C5抽余液选择性加氢工艺研究

通过对C5抽余液选择性加氢的工艺条件试验,考察了入口温度、氢油体积比、体积空速和反应压力等主要工艺条件对反应转化率的影响。得出适宜的工艺条件:在稀释进料,C5/环己烷为1/2,反应入口温度为44℃,氢油体积比(对原料C5)为500∶1,体积空速(对C5原料)为1.0 h-1,反应压力为基准+2.0 MPa,加氢后的C5组分中二烯烃及炔烃总含量小于1.0%。1 000 h的稳定性实验证明该催化剂具有很好的活性稳定性。     

反应条件对轻质页岩油加氢脱氮性能的影响

在固定床加氢微反装置上,采用硫化态NiMoW/Al2O3催化剂,以东宁轻质页岩油(＜350℃馏分)为原料,考察反应条件对加氢脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,适当降低反应空速、提高反应压力、提高反应温度均有利于提高催化剂加氢脱氮反应活性,提高产物的质量.在反应温度380℃、反应压力8.0MPa、体积空速0.8h-1、氢/油体积比750∶1的条件下,加氢生成油的硫、氮、芳烃含量均明显降低,石脑油馏分可作为化工轻油,柴油馏分可直接作为清洁柴油调和组分使用.     

氧化苯乙烯加氢体系中竞争反应的影响因素

以氧化苯乙烯为原料,通过催化加氢制得2-苯乙醇.考察了不同活性金属、活性金属负载量、载体及反应条件对氧化苯乙烯催化加氢存在的竞争反应的影响;选择Pd/Al2O3、Ni/Al2O3、Pt/Al2O3、Pd/MgO-Al2O3和Pd/AC(活性炭)催化体系为研究对象,采用XRD、H2-TPD、BET、XPS和催化剂评价方法探究了催化剂与竞争反应的关联性.研究发现,在Pd基催化体系中,提高反应温度可以促进氧化苯乙烯加氢反应进行,但是过高温度更有利于异构化生成苯乙醛并进一步发生缩合反应.结果表明,以Pd0.5/MgO-Al2O3(Pd含量为Al2O3载体质量的0.5％)为催化加氢体系,当反应温度为150℃时,氧化苯乙烯转化率为93％,2-苯乙醇选择性大于85％,而苯乙醛及其缩合物选择性小于15％.     

Ni-Mo/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的催化裂化轻汽油选择性加氢

制备了以TiO2/Al2O3为载体的镍基双金属选择性加氢催化剂,并用于催化裂化轻汽油的选择性加氢反应。考察了反应工艺条件对催化剂性能的影响,得出最佳的反应条件为:压力为2.0 MPa,反应温度为80℃,氢油比为40(体积比),空速为5 h-1。催化裂化轻汽油中二烯烃转化率达到98%以上。制备的选择性加氢催化剂具有良好的活性和选择性,其可以在选择性加氢领域获得应用。     

Pd／Al2O3催化剂上裂解C5馏分选择性加氢反应研究

研究了负载在Al2O3载体上的贵金属钯（Pd）基催化剂在裂解C5馏分中选择性加氢反应中的性能。结果表明,Pd／Al2O3催化剂上可进行选择性加氢的反应条件区域为压力0．5～1．0MPa、体积空速2—4h^-1、氢油体积比100：1～300：1和反应温度为55—65℃,在此反应条件下,炔烃能被完全加氢去除,同时二烯烃发生部分转化,转化产物主要为单烯烃,其中二烯烃转化的产物主要是热力学相对稳定的单烯烃;在选定的反应条件中,随温度升高、压力增加、氢油比增加,炔烃、二烯烃转化率提高;而随液时空速增加,二烯烃转化率有所下降;在各反应条件中,温度和压力对催化剂加氢性能影响较为显著;制备的Pd／Al2O3催化剂对于炔烃和二烯烃具有好的选择性加氢能力,可能原因一方面是由于反应条件选择较缓和,另一方面是原料中硫的存在。     

Ni-Mo/Al2O3加氢脱氧催化剂的研究

在连续流动固定床微型反应器内,反应温度240～320℃,氢油比700,液体空速1.5 h-1,压力4.0MPa的条件下,详细考察了Mo-Ni/Al2O3系列催化剂对模型含氧化合物醇和酸的加氢脱氧反应性能.结果表明Mo-Ni/Al2O3催化剂对醇和酸具有高的加氢脱氧活性.其中Mo16Ni6/Al2O3催化剂在280℃时,乙醇、乙酸和丙酸加氢脱氧转化率分别为94.3%、94.9%和98.8%.钼助剂的加入显著地提高Ni基催化剂的加氢脱氧活性,大大地降低了氧化态Ni的还原温度,因为钼助剂的加入抑制了NiO与Al2O3强的相互作用,结果显著地降低了氧化态催化剂中的NiAl2O4相的量,增加了的NiO的量.     

以Al2O3为载体的Ni-Cu双金属催化剂催化3-羟基丙醛加氢

采用浸渍法制备了Ni-Cu/Al2O3双金属催化剂。运用XRD、H2-TPR手段对催化剂进行表征,并将其应用于3-羟基丙醛(HPA)加氢反应。结果表明,在所考察条件下,Cu具有较低的加氢活性。但当其作为Ni助剂存在时,可以使NiO的还原温度显著降低,催化剂经低温还原便表现出优异的加氢活性。经350℃还原的催化剂,在反应温度60℃,压力5 MPa,催化剂用量100 mL,进料量2 mL/min条件下,3-羟基丙醛转化率达到98%。     

共沉淀法制备Ni/Al2O3催化剂的研究

油脂加氢催化剂是以金属镍为活性组分、氧化铝为载体制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂。在制备催化剂过程中,其合成条件直接影响着催化剂的最终活性。以工业硝酸镍、碳酸钠和自制氧化铝粉为原料,利用共沉淀的方法制备加氢催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应液pH及反应过程中搅拌转速对催化剂活性的影响。通过实验数据汇总分析,最终确定制备Ni/Al2O3油脂加氢催化剂的最佳条件：反应温度为85 ℃、反应结束时溶液pH=8.0、反应时间为1.5 h、搅拌转速为600 r/min。在此条件下制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,经棕榈油加氢评价后测定的碘值最低。     

连续重整汽油选择性加氢脱烯烃用贵金属催化剂的研究

研究了Pd/Al2O3催化剂在连续重整汽油选择性加氢脱烯烃反应中的加氢性能,结果表明,对于Pd/Al2O3催化剂采用现有工业常用的工艺条件,不能满足产品需要,其原因是高沸点馏分强吸附在催化剂表面,从而导致催化剂失活.在连续重整汽油BTX馏分选择性加氢脱烯烃的反应过程中,在适宜的工艺条件下,研制的Pd/Al2O3催化剂可以使加氢汽油的溴值小于200 mg-Br·(100 g油)-1、芳烃损失小于0.5个百分点,可以满足芳烃抽提进料的指标要求.采用添加助剂的方法对单纯的Pd贵金属催化剂进行改进,改进的催化剂可用于连续重整汽油全馏分的选择性加氢,具有较好的活性、选择性和稳定性.     

CoMo/Al_2O_3-SiO_2催化剂原位红外光谱研究

采用原位红外光谱技术,以CO作为探针分子研究了加氢脱硫CoMo/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂的活性吸附位的变化规律。原位硫化温度范围为300~550℃,获得了CoMo/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂的MoS(2110cm2-1)和CoMoS(2070cm-1)活性相在增加硫化温度过程中的转变规律。在CoMo/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂中,当载体中SiO2含量逐渐增加时,能够显著改变催化剂活性相的相对强度变化,表明载体中加入适量的SiO2能够显著改变加氢脱硫CoMo/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂的载体与活性金属(Co和Mo)的相互作用,从而提高金属在加氢催化剂载体上的分散性能,产生更多活性吸附位。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。