Axial load behavior of circular and square concrete columns confined with sprayed fiber‐reinforced polymer composites

Many experimental and theoretical investigations have been carried out to study the compressive strength of concrete confined externally with unidirectional fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. These unidirectional FRP(s) include carbon, glass, aramid, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene naphthalates. In this article, the performance of randomly distributed sprayed fiber‐reinforced polymer (SFRP) composites on the enhancement of strength and deformability of concrete column through external confinement is investigated. The salient features of SFRP are quick and easy application as well as the uniform tensile properties in all directions. In the present study, 24 small concrete specimens were loaded to failure under the uniaxial compression loading. The study parameters covered SFRP thickness, fiber length, and column sectional shape (circular and square). Test results showed that the external confinement by SFRP is significantly effective to increase the strength and deformability of confined concrete. Based on the experimental results, the performance of existing strength models developed for the unidirectional FRP is assessed to examine its applicability to the SFRP confinement. It is found that none of the existing models is capable of accurately predicting the strength of concrete confined with SFRP. Finally, new strength models based on a linear relationship between confined concrete compressive strength and lateral confining pressure are proposed to predict the compressive strength of circular and square sections. The strengths predicted by the proposed models are found to have a good agreement with experimental results. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:2557–2567, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

A Comparative Study on the Mechanical Properties of Jute and Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

The aim of the present study is to investigate and compare the mechanical properties of raw jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites with sodium hydroxide treated jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. This is followed by comparisons of the sodium hydroxide treated jute and sisal fiber reinforced composites. The jute and sisal fibers were treated with 20% sodium hydroxide for 2 h and then incorporated into the epoxy matrix by a molding technique to form the composites. Similar techniques have been adopted for the fabrication of raw jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. The raw jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites and the sodium hydroxide treated jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites were characterized by FTIR. The mechanical properties (tensile and flexural strength), water absorption and morphological changes were investigated for the composite samples. It was found that the sodium hydroxide treated jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites exhibited better mechanical properties than the raw jute and raw sisal fiber reinforced composites. When comparing the sodium hydroxide treated jute and sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites, the sodium hydroxide treated jute fiber reinforced composites exhibited better mechanical properties than the latter.     

FRP管增强混凝土结构的轴压极限强度

通过对组合结构轴心受压后期强化阶段力学特征及组分材料相互约束条件的研究,归纳出FRP管与核心混凝土的轴压极限应力预测公式;运用合成法得到FRP管混凝土的轴压极限强度;分析了各设计参数对组合结构轴压极限强度的影响。结果表明,纤维缠绕角与组合结构轴压极限强度之间呈非线性变化状态,且在不同的缠绕角范围内,轴压极限强度的变化趋势不同,组合结构达到强度极值点的纤维最佳缠绕角为72°。而约束管含量比与轴压极限强度之间近似呈正比关系。     

Influence of fiber orientation and fiber content on properties of sisal‐jute‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites

The incorporation of natural fibers with polymer matrix composites (PMCs) has increasing applications in many fields of engineering due to the growing concerns regarding the environmental impact and energy crisis. The objective of this work is to examine the effect of fiber orientation and fiber content on properties of sisal‐jute‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites. In this experimental study, sisal‐jute‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites are prepared with fiber orientations of 0° and 90° and fiber volume of sisal‐jute‐glass fibers are in the ratio of 40:0:60, 0:40:60, and 20:20:60 respectively, and the experiments were conducted. The results indicated that the hybrid composites had shown better performance and the fiber orientation and fiber content play major role in strength and water absorption properties. The morphological properties, internal structure, cracks, and fiber pull out of the fractured specimen during testing are also investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42968.     

剑麻纤维增强混凝土力学性能研究

植物纤维作为一种可再生、价格低廉、来源广泛的资源,其在混凝土中的应用具有很好的前景.运用简单的力学实验,综合分析纤维的掺量、长径比对混凝土强度的影响,采用不同掺量的纤维,验证了剑麻纤维在增强混凝土抗压强度等基本力学性能方面的机理.结果表明:(1)剑麻纤维的加入会在一定程度上增强混凝土的抗压强度.(2)最佳掺量为2 kg/m3,与普通混凝土相比,剑麻纤维混凝土强度最大提升幅度为9％左右.     

GFRP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件非线性全过程分析

本文应用细观力学、经典层板理论、平截面假定、FRP约束混凝土本构模型及数值积分对GFRP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件进行了非线性全过程分析。通过理论计算发现GFRP管混凝土组合结构能有效地提高构件的承载力,且构件具有良好的变形能力。FRP壳体参与承载且有效地约束混凝土的变形,显著提高核心混凝土强度和变形能力。文中讨论了轴压比、长细比、径厚比、混凝土强度等级、纵筋配筋率、铺层角变化对极限水平荷载和极限水平位移的影响,从而得到了一些有益的结论。     

GRIP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件非线性全过程分析

本文应用细观力学、经典层板理论、平截面假定、FRP约束混凝土本构模型及数值积分对GFRP管混凝土组合结构压弯构件进行了非线性全过程分析。通过理论计算发现GFRP管混凝土组合结构能有效地提高构件的承载力，且构件具有良好的变形能力。FRP壳体参与承载且有效地约束混凝土的变形，显著提高核心混凝土强度和变形能力。文中讨论了轴压比、长细比、径厚比、混凝土强度等级、纵筋配筋率、铺层角变化对极限水平荷载和极限水平位移的影响，从而得到了一些有益的结论。     

超声回弹综合法在剑麻纤维珊瑚混凝土 强度检测中的应用*

为了研究剑麻纤维增强珊瑚混凝土的抗压强度回归方程,本文利用超声回弹综合法和混凝土抗压试验,通过对掺有3 kg/m3剑麻纤维的珊瑚混凝土和未掺剑麻纤维的珊瑚混凝土试件分别进行试验,分别建立该试验中剑麻纤维珊瑚混凝土的超声声速、回弹代表值与抗压强度的之间的相关关系,给出该试验中相应的强度曲线,便于实际中为与剑麻纤维珊瑚混凝土抗压强度相关的研究提供参考。     

高性能天然纤维复合材料及其制品研究与开发现状

本文分析了麻类纤维和竹纤维的性能,指出麻和竹等高性能天然纤维具有复合材料的性能特点,可作为复合材料的增强剂;综述了国内外高性能天然纤维复合材料及其是品开发应用研究的现状,指出了开发研究这类复合材料及其制品的意义;最后,分析了其市场潜力,指出这类复合材料及其制品具有委好的发展前景。     

Influence of fiber geometry on the properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete

The influence of fiber diameter, length and volume fraction on the properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete in the fresh and hardened states is reported. The compactibility of fresh fibrous concrete decreases linearly with fiber aspect ratio. There is no unique relationship between fiber aspect ratio and ultimate flexural strength or compressive strength. The dynamic modulus of elasticity of fiber reinforced concrete is little different from that of plain concrete. The fibers, however, show substantial improvements in damping when the concrete is wet. It is shown that the ultimate flexural strength can be predicted by a composite mechanics equation. A unique relationship is also shown to exist between ultimate flexural strength and an “effective spacing” concept.     

Comparative behavior under compression of concrete columns repaired by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and ultra high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)

This paper summarizes the experimental results from a comprehensive research program to study the fundamental stress–strain behavior of damaged concrete repaired by two techniques: increased concrete section and bonding fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). In this work, two types of FRP composite jackets were used, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer, and two types of concretes were used to repair the damaged concrete by increased concrete section: ordinary concrete and ultra high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Fifteen circular columns of concrete (110 × 220) cm³ were initially pre-damaged up to intense cracking, repaired by increased concrete section and by bonding FRP, and tested under uni-axial compression by loading up the damage. The impact of different design parameters, including plain concrete strength, types of composites, and type of concrete used for increasing section, was considered in this study. The strength enhancement and ductility improvement of specimens are discussed. A simple model is presented to predict the compressive strength of repaired damaged concrete columns. A significant strength and an increase in ductility were achieved, particularly when the columns were repaired by increasing section with UHPFRC and by bonding CFRP. These preliminary tests indicate that the use of UHPFRC is an effective technique for rehabilitating damaged concrete columns, highly competitive with the repaired concrete by wrapping specimens with FRP composite jackets.     

Unsaturated polyester‐toughened epoxy composites: Effect of sisal fiber on thermal and dynamic mechanical properties

In the present study, the mechanical and thermal properties of sisal fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP)‐toughened epoxy composites were investigated. The sisal fibers were chemically treated with alkali (NaOH) and silane solutions in order to improve the interfacial interaction between fibers and matrix. The chemical composition of resins and fibers was identified by using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The UP‐toughened epoxy blends were obtained by mixing UP (5, 10, and 15 wt%) into the epoxy resin. The fiber‐reinforced composites were prepared by incorporating sisal fibers (10, 20, and 30 wt%) within the optimized UP‐toughened epoxy blend. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphological changes of the fibers and the adhesion between the fibers and the UP‐toughened epoxy system. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strength of (alkali‐silane)‐treated fiber (30 wt%) ‐reinforced composites increased by 83% and 55%, respectively, as compared with that of UP‐toughened epoxy blend. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the (alkali‐silane)‐treated fiber and its composite exhibited higher thermal stability than the untreated and alkali‐treated fiber systems. An increase in storage modulus and glass transition temperature was observed for the UP‐toughened epoxy matrix on reinforcement with treated fibers. The water uptake behavior of both alkali and alkali‐silane‐treated fiber‐reinforced composites is found to be less as compared with the untreated fiber‐reinforced composite. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:188–199, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and properties of successive alkali treated completely biodegradable short jute fiber reinforced PLA composites

The natural fiber reinforced biodegradable polymer composites were prepared with short jute fiber as reinforcement in PLA (Poly lactic acid) matrix. The short jute fiber is successively treated with NaOH at various concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) and H₂O₂. The composites were prepared with untreated and treated short jute fibers at different weight proportions (up to 25%) in PLA and investigated for mechanical properties. The results showed that the composite with successive alkali treated jute fiber at 10% NaOH and H₂O₂ with 20% fiber loading has shown 18% higher flexural strength than neat PLA and untreated jute/PLA composite. The flexural modulus of the composite at 25% fiber loading was 125% and 110% higher than that of composites with untreated fibers and neat PLA, respectively. The impact strength of composite with untreated fibers at higher fiber weight fraction was 23% high as compared to neat PLA and 26% high compared to composite with treated fibers. The water absorption was more for untreated jute/PLA composite at 25% fiber loading than all other composites. The composite with untreated fibers has high thermal degradation compared with treated fibers but lower than that of pure PLA matrix. The enzymatic environment has increased the rate of degradation of composites as compared to soil burial. Surface morphology of biodegraded surfaces of the composites were studied using SEM method. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:2160–2170, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review

In recent years, natural fibers reinforced composites have received much attention because of their lightweight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers; flax, bamboo, sisal, hemp, ramie, jute, and wood fibers are of particular interest. A lot of research work has been performed all over the world on the use of natural fibers as a reinforcing material for the preparation of various types of composites. However, lack of good interfacial adhesion, low melting point, and poor resistance towards moisture make the use of natural fiber reinforced composites less attractive. Pretreatments of the natural fiber can clean the fiber surface, chemically modify the surface, stop the moisture absorption process, and increase the surface roughness. Among the various pretreatment techniques, graft copolymerization and plasma treatment are the best methods for surface modification of natural fibers. Graft copolymers of natural fibers with vinyl monomers provide better adhesion between matrix and fiber. In the present article, the use of pretreated natural fibers in polymer matrix‐based composites has been reviewed. Effect of surface modification of natural fibers on the properties of fibers and fiber reinforced polymer composites has also been discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

多因素影响下FRP约束混凝土柱FRP有效极限拉应变研究进展

FRP侧向约束作用使混凝土柱处于三向受压状态,可提高混凝土柱的抗压强度和延性。FRP有效极限拉应变是确定FRP侧向约束力的关键参数,对FRP约束混凝土轴压峰值应力和峰值应变计算模型、应力-应变模型的建立至关重要,其影响因素众多。目前国内外研究者在FRP有效极限拉应变取值方面取得了一些有价值的研究成果,但得到的FRP有效应变系数离散性较大,考虑的影响因素不全面。基于现有研究成果,对FRP有效极限拉应变的影响因素进行了系统分析,指出了当前FRP有效极限拉应变研究存在的不足和未来需深入研究的方向。     

不同种类拉挤FRP筋材压缩强度研究

针对拉挤纤维增强树脂基复合材料(FRP)筋材的压缩强度远低于其拉伸强度的问题,分别对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)筋材、碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)筋材和混杂纤维增强复合材料(HFRP)筋材进行了端部有约束和无约束压缩实验,研究纤维类型、端部约束条件对FRP筋材在轴压状态下的破坏形式与压缩强度的影响规律。结果表明,无端部约束时不同纤维类型的FRP筋材的破坏现象与压缩强度差别较大;端部约束可以改变筋材的破坏方式,提高筋材的压缩强度;不同端部约束形式对不同FRP筋材压缩强度的提高作用不同。     

新型玄武岩FRP布加固混凝土结构性能试验

为研究新型玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(FRP)布加固混凝土圆柱结构性能,制作了12根试件并进行轴心受压试验,通过改变不同粘贴层数,分析了混凝土柱承载力、延性的变化,以及玄武岩FRP布约束混凝土作用机理。结果表明,粘贴玄武岩FRP布加固结构,可以有效改善结构的力学性能,提高混凝土极限强度和极限应变,提高加固墩柱的承载能力;随着玄武岩FRP布层数增加,混凝土的延性得到较大改善,外贴1~3层玄武岩FRP布加固时,混凝土柱的延性提高幅度约为30.9%~80.7%;玄武岩FRP布约束力主要是在混凝土受压后达到屈服应力时产生;采用玄武岩FRP布进行结构加固,并不是粘贴层数越多加固效果越好。     

Bio‐composites for structural applications: Poly‐l‐lactide reinforced with long sisal fiber bundles

Fully bio‐based and biodegradable composites were compression molded from unidirectionally aligned sisal fiber bundles and a polylactide polymer matrix (PLLA). Caustic soda treatment was employed to modify the strength of sisal fibers and to improve fiber to matrix adhesion. Mechanical properties of PLLA/sisal fiber composites improved with caustic soda treatment: the mean flexural strength and modulus increased from 279 MPa and 19.4 GPa respectively to 286 MPa and 22 GPa at a fiber volume fraction of V_f = 0.6. The glass transition temperature decreased with increasing fiber content in composites reinforced with untreated sisal fibers due to interfacial friction. The damping at the caustic soda‐treated fibers‐PLLA interface was reduced due to the presence of transcrystalline morphology at the fiber to matrix interface. It was demonstrated that high strength, high modulus sisal‐PLLA composites can be produced with effective stress transfer at well‐bonded fiber to matrix interfaces. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40999.     

Characterization of bulk agro‐green composites: Sisal fiber reinforced wheat flour thermoplastics

Starch based thermoplastic composites reinforced by short sisal fibers having length less than 1 mm were fabricated by extrusion followed by compression molding. The sisal fiber content varied from 0 to 10% w/w keeping the amount of glycerol (plasticizer) as constant (23% w/w). Investigation proved that an increase in the amount of sisal fibers will decrease the ductile nature of composites. The Young's modulus and hardness value increases as a function of fiber content. The impact strength varied as a function of fiber content. Contact angle analysis showed that incorporation of sisal fibers to the matrix increases its hydrophilic nature. The polar factor and total surface energy increases as a function of fiber content whereas dispersive factor decreases. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Residual mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete damaged by alkali silica reaction and subsequent sodium chloride exposure

Infrastructures treated with de-icing salts and those which are in direct contact with sea water are subjected to degradation by chloride ingress. Concrete composed of reactive sources of silica and used near such regions can suffer from both, alkali silica reaction (ASR) and chloride ingress subsequently. This research aims at empirically investigating the residual mechanical properties of plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete damaged by alkali silica reaction (ASR) and subsequent chloride ion ingress. Accelerated degradation tests on three concrete mixes such as plain concrete (PC,control), steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and high strength fiber reinforced concrete (HSFRC) were done. Specimens were initially damaged by ASR, and then submerged in chloride solution at temperature ranges of 5 ^oC, 25 ^oC and 40 ^oC. 1 mol/L NaOH solution and 3% NaCl solution were used for a period of 20 and 40 weeks. Steel fibers were found to be effective in reducing surface crack widths at 5 ^oC and 25 ^oC. Accelerated mortar bar test showed that steel fibers were able to reduce expansion by 31.5% and 65.3% using single and double hooked fibers. By examining the residual compressive and flexure strengths, it was found that exposure to chloride environment aided in hydration reaction which counter-balanced the damage due to ASR. Fiber-matrix bonding developed over time inducing friction which led to higher ductility and less damage in flexure strength in steel fiber reinforced concrete prisms.