一种异构云环境下的负载均衡算法

针对动态负载均衡算法在异构云环境中的任务迁移次数过多的问题,提出了一种最小化任务迁移次数的动态负载均衡(MMLB)算法。MMLB算法通过自适应阈值对虚拟机进行分组、任务选择算法最小化任务迁移的次数、任务调度算法优化任务分配实现了任务的再分配。将MMLB与WRR、HBBLB、LBF算法进行实验对比分析,MMLB算法在Makespan、平均任务响应时间、负载不均衡度等评价指标上表现更优,并且有效降低了任务迁移的次数。实验结果验证了MMLB算法的可行性和有效性。     

一种基于统计思想的网格负载平衡调度算法

针对层次化网格模型结构,运用统计思想提出了一种新的资源分配与任务调度算法,不仅能够提高资源的利用率和系统的吞吐率,而且能够实现网格系统内部的负载平衡。算法主要包含三个功能模块,即负载跟踪模块、作业分配模块和负载监视模块。在解释了方案中各功能部件的作用及其相互之间关系的基础上,给出了相应的算法伪码。仿真实验表明,该算法是有效的。     

基于目标约束的分层动态负载均衡算法*

针对网格环境下的负载不均问题,提出了一种分层动态负载均衡机制,该机制采用随机服务模型描述网格任务流特性及其资源上的动态负载状态,将站点内负载平衡问题归结为目标约束规划问题。理论分析了分层负载均衡机制的有效性证明并设计了优化方案的求解算法,仿真实验结果显示,该分层负载均衡算法在平均响应时间、系统吞吐量方面优于以往的RBA算法和DBA算法。     

云计算下负载均衡的多维QoS约束任务调度机制

高效的任务调度机制能够更好地满足用户的QoS需求,实现各物理主机间的负载均衡,从而提高云计算环境的整体性能。而传统的任务调度往往只考虑任务的响应时间或安全性等,且负载均衡策略是静态的。根据云计算的弹性化和虚拟化等新特性,综合考虑任务的性能QoS和信任QoS,提出一种在云计算环境下的任务调度机制,采用虚拟机迁移技术实现动态负载均衡。通过在CloudSim2.1仿真环境下的分析和比较,该任务调度机制不但可以提高用户满意度,而且可以有效实现负载均衡。     

Join-Idle-Queue: A novel load balancing algorithm for dynamically scalable web services

The prevalence of dynamic-content web services, exemplified by search and online social networking, has motivated an increasingly wide web-facing front end. Horizontal scaling in the Cloud is favored for its elasticity, and distributed design of load balancers is highly desirable. Existing algorithms with a centralized design, such as Join-the-Shortest-Queue (JSQ), incur high communication overhead for distributed dispatchers.We propose a novel class of algorithms called Join-Idle-Queue (JIQ) for distributed load balancing in large systems. Unlike algorithms such as Power-of-Two, the JIQ algorithm incurs no communication overhead between the dispatchers and processors at job arrivals. We analyze the JIQ algorithm in the large system limit and find that it effectively results in a reduced system load, which produces 30-fold reduction in queueing overhead compared to Power-of-Two at medium to high load. An extension of the basic JIQ algorithm deals with very high loads using only local information of server load.     

云计算环境下基于蜜蜂觅食行为的任务负载均衡算法

针对云计算环境下的任务调度程序通常需要较多响应时间和通信成本的问题,提出了一种基于蜜蜂行为的负载均衡(HBB-LB)算法。首先,利用虚拟机(VM)进行负载平衡来最大化吞吐量;然后,对机器上任务的优先级进行平衡;最后,将平衡重点放在减少VM等待序列中任务的等待时间上,从而提高处理过程的整体吞吐量和优先级。利用CloudSim工具模拟云计算环境进行仿真实验,结果表明,相比粒子群优化(PSO)、蚁群算法(ACO)、动态负载均衡(DLB)、先入先出(FIFO)和加权轮询(WRR)算法, HBB-LB算法的平均响应时间分别节省了5%、13%、17%、67%、37%,最大完成时间分别节省了20%、23%、18%、55%、46%,可以更好地平衡非抢占式独立任务,适用于异构云计算系统。     

云环境下机群弹性负载均衡机制

为克服传统刚性负载均衡机制不能适应多变的网络环境的缺陷,解决云环境下已有负载均衡机制存在不能充分利用弹性机制,且服务质量(QoS)不稳定的问题,提出一种基于绿色计算资源池策略的云环境弹性负载均衡机制,根据系统资源利用率对负载进行量化,量化结果决定资源池虚拟机的分配,最后结合虚拟机的使用情况,回收资源,提高资源的利用率。实验结果显示在该负载均衡机制下,响应时间稳定在2.5s左右,整体服务质量有明显提高,降低了电能消耗,验证了该机制的有效性。     

Online vector scheduling and generalized load balancing

We give a polynomial time reduction from the vector scheduling problem (VS) to the generalized load balancing problem (GLB). This reduction gives the first non-trivial online algorithm for VS where vectors come in an online fashion. The online algorithm is very simple in that each vector only needs to minimize the _Lln(md)$L_{ln\left(md\right)}$ norm of the resulting load when it comes, where m$m$ is the number of partitions and d$d$ is the dimension of vectors. It has an approximation bound of elog(md)$elog\left(md\right)$, which is in O(ln(md))$O(ln\left(md\right))$, so it also improves the O(ln²d)$O\left({ln}^{2}d\right)$ bound of the existing polynomial time algorithm for VS. Additionally, the reduction shows that GLB does not have constant approximation algorithms that run in polynomial time unless P=NP$P=NP$.     

云计算环境下的DPSO资源负载均衡算法

负载均衡问题是云计算研究的热点问题之一。运用离散粒子群算法对云计算环境下的负载均衡问题进行研究,根据云计算环境下资源需求动态变化,并且对资源节点服务器的要求较低的特点,把各个资源节点当做网络拓扑结构中的各个节点,建立相应的资源-任务分配模型,运用离散粒子群算法实现资源负载均衡。验证表明,该算法提高了资源利用率和云计算资源的负载均衡。     

负载平衡调度问题的一般模型研究

分布式系统提供了巨大的处理能力,为了实现和充分利用这种能力,需要优良的负载平衡调度技术。因此,负载平衡问题是影响分布式系统性能的重要因素。在深入研究分布式系统中负载平衡调度问题的基础上,归纳总结了负载平衡调度的一般模型,对影响负载平衡的各个因素进行了详细的分析。此模型已在一个实际模型中得到了有效地验证。     

一种多维集合划分负载均衡资源优化分配算法

针对多处理群集系统中多个任务处理需要的资源和多个处理节点能够提供的m维资源间的合理匹配问题，给出了多维集合划分问题的优化模型，定义了资源均衡度函数，提出多维集合划分负载均衡资源优化分配算法，通过该算法可以得到资源匹配NP问题的较优解。实验结果表明，该算法具有较好的实用性和可行性，比传统的启发式算法效率高。     

Layered virtual machine migration algorithm for network resource balancing in cloud computing

Due to the increasing sizes of cloud data centers, the number of virtual machines (VMs) and applications rises quickly. The rapid growth of large scale Internet services results in unbalanced load of network resource. The bandwidth utilization rate of some physical hosts is too high, and this causes network congestion. This paper presents a layered VM migration algorithm (LVMM). At first, the algorithm will divide the cloud data center into several regions according to the bandwidth utilization rate of the hosts. Then we balance the load of network resource of each region by VM migrations, and ultimately achieve the load balance of network resource in the cloud data center. Through simulation experiments in different environments, it is proved that the LVMMalgorithm can effectively balance the load of network resource in cloud computing.     

Multi-objective scheduling of many tasks in cloud platforms

The scheduling of a many-task workflow in a distributed computing platform is a well known NP-hard problem. The problem is even more complex and challenging when the virtualized clusters are used to execute a large number of tasks in a cloud computing platform. The difficulty lies in satisfying multiple objectives that may be of conflicting nature. For instance, it is difficult to minimize the makespan of many tasks, while reducing the resource cost and preserving the fault tolerance and/or the quality of service (QoS) at the same time. These conflicting requirements and goals are difficult to optimize due to the unknown runtime conditions, such as the availability of the resources and random workload distributions. Instead of taking a very long time to generate an optimal schedule, we propose a new method to generate suboptimal or sufficiently good schedules for smooth multitask workflows on cloud platforms.Our new multi-objective scheduling (MOS) scheme is specially tailored for clouds and based on the ordinal optimization (OO) method that was originally developed by the automation community for the design optimization of very complex dynamic systems. We extend the OO scheme to meet the special demands from cloud platforms that apply to virtual clusters of servers from multiple data centers. We prove the suboptimality through mathematical analysis. The major advantage of our MOS method lies in the significantly reduced scheduling overhead time and yet a close to optimal performance. Extensive experiments were carried out on virtual clusters with 16 to 128 virtual machines. The multitasking workflow is obtained from a real scientific LIGO workload for earth gravitational wave analysis. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm rapidly and effectively generates a small set of semi-optimal scheduling solutions. On a 128-node virtual cluster, the method results in a thousand times of reduction in the search time for semi-optimal workflow schedules compared with the use of the Monte Carlo and the Blind Pick methods for the same purpose.     

Resource scheduling and load balancing in distributed robotic control systems

This paper describes the latest advances made to a software architecture designed to control multiple miniature robots. As the robots themselves have very limited computational capabilities, a distributed control system is needed to coordinate tasks among a large number of robots. Two of the major challenges facing such a system are the scheduling of access to system resources and the distribution of work across multiple workstations. This paper discusses solutions to these problems in the context of a distributed surveillance task.     

基于流调度选择的DCN动态负载均衡算法

针对数据中心网络(data center network,DCN)动态调度导致的负载不均衡问题,提出了基于流调度选择的动态负载均衡(dynamic load balancing based on flow scheduling selection,DLBFSS)算法。该算法首先计算拥塞链路上各条大流的等价最短路径,并删除不满足流带宽需求的路径;然后计算剩余路径的可用吞吐量,选择可用吞吐量最大的路径作为最优调度路径;最后根据大流的带宽和最优路径的负载定义调度的拥塞概率,将拥塞概率作为大流调度选择的依据。实验结果表明,与传统ECMP（equal-cost multi-path）路由和现有大流调度算法相比,DLBFSS能够减小网络时延,提高流的带宽利用率,保证了更好的负载均衡。     

A stochastic load balancing algorithm for i‐Computing

This paper presents a stochastic dynamic load balancing algorithm for Internet computing, which is a new type of distributed computing involving heterogeneous workstations from different organizations on the Internet. To realize the practical environment, we assume the system to be comprised of heterogeneous, untrusted and non‐dedicated workstations connected by a non‐dedicated network. Our algorithm uses the product of the average processing time and the queue length of system jobs as the load index. Dynamic communication delay is included in the execution cost calculation. The transfer policy and the location policy are combined in a stochastic algorithm. State information exchange is done via information feedback and mutual updating. Simulations demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms conventional approaches over a wide range of system parameters. These results are reconfirmed by empirical experiments after we have implemented the algorithms on the Distributed Java Machine global virtual machine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An ant colony optimization algorithm for load balancing in parallel machines with sequence-dependent setup times

This study introduces the problem of minimizing average relative percentage of imbalance (ARPI) with sequence-dependent setup times in a parallel-machine environment. A mathematical model that minimizes ARPI is proposed. Some heuristics, and two metaheuristics, an ant colony optimization algorithm and a genetic algorithm are developed and tested on various random data. The proposed ant colony optimization method outperforms heuristics and genetic algorithm. On the other hand, heuristics using the cumulative processing time obtain better results than heuristics using setup avoidance and a hybrid rule in assignment.     

Towards a hybrid load balancing policy in grid computing system

Grid computing has become conventional in distributed systems due to technological advancements and network popularity. Grid computing facilitates distributed applications by integrating available idle network computing resources into formidable computing power. As a result, by using efficient integration and sharing of resources, this enables abundant computing resources to solve complicated problems that a single machine cannot manage. However, grid computing mines resources from accessible idle nodes and node accessibility varies with time. A node that is currently idle, may become occupied within a second of time and then be unavailable to provide resources. Accordingly, node selection must provide effective and sufficient resources over a long period to allow load assignment. This study proposes a hybrid load balancing policy to integrate static and dynamic load balancing technologies. Essentially, a static load balancing policy is applied to select effective and suitable node sets. This will lower the unbalanced load probability caused by assigning tasks to ineffective nodes. When a node reveals the possible inability to continue providing resources, the dynamic load balancing policy will determine whether the node in question is ineffective to provide load assignment. The system will then obtain a new replacement node within a short time, to maintain system execution performance.