究。基于目前工程中应用较为广泛的Jiles-Atherton铁磁磁滞原理建立铁芯磁滞磁化曲线模块,通过设置适合的参数计算得到了与实际测量值较为吻合的 B-H曲线;通过分析单相三绕组变压器铁芯绕组结构及其电路模型,得到其电磁暂态计算模型;通过分析三相五柱式变压器磁路结构并利用对偶性原理,得到了其暂态计算分析模型。利用所建立的暂态计算模型对单相三绕组变压器的励磁涌流现象进行了仿真研究,仿真计算结果与实际试验测量结果的对比证明所提出的暂态计算模型的正确性和有效性;同时也对三相变压器组和三相五柱式变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流进行了仿真计算,仿真结果证明所提出的暂态计算模型能够准确地分析变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流现象。     

电力变压器励磁涌流仿真计算的瞬时功率法

本文提出一种基于变压器铁芯材料的基本磁化曲线Ｂ＝ｆ（Ｈ）、变压器铁芯的几何尺寸、空载损耗数值及瞬时功率的概念，对变压器空载合闸时，在各种不同的合闸角及各种不同剩磁的情况下所产生的励磁涌流进行计算的新方法。通过对计算结果的分析，得出励磁涌流的特征，如峰值、波形及间断角的大小同剩磁和合闸角的关系等。本文所提出的方法有助于对电力变压器设计的正确性进行校验及变压器保护的研究。     

基于差动电流正弦曲线拟合波形的变压器保护原理

以变压器的磁化特性曲线为基础,对比分析了变压器差流为涌流和非涌流时的波形特点,进而提出了一种基于差动电流正弦曲线拟合波形的变压器保护原理。为了更能体现励磁涌流的特征和减少拟合波形幅值的计算误差,建议取拟合角度为差动电流峰值时的角度最为合理。给出了拟合波形幅值的计算方法,并讨论了减小计算误差的方法。大量数字仿真结果表明,所提出的原理可以快速、有效地区分励磁涌流和内部故障电流。     

变压器空充下的励磁涌流二次谐波特性分析

针对近年来变压器空充试验时,电流的二次谐波含量低于保护整定值导致差动保护误动作的问题,首先利用2条不同斜率的直线对变压器磁化特性曲线进行拟合,推导出不同空充电压下励磁涌流二次谐波含量的表达式,进而基于有限元分析软件搭建并验证了一台14 kVA单相变压器以及一台325 MVA三相变压器的仿真模型,然后对验证过的模型进行了变压器空充仿真。研究表明：在考虑铁芯磁化曲线起始部分存在非线性特征的情况下,空充电压小于临界电压时,励磁涌流中含有少量二次谐波;空充电压等于临界电压时,励磁涌流二次谐波含量达到峰值;随着空充电压等级的提高,励磁涌流二次谐波含量呈现先增后减的趋势。     

变压器衰减励磁涌流的实用计算方法

分析了变压器励磁涌流的衰减机理,根据变压器等效电路,推导出衰减励磁涌流的递归计算方法。通过曲线拟合的方法,提出了涌流幅值和间断角随时间变化的实用计算公式,为变压器差动保护和后备保护的原理研究、整定计算提供了分析计算的工具。     

串接小容量变压器预充磁技术参数设计

串接小容量变压器预充磁涌流抑制技术在船舶电力系统中应用广泛,但缺乏规范化的参数设计方法。推导了串接小容量变压器预充磁技术各次合闸最大励磁涌流峰值解析计算公式。基于此,以预充磁变压器合闸励磁涌流峰值小于系统额定电流,工作变压器合闸励磁涌流峰值小于差动保护启动值为原则确定可选预充磁变压器容量范围;从海洋核动力平台安全性、经济性角度出发规范预充磁电路结构;基于实际建立磁通与预期磁通相位一致原则规范预充磁变压器绕组接线方式;提出相邻周期涌流能量比方法计算变压器建立稳态磁通所需时间,规范预充磁最短合闸时间间隔。MATLAB/Simulink仿真结果表明,在不同合闸角、剩磁情况下,所设计的参数能够保证预充磁合闸过程中变压器差动保护可靠不误动。     

计及铁心动态磁化特性的三相变压器励磁涌流的仿真研究

介绍了计及铁心饱和，磁滞，局部磁滞和原始剩磁影响的三相三柱式变压器磁励涌流的仿真数学模型及仿真计算程序，对三相三柱式变压器空载合闸时的励磁涌流作了仿真计算，并对其结果进行分析。     

小波算法在变压器励磁涌流中的应用研究

为了满足电气化设备对高性能变压器的需求,针对大功率变压器中存在的励磁涌流现象展开研究,并建立了仿真模型。利用一种新型的小波算法对变压器中的励磁涌流现象进行分析和数学建模,并研究了三相变压器的励磁涌流产生机制和信号提取方法,建立了精确的故障识别模型。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink软件设计了仿真系统,实现了对三相变压器的励磁涌流波形识别。仿真结果表明,该仿真模型能够有效提取出变压器励磁涌流的有关特性,为提高变压器的性能提供了理论支持。     

Modified method for transformer magnetizing characteristic computation and point-on-wave control switching for inrush current mitigation

This paper proposes a new model for the low-frequency transient analysis of a transformer, with a modified equation for calculation of the flux-current characteristic representing the saturation inductance of the transformer. The model is based on the V-I (voltage-current) no-load curves and uses the no-load reactive power losses. To validate the model, it was used to simulate the no-load magnetizing current in steady-state condition, as well as the transient inrush current at network frequency. Evaluation was done both by comparing the simulation results obtained with the proposed model and those available in the relevant literature, and by practical measurements. The experimental results presented in this paper were obtained via a laboratory setup and a data acquisition system based on the dSPACE board 1104. Moreover, a control switching to mitigate the transient inrush current in a transformer was developed and applied experimentally in the laboratory and also in the simulations. This control strategy was performed by taking into account the residual flux at the opening instant of the related circuit breaker. A comparative study was carried out showing the validity of the proposed model and the mitigation technique.     

变压器励磁涌流的Callahan数值计算及动态仿真

探讨了不同期合闸空载变压器所致励磁涌流的产生机理 ,建立了用于电磁暂态过程计算的数值计算模型 ,运用半隐格式的Callahan算法深入计算分析了励磁涌流 ,得到了各相涌流波形 ,并通过Matlab动态仿真验证了Callahan算法数值计算结果的正确性。可供高阶非线性电路实际电磁暂态过程、变压器设计和运行及变压器保护设备整定值选取的研究参考     

Transformer connection under no-load and short-circuit events

The equivalent electric circuit of a transformer and a method permitting the calculation of the modes with a magnetizing current are given. Problems concerning the inrush current are examined in detail and recommendations for decreasing it are given. It is shown that the magnetizing current does not significantly influence the transformer’s short-circuit ability. During short-circuit tests of the transformer, measures are taken to decrease the magnetic current.     

Compensation for magnetizing inrush currents in transformers using a PWM inverter

When a transformer is connected to a circuit, under certain conditions, magnetizing inrush currents may be about ten times the full load current of the transformer. The currents contain a large amount of harmonic components and cause some relays to trip out. In this paper, the magnetizing inrush currents are compensated using a PWM inverter. The magnetizing inrush currents are detected and the PWM inverter generates compensating currents for the inrush currents. Hysteresis current controllers are used for fast response. The validity of this compensation is investigated by the simulation results. In addition, hardware implementation for the compensator is accomplished to verify the simulation results. Moreover, for the compensator, the relation between the compensating characteristics, the maximum switching frequency, and the coupling reactor is discussed based on the simulation results. Finally, characteristics of two current controllers (hysteresis band current controller and ramp‐comparison controller) are compared and it is shown that the hysteresis band current controller is more suitable for the compensator. The PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulator is used for the simulations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 53–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10023     

三心柱变压器暂态模型

以三心柱变压器铁心的磁路为基础,建立了该种变压器的暂态模型。分析了模型参数和变压器试验值的关系,从而可以利用变压器的试验值和几何参数构成变压器的暂态模型。该模型可用于变压器的电磁暂态、稳态及励磁涌流的计算。     

Testing and performance of transformer differential relays

The phenomenon of transformer magnetizing inrush current has been discussed in many papers throughout the years. A brief review of magnetizing inrush is given to provide the basis of need for transient testing. Previous studies have shown that inrush currents contain harmonic components of the fundamental waveform. Conventional philosophy has been to utilize the second harmonic current to provide inhibited operation of differential relays because of its dominance. Manufacturers have used various designs regarding higher order harmonics. The use of second and third, as well as the inclusion of all harmonics, have been seen over the years. The relay considered in this article utilized the second harmonic current to provide restraint on magnetizing inrush. The reasons for this are discussed. The authors discuss relay transient testing, EMTP transient testing, factory transient tests, EMTP testing facility, transformer differential EMTP tests, and EMTP transformer modeling. Several case studies relating to transformer differential relays are then discussed     

基于MATLAB单相变压器的仿真建模及特性分析

建立了一种单相变压器仿真模型,对单相变压器空载合闸的励磁涌流和二次侧绕组内部短路一次侧电流进行了仿真及分析,仿真结果与理论分析相吻合.     

应用BP神经网络鉴别励磁涌流

论述了应用BP人工神经网络区分三相牵引变压器励磁涌流和短路电流的方法,并应用Matlab软件进行了大量的仿真计算.仿真结果表明,该方法可以准确判别励磁涌流.     

基于等值回路方程的变压器保护判据的研究

现有的基于变压器等值回路方程的保护原理不受励磁涌流的影响,但动作方程的选取及保护判据的整定尚未得到合理的解决.基于等值回路方程,利用一、二次绕组参数与短路参数的关系,推导出单相及三相双绕组、三绕组变压器的动作方程,提出以正序电流作为制动量的保护判据.与传统的设定单一门槛值的保护判据相比,该判据通过寻求动作量与制动量之间的关系,制定出动作曲线,提高了保护的灵敏性和可靠性.动模试验结果表明,该判据不受涌流的影响,在内部故障后一个半周期快速动作.     

ZnO避雷器式故障限流器对变压器励磁涌流的影响分析

针对空载合闸变压器励磁涌流在电力系统中产生的危害,提出了一种新的削弱励磁涌流的方法,利用ATP-EMTP详细分析了ZnO避雷器式故障限流器对励磁涌流的影响,通过四种方式对空载时的励磁涌流进行了对比,结果表明:ZnO避雷器式故障限流器对变压器励磁涌流有良好的抑制作用。