End-of-life vehicle recycling based on disassembly

The end-of-life vehicle recycling was studied based on the disassembly. The end-of-life recycling and the disassembly were reviewed and discussed. A disassembly experiment of an end-of-life engine was carried out, which strictly recorded the process of dismantling. Based on the results, a model of the end-of-life recycling was presented. In this model, the end-of-life parts were classified by three ways which included to recycle directly, to recycleafter remanufacturing and to discard. By using this model, the dismantling efficiency and the recycling rate can be improved. Also, it obtains a good result after used in a dismantling factory.     

废旧汽车拆解与回收技术研究

文章分析了我国废旧汽车拆解与回收利用的现状,并结合发达国家废旧汽车拆解与回收专业化的特点,对废旧汽车拆解与回收技术进行了研究。研究表明,只有通过专业化的拆解与回收及关键技术的支撑与保障,我国废旧汽车资源回收才能达到发达国家回收利用率比较高的水平,由此可以带来显著的经济效益和社会生态效益。     

Sustainable manufacturing for obsolete computers based on 3R engineering

The volume tendency of in-use and end-of-life computers in China were analyzed; the emerging danger of obsolete computers by incorrect treatment was summarized; the integration disposal technologies based on 3R (recycle, remanufacture and reuse) engineering aiming at monitors, electronic devices, metals, plastics materials, and overall computers were put forward; the economic and social benefits were also analyzed. The results show that the integration disposal process of obsolete computer is an optimum approach to save the resource of electromechanical products. Remanufacturing and disposal 100 thousand obsolete computers per year can create profits about RMB10 million yuan and provide employment for 300 persons. It can be deduced that there are great potential opportunities for the obsolete computers disposal industry containing recycle, remanufacture and reuse engineering. Foundation item: Project (50235030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

基于Petri网的废旧产品拆卸设备设计

为了设计产品特定零部件的拆卸设备,针对废旧产品在拆卸、回收过程中的拆卸需求,提出基于Petri网构建功-构映射模型的方法. 将功-构映射进行扩展,加入需求与行为分析,构造出需求-功能映射的概念设计和功能-行为-结构映射的结构设计;对需求域、功能域和行为域进行分解,根据得到的功能表面利用TRIZ理论进行创新设计,重构出对应的结构模型;运用三角模糊数对不同创新方案进行对比评价,选出最优设计方案,实现拆卸设备从需求到功能再到结构的映射. 选取废旧自行车把手作为拆卸对象,根据扩展后的映射模型选出设计方案,设计出车把拆卸设备的结构模型.     

Investigation on end-of-life electric and electronic equipment recycling and disposal system in China: legislation, education and dissemination

The Chinese obsolete electric and electronic equipments (EEE) recycling and disposal system on the point of view of legislation, education and dissemination were discussed, because of the highly increasing volume of electric and electronic products and that of its obsoletes today in China. The legislations and responsibilities of government, industry and consumer were discussed based on the balance of benefit and responsibility depending on the realization of their benefits in the whole life cycle of products and its status in the whole value chain. Not only the legislation and establishment of the so called “compulsory discarding system” will be a possible and effective solution to the difficulty of the obsolete collection and recycling for obsolete electric and electronic reclaiming industry, but also the education and dissemination. Education and dissemination were discussed as an important role which will emphasize the adjusting of policy and law on the development of electric and electronic industry production and its reclaiming. The education of stockholders’ environmental responsibility and the advocating of responsibility sharing should be implement for industry and consumer. Chinese EEE industry should emphasize the control of natural source, and should implement the environmental benign design in their production, such as design for dismantling, no dismantling, thermal treatment and green design. The perspectives for the way to advocate a harmonic society for Chinese people were described. Foundation item: Project(50235030) supported by the Fundamental Theory and Key Techniques for Remanufacturing of China     

Key technologies of layout design of recycling plants of waste refrigerators

The present situations of waste refrigerators recycling and disposing were analyzed. Three key technologies of layout design of recycling plants of waste refrigerators were presented as follows: 1) establishment of recycling process of waste refrigerators; 2) the general plane layout of recycling plants; 3) the detailed layout of workshops of recycling plants. The focus of the three key technologies is to tackle the problem of the detailed layout of workshops of the recycling plants. By adopting Petri net, the model of logistics system of workshops was established and then optimized, and finally the detailed layout chart of recycling plants was gained. By adopting E-factory, the recycling plants were simulated. The results show that the method mentioned is effective. Foundation item: Project(50375044) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

多重故障驱动的再制造并行拆卸序列规划方法

为了克服由故障导致的连接失效、不可拆卸对拆卸序列的影响,提出多重故障驱动的再制造并行拆卸序列规划（RPDSP）方法. 通过分析零件的不可拆卸性以及故障特征,构建层次式多重故障传递链模型,描述产品零部间的故障类型、故障程度、报废程度、回收决策、拆卸模式等信息. 为了方便计算机编程,应用多色集合理论对模型进行数学描述,映射为多重故障信息传递多色模型,通过多色推理识别出零部件的拆卸模式. 将零件故障信息融入拆卸模型,建立可破坏性拆卸信息模型,并推导出可拆卸性条件. 为了表示零件可破坏信息,提出包含拆卸节点层和破坏约束层的多层染色体编码方法. 设计考虑零部件回收决策的初始种群获取方法以剔除不合理序列,通过选择、交叉、变异等进化机制实现多重故障驱动的可破坏再制造并行拆卸序列寻优. 以波轮式洗衣机为案例验证所提方法的可行性和有效性.     

Recycling process assessment of mechanical recycling of printed circuit board

A comprehensive assessment index system was established. The mechanical recycling process of printed circuit board was evaluated according to the comrehensive evaluation index system using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. A process assessment software system of mechanical recycling was established to evaluate different recycling technologies. And the software system was developed in the environment of VB 6.0 and Access 2000. Foundation item: Project (50375044) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; project (05021008) supported by Annual Emphasis Project of Anhui Province     

Evaluating the treatment of E-waste a case study of discarded refrigerators

Disassembly and recycling of E-waste creates a series of environmental problems. The selection of a technologically reliable, environmentally friendly, economically affordable and socially acceptable recycling technology for E-waste is a significant question. This study establishes a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization, given the constraints of environmentally sound handling of the e-waste, in the context of Crystal Ball risk assessment and evaluation software. By following the streams of the different treatment processes, which consist of various technologies including disassembly, recycling and disposal, the econom-ics of various possibilities were identified and the optimal recycling technology proposed. The key factors of the proposed scenarios were determined by using sensitivity analysis. The results of this study show that, for discarded refrigerators, the operating life span plays the key role. The model supports maintenance and resale of the short lived refrigerators. For the longer lived refrigerators material recycling is recommended by the model. Sensitivity analysis shows that purchase cost, plastic sale price, condenser sale price and disassembly costs are the main effects. This study provides a significant technical support for policy making in E-waste management.     

Thermodynamic calculation on the smelting slag of direct recycling of electric arc furnace stainless steelmaking dust

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产品拆卸回收模型的建立

拆卸回收模型的建立是绿色设计的主要研究内容之一.针对产品更新换代变快,待拆卸产品数量急剧增加的情况,分析了零件之间的网络图模型,制约矩阵,关联度矩阵以及稳定性图模型,可以有效地降低拆卸过程的难度,为产品生成自动拆卸序列提供了理论依据.     

Future resources for eco-building materials: I. Metallurgical slag

In order to make an effectivily recycle use of iron and steel slags that are main industrial wastes generated in Chinese metallurgical industry, the current technologies for reprocessing and recycling these wastes into eco-building materials were reviewed, such as preparing cement-steel slag blended cement with steel slag after metal recovery, using the fine powder of blast furnace slag (BFS) for manufacturing slag cement and high performance concrete. A further research on using these available resources more efficiently were discussed. Funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 50872105) and Shaanxi Provincial Grand-Tech Project of China (No. 2008ZKC04-04)     

选磷废水的电化学处理及循环利用

简要介绍磷矿浮选废水（尾矿水）进行电化学处理的研究和处理后循环使用的浮选工艺试验及含固废水电化学处理的理论基础、基本模型。结果表明：经电化学处理后的废水达到用水指标;循环使用取得满意效果;电化学处理方法理论基础可靠,是实现工业废水循环利用的有效手段。     

多资源约束下批量拆卸优化方法

拆卸建模和规划对废旧产品的回收和再利用具有重要意义,目前的拆卸方法很少关注多资源约束对拆卸问题的影响。根据批量拆卸优化问题的特点,建立了多资源约束下以拆卸获得收益最大为优化目标的批量拆卸优化问题的数学模型,采用CPLEX软件对多资源约束下批量拆卸优化问题进行求解。为了验证该模型在求解此类批量拆卸优化问题的有效性,采用多组随机算例的仿真实验对其验证,结果表明该模型求解此类问题有效。     

基于神经网络的再制造系统风险评价

为了给企业在开展再制造业务时提供风险评估参考模型,从再制造全生命周期出发分析再制造系统面临的各种风险,构建包括收集、检测、拆卸、再制造和再循环五大环节的评价指标体系;建立基于Back Propagation（BP）神经网络的风险评价方法;并利用权矩阵之间的关系函数确定评价指标的影响次序,找出再制造系统风险的主要风险因素;然后通过Internet收集资料选取五个企业的再制造业务风险评价作为样本训练模型;最后以某机床制造企业的再制造项目风险评估验证上述评估方法的有效性。     

微生物法回收电子废弃物中贵金属的研究进展

电子废弃物的资源化处理是当今社会的一项重要内容。概述了微生物法回收贵金属的作用机理,阐述了利用微生物回收电子废弃物中贵金属的研究现状,并对现有的菌体研究现状进行了分析,对微生物法回收贵金属的发展前景进行了展望。提出现阶段主要任务是筛选和培养出可以回收电子废弃物中贵金属的其他微生物,并对培养条件进行优化,以缩短浸取时间,提高贵金属的回收率。     

Sustainable manufacturing for obsolete computers based on 3R engineering

The volume tendency of in-use and end-of-life computers in China were analyzed; the emerging danger of obsolete computers by incorrect treatment was summarized; the integration disposal technologies based on 3R (recycle, remanufacture and reuse) engineering aiming at monitors, electronic devices, metals, plastics materials, and overall computers were put forward; the economic and social benefits were also analyzed. The results show that the integration disposal process of obsolete computer is an optimum approach to save the resource of electromechanical products. Remanufacturing and disposal 100 thousand obsolete computers per year can create profits about RMB10 million yuan and provide employment for 300 persons. It can be deduced that there are great potential opportunities for the obsolete computers disposal industry containing recycle, remanufacture and reuse engineering.     

考虑产品故障特征的目标选择性拆卸序列规划

针对实际拆卸过程中产品质量的不确定性和模糊性问题,特别是产品普遍存在的故障问题,对拆卸序列方案选择的影响,提出了考虑产品故障特征的目标选择性拆卸序列规划方法.为便于表达产品拆卸信息,构建了拆卸混合图模型;通过提取产品故障特征,构建了产品故障矩阵,并运用专家意见法推导了零部件故障特征与拆卸模型元素的关联度矩阵;为更新拆卸混合图模型,运用模糊三角函数确定了零部件故障特征对拆卸模型元素的影响度,并根据影响度和专家阈值对拆卸模型元素与拆卸信息进行修正以得到故障拆卸混合图模型;最终,基于产品的故障拆卸混合图模型结合拆卸序列优化算法生成了最优的拆卸序列方案.本文以涡轮减速器为例对所提方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法更切合实际的拆卸过程,较好地解决了产品故障对拆卸造成的模糊影响,极大地提高了拆卸序列方案的可行性和拆卸效率,降低了拆卸的盲目性,案例证明所提方法对于解决拆卸序列规划问题更切实有效.     

Complete geometric nonlinear formulation for rigid-flexible coupling dynamics

A complete geometric nonlinear formulation for rigid-flexible coupling dynamics of a flexible beam undergoing large overall motion was proposed based on virtual work principle, in which all the high-order terms related to coupling deformation were included in dynamic equations. Simulation examples of the flexible beam with prescribed rotation and free rotation were investigated. Numerical results show that the use of the first-order approximation coupling (FOAC) model may lead to a significant error when the flexible beam experiences large deformation or large deformation velocity. However, the correct solutions can always be obtained by using the present complete model. The difference in essence between this model and the FOAC model is revealed. These coupling high-order terms, which are ignored in FOAC model, have a remarkable effect on the dynamic behavior of the flexible body. Therefore, these terms should be included for the rigid-flexible dynamic modeling and analysis of flexible body undergoing motions with high speed. Foundation item: Project(10772113) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

连续回流生产废水对净水厂出水水质影响的中试研究

为考察连续回流净水厂生产废水对出水水质的影响,采用中试实验模型,研究东北地区夏冬两季连续回流净水厂生产废水14 d的水质变化规律.夏季沉淀池污泥和反冲洗水最佳回流比分别为4%和6%,冬季为2%和6%.在满足沉后水出水浊度达标(2.5 NTU)的前提下,夏、冬两季废水连续直接回流工艺与不回用相比,可分别节约33.3%和18.2%的混凝剂投加量.在整个回流运行周期中,连续监测浊度、色度、UV254、TOC等出水水质指标,结果表明,与不回流相比,回流工艺可以有效提高污染物的去除,而且,较高温度时还可以提高污染物的去除率.在连续回流过程中,出水水质稳定,未发现明显的污染物富集现象.废水回流是强化混凝过程的有效方法.