Strain-induced phase transformations in an austenitic stainless steel powder

Abstract

The strain-induced phase transformations produced in an austenitic stainless steel powder (Type 304L) by ball-milling at temperatures ranging from ?196° to 200°C have been studied by X-ray diffraction methods. It has been found that decreasing the temperature of deformation increases the rate of transformation of austenite to bcc martensite as well as producing more plastic deformation of the austenite. Analysis of a ball-milled 50% Fe/50% Ni alloy showed that the increased microstrain(plastic deformation) at the low temperatures was characteristic of metallic fcc materials, and not a product of the martensitic transformation. ε-martensite was found in the powders milled at ?196° and ?79°C. The value determined for M_d (>200°C), which is considerably higher than any previously reported value, is considered due to the high shear forces generated in the mill

Résumé

Les transformations de phase dans une poudre d'acier inoxydable austénitique (type 304L) causées par la déformation lors du broyage à boulets à des températures entre ?196° et 200°C ont été etudiées par diffraction de rayons X. Une diminution de la température de déformation augmente la vitesse de la transformation austénite - martensite (c.c.) et la deformation plastique de l'austénite. Une analyse d'un alliage 50% Fe/50% Ni broyé à boulets a démontré que l'augmentation de la micro déformation à basse température était caractéristique des métaux cubiques à faces centrées que de la transformation martensitique. Les poudres broyées à ?196° et ?79°C ont présenté de la martensite ε. La valeur de Md (>200°C) trouvée est nettement supérieure aux valeurs trouvées antérieurement, probablement à cause des forces de cisaillement élevées produites dans le broyeur.     

Effect of severe plastic deformation on the phase and structural transformations and mechanical properties of metastable austenitic Ti-Ni alloys

The effect of deformation under pressure and severe plastic torsional deformation (SPTD) on the structure and mechanic properties of Ti-Ni alloys is studied. It is found that, as an external load is applied, metastable austenitic alloys of the Ti-Ni system undergo the B2 → B19′ transformation. The SPTD Ti-Ni alloys are characterized by high mechanical properties and high thermal stability of their nanostructured state and properties.     

Elevated temperature mechanical properties of shock-strengthened austenitic stainless steel

The mechanical properties of explosively shock-strenghened (320 kbar) Type 304 stain-less steel were investigated. Tensile tests were performed on the shock-strengthened material at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 650°C. The shock hardening caused large increases in yield strength, moderate increases in ultimate strength, and reductions in ductility. Annealing studies on the shock-strengthened stainless steel indicated that considerable amount of the shock-induced strength stainless steel indicated that considerable amount of the shock-induced strength increase is retained after long time anneals at 700 and 750°C. However, metallographic studies on the annealed material indicated the presence of fine carbide particles which may partly account for the strength of the material. Creep studies indicated that the minimum creep rate at 650°C was reduced by a factor of 1000 due to shock strengthening.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave sintered austenitic stainless steel

The objective of this work is focused on understanding the effect of microwave heating on sintering of 316L powders. The stainless steel samples were prepared from prealloyed powders of 316L. The powder samples were compacted at a pressure of 560 MPa and sintered at 1300°C in a microwave furnace of 2.4 GHz and 2KW capacity in nitrogen atmosphere. The sintering time was varied from 10 to 20 minutes in order to study the effect of sintering time on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of the sintered samples. The sintered samples were subjected to optical metallography, hardness testing, tensile testing and fractogrphy. The average density of sintered stainless steels was 92% of the theoretical density, approximately 18% increment from green density for 20 min. sintering time. Microstructural analysis showed the regularly distributed porosity with very small grains. The hardness value was in the range of 365VHN to 396VHN and tensile strength, in the range of 255MPa to 580 MPa. Fractographs for these steels revealed mixed mode of fracture.     

gdl-1钢不同热处理状态下的显微组织与力学性能

对一种新型高强韧微变形钢(GDL-1)在七种热处理状态下的显微组织与力学性能进行了分析。结果表明,该钢在900℃保温1 h空冷回火后的显微组织以窄束状贝氏体+粒状贝氏体为主加少量马氏体,而油淬回火后的组织为回火马氏体;910℃加热奥氏体化1 h的晶粒度普遍在8～9级。在低温回火温度范围内,随着回火温度的升高,冲击韧性逐渐增大,屈服强度逐渐降低,硬度变化不大。     

Effect of cool deformation on mechanical properties of a high-strength pipeline steel

One of the requirements to successfully produce high-strength pipeline steel is the optimization of precipitation strengthening. Some high-strength pipeline grades rely on increased levels of niobium (Nb); in these grades, it is important to ensure that all of the Nb is effectively employed. It is generally accepted that the choice of coiling temperature (i.e., the temperature of steel strip just before coiling) is critical in maximizing Nb carbonitrides in ferrite. Additional control of this precipitation may be attained by deformation at these coiling temperatures, an approach termed “cool deformation.” In this work, steel specimens were heated to a temperature of 1200 °C and held for 20 minutes to ensure significant dissolution of the Nb precipitates. Some specimens were aged at 400 °C for times ranging from 10 minutes to 10 hours followed by air cooling. Others were subjected to deformation at 400 °C (cool deformation) prior to aging. It was found that cool deformation improves the mechanical properties (both yield and tensile strengths are significantly higher than those of the aged only specimens). A field emission gun—scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) was applied successfully in the characterization of Nb precipitates using carbon extraction replicas. The FE-SEM observation of the replicas confirmed the presence of Nb precipitates in ferrite. The FE-SEM could analyze small particles (below 50 nm) embedded in the steel, but the analysis had to be carried out at low voltages to maximize spatial resolution, resulting in a poor signal. However, it is possible to analyze carbon extraction replicas in the FE-SEM using high voltages, because the interaction volume effect is no longer a problem.     

Influence of austenite predeformation on mechanical properties and strain-induced martensitic transformations of a high manganese steel

A thermomechanical treatment such as used in TRIP steels has been applied to a high Manganese steel. Tensile predeformation was carried out at 373 and 773 K. At these temperatures austenite deforms by twinning and slip, respectively. The mechanical behavior and the strain-induced ε and α martensitic transformations have been examined. Austenite predeformation increases tensile strength and low temperature ductility. The beneficial influence of predeformation on fracture has been emphasized. It has been shown that twins or dislocation cells introduced by predeformation give rise to a higher austenite stability. The role of these defects on the growth and nucleation of ε platelets has been discussed.     

Hydrogen-related phase transformations in austenitic stainless steels

The effect of hydrogen and stress (strain) on the stability of the austenite phase in stainless steels was investigated. Hydrogen was introduced by severe cathodic charging and by elevated temperature equilibration with high pressure H₂ gas. Using X-ray diffraction and magnetic techniques, the behavior of two “stable” type AISI310 steels and an “unstable” type AISI304 steel was studied during charging and during the outgassing period following charging. Transformation from the fcc γ phase to an expanded fcc phase, γ*, and to the hcp ε phase occurred during cathodic charging. Reversion of the γ* and e phases to the original γ structure and formation of the bcc α structure were examined, and the kinetics of these processes was studied. The γ* phase was shown to be ferromagnetic with a subambient Curie temperature. The γ⇆ε phase transition was studied after hydrogen charging in high pressure gas, as was the formation of a during outgassing. These results are interpreted as effects of hydrogen and stress (strain) on the stability of the various phases. A proposed psuedo-binary phase diagram for the metal-hydrogen system was proposed to account for the formation of the γ* phase. The relation of these phase changes to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel is discussed.     

氮含量对无镍奥氏体不锈钢力学性能的影响

设计并冶炼了氮质量分数为0.02%～1.20%的无镍奥氏体不锈钢,通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察,研究了氮含量对强度、塑性、韧性的影响。结果表明,氮可显著提高屈服强度和抗拉强度。氮质量分数为0.02%～1.20%时,其与屈服强度和抗拉强度的关系基本为线性关系,并获得了其关系式。韧性对氮含量十分敏感,在氮质量分数为0.39%～0.78%时,冲击吸收功较高,均保持在380 J;氮含量过高或过低时,韧性都会下降。氮含量对断面收缩率的影响较小,氮质量分数在0.78%以下时均超过了70%;而氮质量分数超过0.78%后,塑性则有所下降。当氮质量分数超过0.60%时,拉伸断口上韧窝尺寸随着氮含量的升高而逐渐减小;GN 12N钢断口上出现了大面积的无韧窝区。     

Physical simulation of thermomechanical treatment of a high-strength nitrogen-bearing austenitic steel and its effect on the microstructure and properties of the steel

The effect of the thermomechanical treatment parameters on the structure and properties of a high-strength nitrogen-bearing austenitic Cr-Ni-Mn steel is studied using a Gleeble 3800 plastometer. An increase in the interdeformation pause time during multipass deformation of the steel is shown to decrease the temperature of formation of carbonitride hardening phases in its structure. A shift in the temperature range of deformation toward low temperatures is found to increase the strength properties of the steel, and its plasticity decreases.     

Analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties of 309L austenitic stainless steel

309L is a kind of austenitic stainless steel.This paper discusses 309L,which was smelted and rolled in a lab.Its microstructural characteristics in states of as-cast,hot-rolling,cold-rolling and solid solution were investigated respectively by optical microscope (OM).It is found that 309L is composed of austenite and residual δ-ferrite under these conditions,and the δ-ferrite cannot be eliminated easily by heat-treatment.Its hot plasticity and deformation resistance were investigated in a series of heat simulation tests.Its mechanical properties under different cold reductions were studied.All these provide valuable experimental data for the industrial production.     

Influence of strain-induced phase transformation on the surface crystallographic texture in cold-rolled-and-aged austenitic stainless steel

Stainless steels (SSs) having a stable and metastable austenitic phase were studied to see the influence of strain-induced phase transformation in the metastable austenitic stainless steel on the evolution of texture during cold rolling and aging. AISI 304L and 316L SS plates were unidirectionally cold rolled up to a 90 pct reduction and aged at different aging temperatures. The strain-induced transformation of austenite to α′-martensite phase and the evolution of texture in both the phases were studied as a function of rolling reduction as well as aging temperature in the metastable 304L austenitic stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was employed to quantify the volume fractions and characterize the texture of austenite and martensite phases in the rolled and aged conditions. Results are compared with the texture evolution in the stable austenitic 316L SS.     

Influence of the tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and the phase composition of thin sheet TRIP steel

The strength and the plasticity properties of sheet high-strength austenitic–martensitic VNS9-Sh TRIP steel (23Kh15N5AM3-Sh) are studied as functions of the tempering temperature in the range 125–600°C. A nonmonotonic decease in the strength and the plasticity properties of the steel has been detected when the tempering temperature increases, and they increase in the range 300–450°C. The influence of aging processes, the precipitation of carbide, and the phase transformations in tempering on the mechanical properties of austenitic–martensitic corrosion-resistant steel is discussed.     

Influence of heat treatment on the phase composition and properties of high-strength cast iron

The phase composition, structure, and properties of high-strength cast iron are investigated as a function of the heat treatment. The influence of heat treatment on the wear of bainitic iron with globular graphite is also considered, in comparison with steel for the production of cast plowshares.     

Influence of scale removal on the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel

The influence of heat treatment and of the acidic and mechanical removal of rolling scale on the variation in mechanical properties of 1kp low-carbon steel wire rod is investigated.     

Influence of deformation on the structure and mechanical and corrosion properties of high-nitrogen austenitic 07Kh16AG13M3 steel

The correlation has been studied between the structure of a high-nitrogen austenitic Cr-Mn-N steel formed in the process of combined hardening treatment, including cold plastic deformation (CPD), and its mechanical and corrosion properties. The structure and properties of commercial high-nitrogen (0.8% N) 07Kh16AG13M3 steel is analyzed after rolling by CPD and aging at 500 and 800°C. It is shown that CPD of the steel occurs by dislocation slip and deformation twinning. Deformation twinning and also high resistance of austenite to martensitic transformations at true strains of 0.2 and 0.4 determine the high plasticity of the steel. The contribution of the structure imperfection parameters to the broadening of the austenite lines during CPD is estimated by X-ray diffraction. The main hardening factor is stated to be lattice microdistortions. Transmission electron microscopy study shows that heating of the deformed steel to 500°C leads to the formation of the intermediate CrN phase by a homogeneous mechanism, and the intermtallic χ phase forms along the austenite grain boundaries in the case of heating at 800°C. After hardening by all investigated technological schemes, exception for aging at 800°C, the steel does not undergo pitting corrosion and is slightly prone to a stress corrosion cracking during static bending tests, while aging at 800°C causes pitting corrosion at a pitting formation potential E _pf = ?0.25 V.     

终轧温度对高氮奥氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响

通过加压冶炼、控制轧制方式获得氮质量分数为0.59%的Mn18Cr18N钢板,研究了终轧温度对高氮奥氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在再结晶区轧制并且终轧温度为970 ℃的钢板,组织为奥氏体等轴晶和部分孪晶,强度较低,塑性、冲击韧性较好;终轧温度为910 ℃的钢板,大部分组织为变形奥氏体晶粒,有少量再结晶晶粒,随着终轧温度降低钢板强度升高,塑性和冲击韧性降低;在未再结晶区轧制并且终轧温度为780 ℃的钢板,组织为变形严重的奥氏体晶粒,强度最高,塑性、韧性最低。所有试验钢有晶界析出的Cr₂N相,降低终轧温度和减缓轧后冷却速度,会增加Cr₂N相的析出。     

Phase transformations during aging of a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel

An analytical electron microscopy study was undertaken in order to characterize intergranular and matrix precipitation accompanying intermediate temperature aging in NITRONIC 50, a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel. Extensive precipitation on most grain boundaries had occurred after aging for 24 hours at 675 °C. The primary intergranular phase at that time was Cr-rich M₂₃C₆, and energy dispersive spectra taken on grain boundary segments between these carbides indicated Cr-depletion and Fe- and Ni-enhancement relative to the matrix. After aging for 336 and 1008 hours at 675 °C, M₆C (eta-carbide) precipitates were also present on grain boundaries. These precipitates were distinguished from M₂₃C₆ on the basis of their lattice parameters and chemistries, with M₆C containing less Cr and Fe, and more Ni, Mo, and Si than M₂₃C₆. The differences in chemistry were clarified by a statistical treatment of the spectra. The statistical analysis also showed that precipitates with a range of chemistries between M₂₃C₆ and M₆C coexisted with these phases on the grain boundaries. Associated with this shift in precipitate stoichiometry was an increase in the average concentration of Cr and a decrease in the average concentration of Ni at the grain boundaries. Intergranular sigma phase was also observed after times 24 hours at 675 °C, with sigma precipitating on grain boundaries containing carbides. Intragranular precipitates observed to be stable up to 1008 hours at 675 °C included Z-phase, a complex nitride which had formed during solution annealing; M₇C₃ carbides, which nucleated at Z-phase/austenite interfaces; M₂₃C₆ carbides, which precipitated on incoherent twin boundaries; and Cr-rich MN precipitates, which nucleated on dislocations.