热处理温度对选择性激光熔化TC4钛合金板不同成形面组织和性能的影响

通过热处理试验、金相检验、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析和硬度测试,分析了热处理温度对选择性激光熔化TC4钛合金板不同成形面的相组成、显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明：随热处理温度由750℃升高至950℃,选择性激光熔化TC4钛合金板顶面和侧面的针状马氏体α′相不断减少;当热处理温度为850℃时,针状α′相完全转变为α+β相,当热处理温度(950℃)超过α相转变温度时,β相含量升高;钛合金板顶面基本没有柱状β相,形成了等轴状β相,其侧面仍存在柱状β相;钛合金板顶面和侧面的硬度随着温度的升高呈先减小后增大的趋势。     

置氢对Ti-25Nb-10Ta-1Zr-0.2Fe合金室温组织和硬度的影响

利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段,研究了固态气体渗氢后氢元素对新型β医用钛合金Ti-25Nb-10Ta-1Zr-0.2Fe的相组成、微观组织和硬度的影响.研究结果表明,570℃置氢空冷,置氢量为0.2％(质量分数),合金发生共析反应βH→αH+δ.置氢后合金表面和内部显微组织出现差异:在合金表面,δ氢化物呈现针状,从晶界处生长,尺寸差异较大;在合金内部,氢化物δ呈细小针状,长度小于1μm,以α针为中心平行向外生长.置氢后合金硬度未增强.     

焊后热处理对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理,研究了不同热处理温度对异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊缝区在TC17侧形成亚稳定β相,在高氧TC4侧形成针状马氏体相.经过热处理后,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,并且残余α相在保温过程中发生分解,随着热处理温度的升高,析出相逐渐长大.接头焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度在热处理后显著增加.裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)试验结果表明:接头断裂韧性薄弱区域在焊缝区及TC17侧热力影响区,热处理温度的升高可以明显提高接头薄弱区域的断裂韧性.     

氢对TC21合金高温变形行为的影响

采用连续升温金相法研究了氢对TC21合金相变温度的影响,通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了氢对TC21合金高温变形行为的影响.结果表明:置氢可以显著降低TC21合金的相变温度,置氢0.7%(质量分数,下同)的TC21合金相变温度为810℃,与未置氢合金相比,降幅达145℃;同时,置氢还可以有效降低TC21合金的流变应力,并且温...     

显微组织对医用TC4钛合金U型钉缩口的影响

通过光学显微镜、维氏硬度、拉伸实验、X射线衍射和电子背散射衍射等方法,对比分析了两种缩口尺寸不同的医用U型钉用TC4钛合金棒材的显微组织和力学性能。基于两种棒材的显微组织和力学性能的差别,探讨了不同棒材加工的U型钉缩口差异的原因。结果表明:两种棒材横截面的显微组织比较均匀,差异不大,而纵截面显微组织的差异比较明显。大缩口棒材纵截面的α相为变形晶粒,小缩口棒材纵截面的β相主要为等轴晶,两种棒材的β相无明显差别。大缩口棒材的维氏硬度和屈服强度都高于小缩口棒材。再结晶程度的不同导致两种棒材的显微组织和力学性能不同,进而引起U型钉缩口的差异。     

热处理对TC4钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

对TC4钛合金进行不同热处理工艺处理,并观察分析了不同工艺处理后TC4钛合金的金相显微组织。通过拉伸、示波冲击试验,分析研究了固溶处理和时效处理对TC4钛合金显微组织、力学性能和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明,TC4钛合金固溶时效后的组织由β基体和析出的α相组成,具有片层状β相和小针丛状α相组织可获得较高综合性能。断口ESEM分析表明断裂特征为韧窝状穿晶韧性断裂。     

TC11钛合金中α'相和α'相的组织演变和显微硬度

研究了TC11钛合金中α"相和α'相的显微组织转变和显微硬度。金相显微组织观察和X射线衍射分析的结果表明： 随着固溶温度的提高α"相逐渐向α'相的晶体结构转变,α相、α"相和α'相的显微组织演变规律为：α+α",α+α"+α',α+α',α'。显微硬度测试的结果表明：在935~995℃固溶后显微硬度随着温度的提高先增大后减少,在985℃固溶后显微硬度达到峰值。综合分析显微组织影响合金显微硬度的机理：在935~985℃固溶后α'片层的厚度和间距变化的幅度小,β转变组织长大缓慢,在β转变组织中先后析出α"和α'相,随着固溶温度的提高α'片层的含量随之提高产生了相变强度效果,使其显微硬度提高;在985~995℃固溶后α'片层的厚度和间距明显增大,β转变组织变粗大,α"相消失,α'相的含量降低,相变强化的效果减弱,使β转变组织的显微硬度降低。     

激光选区熔化成形TC4合金腐蚀行为

采用激光选区熔化成形技术(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)制备TC4钛合金试样,观察其显微组织,并用电化学腐蚀实验测试不同成形面以及粗糙度对TC4钛合金耐蚀性能的影响,并与传统轧制态进行对比。结果表明:成形方式、成形面和粗糙度均影响TC4钛合金的耐蚀性能。激光选区熔化成形技术制备的TC4钛合金纵截面由原始柱状β晶粒和与生长方向成±45°针状α′马氏体组成,横截面上的晶粒呈棋盘状。传统轧制态由片状α+β相以及等轴α相组成。传统轧制态的耐腐蚀性要强于SLM成形的试样,且SLM成形的纵截面的耐腐蚀性要强于横截面。表面粗糙度小的试样耐腐蚀性要强于表面粗糙度大的试样。激光选区熔化成形态试样腐蚀表面都出现明显的腐蚀坑,腐蚀形态均为点蚀。     

激光选区熔化与铸造成形TC4钛合金的力学性能分析

借助有限元模拟、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和维氏硬度仪研究了激光选区熔化和铸造成形TC4钛合金的微观组织演变及力学性能,进一步分析了不同成形条件下液态金属凝固冷却对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:激光选区熔化与铸造成形的TC4钛合金分别为针状马氏体α'相的网篮组织、α+β相的魏氏组织。与铸造相比,激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金具有极快的冷却速率(1.78×107℃·s~(-1))和较高的温度梯度,元素类型相同,晶体取向明显。同时,利用激光选区熔化(SLM)技术成形的TC4试样的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和硬度分别为1 120.83 MPa、916.31 MPa、9.5%和123.04HV,而铸造试样的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和硬度分别为917.67 MPa、786.23 MPa、8.0%和77.876HV。与铸造成形相比,SLM成形的TC4试样的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率和硬度增大,分别提升了22.14%、16.54%、18.75%和58%,因此激光选区熔化成形的TC4试样具有较好的力学性能。     

典型α+β钛合金组织对静态和动态性能的影响

α+β钛合金具有优异的综合性能,在航空航天、生物医学、船舶及国防工业等领域得到了广泛的应用.α+β钛合金的强度、塑性、冲击韧性以及断裂韧性主要取决于其内部的显微组织.因此,阐明α+β钛合金组织和性能之间的关系,对设计性能优异的材料至关重要.本文主要综述了TC21、TC4、TC11、TC4-DT等典型两相钛合金的组织与静态和动态力学性能之间关系的研究进展,并指出研究中存在的问题,以期为获得两相钛合金的理想显微组织和优异的力学性能提供理论指导.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．