高速芯片封装中多平行传输线的设计与优化

随着封装基板朝着高阶高密度方向发展,其信号完整性问题也日趋严重。为研究高速互连结构中反射、串扰等问题与封装基板类型、设计参数和传输线物理特性的相关性,改进了简单的二线平行耦合模型,采用三维电磁仿真软件构建了新的封装级三平行传输线模型,分析了陶瓷基板与有机基板上的传输线反射和串扰特性,研究了该结构下减小反射系数与串扰噪声的方法。仿真结果表明,封装基板上传输线反射系数S₁₁与阻抗匹配程度相关,受信号线宽、厚度和介质厚度影响较大,且S₁₁最小值在不同频率下匹配的最优线宽也不同,需根据不同信号频率具体选择。近端串扰系数受边缘场作用,与线间距密切相关,远端串扰系数受介质厚度影响较大,在相同条件下,远端串扰噪声一般小于近端串扰,对其评估时需结合基板上信号密度、基板材料特性和介质厚度具体分析。     

高速互连总线结构中多平行传输线间的串扰分析与控制

随着数字芯片和系统的时钟频率不断提高, 串扰成为高速互连系统设计、分析中不容忽视的严峻问题。为研究串行总线结构中多平行传输线间串扰的影响, 分析了电信号传输时串扰产生的机理, 采用信号完整性分析软件Hyperlynx, 构建了三平行传输线串扰模型和总线电路模型, 研究了不同模型中控制多平行传输线间串扰噪声的方法。仿真验证结果表明, 增加传输线间距、减小介质层厚度、进行端接匹配可以明显减小平行传输线间的串扰。最后提出了减小总线电路模型中抑制串扰噪声干扰的相应措施。     

多用户VDSL2系统远端串扰抵消算法

随着宽带接入网速率提升,VDSL2技术成为最后一公里的主流接入方式。用户数量急剧增加使传输线路之间串扰成为制约VDSL2系统性能的重要因素,线路之间串扰分为近端串扰（NEXT）和远端串扰（FEXT）,VDSL2系统采用正交频分复用调制技术,近端串扰可以通过滤波器滤除,远端串扰却无法消除。主要研究VDSL2系统远端串扰噪声消除的方法,提出远端串扰噪声如何进行评估和计算,推导出远端串扰噪声计算公式,通过公式可以计算出每条线路受到其他线路串扰噪声的大小,然后发送信号时通过串扰噪声预抵消运算,接收到的信号就能成功消除串扰噪声的影响,提高了接收信号的SNR值,进而提升了VDSL2传输速率。     

DDR4并行互连传输串扰特性仿真与分析

为满足高带宽存储应用需求,访存速率和互连密度越来越高。DDR4作为主存领域应用广泛且速率较快的并行存储互连技术,上升/下降沿时间或低至百ps量级,信号间串扰不容忽视。以某DDR4驱动模型和板级嵌入式应用为研究对象,建立多线打扰模型,从时域角度仿真分析布线间距、打扰源相位、数据速率、耦合传输线长对带状线传输串扰的影响。结果显示：5倍介质厚度布线间距条件下串扰接近于0 mV,不同相位关系打扰源形成的总串扰具有成倍双向差异。对于特定访存速率,耦合传输线长度与串扰极值存在周期性对应关系,据此合理设计DDR数据组线长,可以有效规避串扰极大值。     

矩形谐振腔串扰抑制方法研究

在高速数字系统中,信号完整性问题越来越突出,信号速率和设计密度的不断提高使得串扰上升为主要因素之一。先研究了基于矩形谐振腔的串扰抑制方法;然后与三倍线宽方法(3W方法)和有过孔接地的防护线方法的对比分析表明,矩形谐振腔方法对微带线间近端串扰的抑制能力不理想,但对远端串扰的抑制非常有效,在频域仿真中远端串扰幅度可提高12 dB和8 dB,在时域仿真中远端串扰峰值分别为前两种方法的18.2%和23.1%;最后进一步研究了矩形谐振腔的结构参数（间距、长度和宽度）对远端串扰的影响,发现这三个参数存在一组最优值,能最大程度地减小远端串扰。     

基于时域特征的角位移传感器信号线间串扰方法研究

传统串扰方法计算得到的数据时域特征较弱,难以应用到不同的信号线间串扰问题分析中,为此提出基于时域特征的角位移传感器信号线间串扰方法.根据串扰基本原理,提取角位移传感器参数特性,通过相敏检波计算信号频率差异值,得到角位移传感器信号的时域特征,构建基于时域特征的串扰模型.设置单线、绞线以及屏蔽线三组不同的信号线,利用本文提出的方法和传统方法获取串扰数据.实验结果表明,两组方法可以获得角位移传感器与单线间的串扰;当端接电阻值增大到100Ω时,本文方法能够获得角位移传感器与绞线间的串扰;当测试角位移传感器与屏蔽线间的串扰时,本文方法可以获得具有对称性质的近端与远端串扰波形.     

微带线间远端串扰下电路板故障信号检测

在高精度电路板上,电路上的微带信号线路相邻很近.在工作中,由于线路过于接近,形成较强的微带线间远端串扰.这种串扰对电路本身的故障信号的波形造成感染,使得故障信号形成非正常的信号衰减形变.传统的电路故障检测方法在微带线间远端串扰的影响下,对衰减信号提取出现较为明显的失真,为后期的故障信号判断带来难度,降低了故障检测的准确率.提出一种关联信号特征提取的微带线间远端串扰下电路板故障信号检测的优化算法.利用小波变换对微带线感染信号进行滤波,利用卡尔曼算法对故障信号的主成分进行提取,运用主成分的差异特征完成了电路板的故障信号检测.实验结果表明,利用优化算法进行微带线间远端串扰下的电路板故障信号检测,能够极大的提高对故障信号检测的准确性.     

PCB传输线间串扰抑制方法分析

研究数字电子技术设备中,串扰是印刷电路板(PCB)上电磁兼容的重要内容之一.为了抑制PCB传输线间串扰,提高系统信号准确性,消除噪音,通常在传输线间插入一列用金属填充的、顶端用微带连接的接地柱线(简称保护带).由于加有保护带的传输线系统结构复杂,理论分析比较困难,利用网络级联的方法对加有保护带的传输线建模进行分析.计算分析结果表明,加入保护带能有效地抑制线间串扰,保护带参数(接地柱间距、半径)的变化对串扰抑制有明显影响.研究对工程中正确设置保护带以降低串扰提供了必要的参考.     

一种降低影像传感器小丘的方法

正本发明涉及一种降低影像传感器小丘的方法,包括淀积粘合层、铝遮蔽、破真空和淀积抗反射层,粘合层为一层厚度为20~100的金属钛层,且金属钛层上淀积有一层厚度为200~300的氮化钛层,铝遮蔽的厚度为1000~3000,抗反射层厚度为300~600。在铝淀积完成后进行破真空处理,即离开腔体依靠空气缓慢冷却,释放应力,为尽可能的减少对产能的影响,破真空的时间控制在20~30min。本发明优化了铝遮蔽传统工艺,在铝淀积后采用破真空的方法来缓解铝薄膜的应力,解决小丘现象,本发明对比起传统铝遮蔽工艺,减少了小丘,降低了串扰,提高了传感器的质量。。A。A。A。A     

远端串扰下永磁探测电路相位鉴频特性测量

压电式永磁探测电路广泛应用在远程目标探测系统中,其在远端串扰下的相位鉴频特性准确分析可提高探测系统的测量精度。传统方法采用红外和声脉冲等探测进行电路相位鉴频特性测量控制,在强磁场中曲线趋于饱和,测量性能不好。提出一种基于引入正弦脉宽调制控制的端串扰下压电式永磁探测电路相位鉴频特性测量方法,并进行系统设计,首先进行压电式永磁探测电路系统设计,采用自适应噪声抵消方式处理远端串扰的干扰,设计远端串扰下压电式永磁探测电路,通过相位鉴频特性测量分析,实现电路的混频、倍频等频率变换,完成远端串扰下电式永磁电路的相位鉴频特性测量控制。系统测试结果表明,该测量方法和系统具有较好的远端串扰抵消性能,准确分析电路系统的相位鉴频特性,远程目标探测准确率提高,性能优越。为远程目标探测系统设计提供了硬件电路系统设计基础。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。