基于三维形貌重建的镗加工表面粗糙度检测

以计算机显微视觉为检测手段,采用明暗恢复形状方法重建加工表面微观形貌,进而检测加工表面粗糙度.根据微观金属表面反射特性,采用基于Torrance-Sparrow光照模型的明暗恢复形状算法,完成了镗加工表面图像三维形貌重构与表面粗糙度参数检测.     

基于SFS的加工表面三维形貌重建研究

明暗恢复形状(Shape From Shading,SFS)是计算机视觉中一个重要的研究课题,该算法应用于工件表面微观形貌重建,为快速检测表面质量奠定了基础.采用了SFS算法中的最小化方法,介绍了该算法的实现步骤和计算方法.首先利用合成图像对算法的准确度进行了验证,获得了较为准确的重建图像,继而利用工件表面显微图像对工...     

基于明暗恢复形状的加工表面形貌重构与粗糙度检测

研究了采用明暗恢复形状法(SFS)对加工表面显微视觉图像的三维形貌重构,并实现了表面粗糙度检测.根据金属表面反射特性,采用简化的Oren-Nayar模型与Torrance-Sparrow模型中镜面反射分量叠加的方法,对光照模型进行了改进,并讨论了基于改进后光照模型的SFS最小化计算方法.利用该算法,实现了真实工件表面微...     

基于图像法的端铣表面粗糙度研究

基于机器视觉理论,采用图像法,实现了对端铣工件表面粗糙度的非接触式无损检测。通过数字显微镜、高分辨率摄像机与计算机相连接的图像采集系统获取端铣工件表面图像,根据端铣原理和端铣痕迹图像特征,提取基于灰度共生矩阵方法(GLCM)的8表面纹理特征参数,探讨各纹理参数与表面粗糙度评定值Ra的变化规律,从而定性评估端铣工件表面粗糙度。建立BP神经网络检测模型,以端铣表面图像纹理特征参数为输入量,对应的表面粗糙度评定值Ra为期望输出,构建了神经网络检测模型。通过测试样本检验,该方法具有较高的检测精度,能够满足表面粗糙度测量的精度要求。     

基于虚拟仪器的三维视觉检测系统设计

把计算机视觉领域中的明暗恢复形状(Shape From Shading,简称SFS)技术应用于工业产品的三维视觉检测,利用单幅产品图像的明暗灰度变化来得到物体表面形状信息,并采用全面像素不确定度进行检测分析。该检测系统采用Lab VIEW及其视觉开发工具来实现,可广泛应用于工业自动在线三维视觉形貌检测和质量控制。     

基于单目视觉三维恢复算法的微观形貌原位测量方法研究

工件表面微观形貌分析在机械加工及测量领域有着十分重要的作用。与二维形貌分析相比,三维形貌分析能够提供更全面的表面信息。然而,现有复杂、昂贵的先进测量手段始终无法实现原位测量。为了实现对工件表面现场检测和三维形貌表征,将基于单目视觉的SFS(shape from shading,从明暗恢复形状)算法及光度立体法应用至微观形貌原位测量领域,提出一种可以进行二维图像采集并进行三维形貌重构的原位测量方法,并对比两种算法在微观形貌三维恢复上的结果。基于上述方法,进行SiC工件表面三维形貌恢复试验,同时与共聚焦显微镜扫描结果比较。试验结果表明,相比于SFS方法,光度立体法重构结果更加准确,截线特征点高度差相对误差低于27.2%,截线二维参数相对误差低于32.8%,表面三维参数相对误差低于19.6%,为解决机械零件表面微观形貌原位测量难题给出了新的解决思路。     

基于单幅图像的三维视觉测量与缺陷检测技术研究

研究了一种基于明暗恢复形状的三维视觉测量方法,可以通过单幅灰度图像获取表面三维形貌信息,进而对工件表面加工质艇或缺陷进行检测.本文采用了轴承表面质量进行检测分析,实验证明该三维测量方法能够精确获取工件表面的深度信息,并可以检测出轴承工件的表面缺陷区域的深度信息.同时,该方法具有操作简单,硬件成本低,处理速度快,精度较高的特点,能够用于工业在线检测.     

反求工程中基于图像的汽车零部件曲面的重建

从明暗恢复形状是计算机视觉中的一个重要的研究课题,其目的是利用单幅图像中明暗变化等信息来恢复其表面形状.本文提出的是一种基于汽车零部件曲面图像的三维数据模型重建方法,根据从明暗恢复形状原理实现汽车零部件灰度图像的深度信息提取,通过可视化编程实现建模过程.     

三维显微光切法表面粗糙度的非接触测量技术

基于三维视觉检测原理对三维显微光切法表面粗糙度非接触测量技术进行研究。使激光光线与被测工件表面相切,利用工业相机采集获取表面微观轮廓,采用图像处理技术恢复出微观轮廓的几何形貌。根据设计算法,由表面粗糙度评定算法得到表面粗糙度的R_a、R_z等评定指标。这种测量方法效率高,适用范围广,且非接触式测量可避免对工件表面的损坏。     

表面微观形貌参数尺度独立性的研究

表面微观形貌的表征主要采用传统粗糙度参数和分形参数等多种参数综合描述,尺度独立性是衡量表面形貌表征参数的重要指标。研究了传统粗糙度评定参数和分形维数等表面微观形貌表征参数的尺度独立性。以准分子激光加工,平磨、外圆磨、研磨等磨削机加工表面轮廓为对象,分析了取样长度和采样间距对传统粗糙度参数和分形维数的影响。结果表明,传统粗糙度参数受取样长度和采样间距影响较大,而分形参数与尺度独立性的相关性与加工方法有关系,微细加工表面微观形貌受取样长度和采样间距的影响比机加工表面要小,准分子激光等微细加工表面的分形参数具有尺度独立性。     

立体视觉与空间编码技术相结合的非接触三维曲面测量系统

介绍了立体视觉技术在三维型面非接触测量中的应用。将立体视觉与空间二进制编码技术相结合，针对大型或回转型工件，采用分区域测量拼接技术，得到完整的曲面数模，并开发了测量系统。介绍了系统主要功能，包括系统标定、空间编码、双目配准、空间坐标的反求、三维拼接以及曲面重构，对飞机蒙皮成形模具型面进行了分块测量和拼接试验，结果表明本系统工作可靠、测量精度高，验证了其实用性。     

In lubro 3D measurement of oil film thickness at the interface between tool and workpiece in sheet drawing using a fluorescence microscope

In order to understand quantitatively the micro-contact and lubricant behavior at the interface between a tool and a workpiece in sheet drawing, a method for mapping the oil film thickness in lubro has been developed. This is based on the use of a fluorescence microscope. It is shown, firstly, that the in situ oil film thickness between the tool and the workpiece can be measured three dimensionally, and, secondly, that the in situ surface topography of the workpiece can be visualized clearly. From the 3D surface topography, the permeation of the trapped lubricant into the real contact area can be observed.     

新型自由曲面三维激光扫描系统

从机械结构、控制系统及操作系统结构等几个角度介绍一种三维激光扫描系统设计方案。系统集成了先进的数据处理技术、激光扫描技术、先进控制技术及机器人技术,有效地借助于光机电一体化技术实现了表面检测及三维表面模型重构智能化及自动化。系统由具有电驱动装置的激光测头、C形滑臂、升降旋转台、电控系统及主控计算机组成。通过所设置测量参数,系统能够对不同的被测物体进行扫描路径规划,进而通过激光测头、C形滑臂及转台的全自动协调控制完成无盲点三维表面测量任务。试验结果表明,该三维激光扫描系统的扫描精度达到0.1 mm,速度为10 000点/s,能够应用于小型工件及模型、模具表面数据检测及模型重构。     

液动压悬浮抛光中磨粒与工件表面作用的数值模拟研究

针对液动压悬浮抛光固-液两相流中固相磨粒与工件表面撞击的过程中,对磨粒以不同的速度和不同的角度撞击工件表面后残余应力沿工件深度方向的分布规律进行了研究,利用ABAQUS软件建立了单颗磨粒撞击工件表面的三维有限元模型。对磨粒流撞击工件表面时的速度场进行了输出,利用PFC/3D软件建立了磨粒流撞击工件表面的三维离散元模型。研究结果表明:随着撞击角度和速度的增大,在工件表层形成的压应力场会增大,沿深度方向残余应力值急剧下降,磨粒流中磨粒间的撞击对磨粒撞击工件表面的速度场影响不大。     

Three-dimensional process stability prediction of thin-walled workpiece in milling operation

High-speed machining of thin-walled workpiece is widely used in aerospace industry. To optimize the machining parameters in milling operations, the related process stability is required to be predicted. Compared to the existing two-dimensional (2D) milling stability model, a more completed three-dimensional (3D) regenerative process stability prediction model of thin-walled workpiece is presented based on the newly developed dynamic model. The efficiency and accuracy of the regenerative milling stability can be improved in the presented 3D model. The analysis procedure of the stability of flexible dynamic milling is developed in details. The 3D stability lobes are calculated according to the full discretization method and direct integration scheme. To verify the accuracy of presented 3D stability model, the thin-walled workpiece milling sound pressure signal and surface quality are determined in experiments.     

Study on cutting force and surface micro-topography of hard turning of GCr15 steel

This work investigates the cutting force and surface micro-topography in hard turning of GCr15 bearing steel. A series of experiments on hard turning of GCr15 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools are performed on a CNC machining center. Experimental measurements of cutting force, 3D surface micro-topography, and surface roughness of the workpiece are performed. The 3D surface micro-topography of the workpiece is discussed, and the formation mechanism of the 3D surface is analyzed. The influence of cutting speed and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness are discussed. The 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters are compared and discussed. It is found that feed rate has greater influence on cutting force and surface roughness than cutting speed and there exists the most appropriate cutting speed under which the minimum surface roughness can be generated while a relatively small cutting force can be found. Recommendations on selecting cutting parameters of hard turning of GCr15 steel are also proposed.     

Surface topography analysis in high speed finish milling inclined hardened steel

The surface texture of a milled surface is an inherently important process response in finish milling. It is one of the most commonly used criteria to determine the machinability of a particular workpiece material. However, literature survey on the study of the surface topography analysis relating to the cutter path orientations when high speed finish inclined milling is scant. Previous works were either involved in conventional milling of easy-to-cut workpiece materials or machining at different workpiece inclination angles. Furthermore, none of the previous work has detailed the true surface topography of the machined surface with regards to the cutter condition. Instead, the works provided quantitative values in terms of the Ra value. This article is concerned with evaluating cutter path orientations on an inclined workpiece angle of 75° to simulate finish milling of free form moulds and dies. Surface topography effects are assessed with regards to different cutter path orientations on its surface. The aims of this study are to provide an in-depth understanding on the surface texture produced by various cutter path orientations when high speed finish inclined milling hardened steel at a workpiece inclination angle of 75° using surface topography analysis and determine the best cutter path orientation with respect to the best surface texture achieved. 3D topography maps together with 2D surface profiles are used to assess the experimental results. The conclusion is that milling in a single direction vertical upward orientation gave the best workpiece surface texture.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.