国外流域综合管理模式对我国河湖管理模式的借鉴

针对我国现阶段河湖管理采用流域管理和行政管理相结合的模式,管理实践中存在着流域管理机构与主导政府机构权责不清、公众有效参与不足的问题,以美国五大湖流域、英国东南流域、澳大利亚墨累-达令流域、法国卢瓦尔-布列塔尼流域等为例,对美国、英国、澳大利亚、法国、德国5个主要西方发达国家的各自最有特色的河湖管理模式中流域管理机构、主导政府机构、公众参与、流域管理特点进行了分析及归纳总结,以期对我国最近提出的流域综合管理提供参考。     

我国水资源管理制度的研究

针对我国水资源管理工作现状和存在的主要问题,在重点分析我国水资源管理体制、机制等制度建立和实施情况的基础上,对我国水资源管理制度建设框架,特别是"十一五"期间我国水资源管理制度建设和流域管理与区域管理相结合的体制建设的重点及实施措施提出了建议.     

Planning for integrated lake management in Uganda: Lessons for sustainable and effective planning processes

The international consensus on the need for integrated approaches for managing water resources has led to a plethora of integrated frameworks and strategies. The development of management plans for lakes and their drainage basins is part of the ‘integrated management’ agenda. Challenging questions, however, arise in regard to what integration actually means within the context of planning processes and systems, and for the management plans themselves. The limited literature on lake management planning emphasizes the need for a lead agency for planning and implementation. A relevant question is how does lake management planning relate to planning by local governments, national government departments and other stakeholder groups. The integrated lake management efforts in Uganda have led to the development of lake management plans that build on, and complement, existing local government processes and plans. Lessons from early lake management experiences indicate that establishing clear linkages in the planning processes, and within the plans themselves between lake management structures and local government, is essential for sustainability, coordination and resource mobilization. The development of lake management plans also strengthens existing local government planning systems, by providing a forum for sharing information, ideas and lessons. The lake management planning also supports the introduction of local governments to participatory, community‐based planning, as well as promoting intersectoral coordination.     

Socio‐economic and institutional assessment of Malaysia's first biosphere reserve: Chini Lake

Despite being designated the first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Malaysia, the Chini Lake Basin experiences continuing management challenges attributable to existing sectoral management practices and differences in demands of multiple stakeholders. Accordingly, a socio‐economic survey and stakeholder consultative process were undertaken, involving relevant stakeholders in the lake basin. The consultative process involved: (a) identification and prioritization of relevant stakeholders; (b) assessment of their socio‐economic activities and perceptions; (c) organization of focus group discussions between basin stakeholders; and (d) development of management recommendations in collaboration with stakeholders. The results of this study indicated the local community's way of living has changed from traditional occupations to a wage economy. Overlapping functions and lack of communication were among the major identified challenges facing by Chini Lake. Multiple strategies were proposed to promote environmental protection and good governance of Chini Lake, including formation of special area plans and strengthening institutional arrangements to sustainably manage the Chini Lake catchment. An effective authority also is necessary to improve communication and coordination of programmes by the various basin agencies and communities.     

洱海入湖河道综合整治规划研究

现阶段洱海流域综合治理任务艰巨,未能形成有效、完善的入湖河道综合治理体系,流域管理不能适应入湖河道治理及洱海保护的客观要求,入湖污染负荷尚未得到有效控制,流域水生态安全保障体系尚未建立。为此,开展了洱海入湖河道综合整治规划研究,从建立流域管理机制、构建完整防洪体系、打造清水通道、增加入湖清水量以及削减入湖污染物总量等方面,提出了建设洱海流域管理体制、流域截污治污体系、入湖河道生态治理、流域生态建设以及灌区高效节水减排等五大类工程,规划治理河道长度201.32 km,同时还规划新建286.04 km堤防或护岸工程,对35.92 km的河道进行清淤,对15.66 km河道的已建堤防进行修复。     

长江采砂与流域统一管理

<长江河道采砂管理条例>颁布实施以来,长江水利委员会在长江干流河道采砂管理上采取了多种措施,切实履行了国家赋予的职责,在流域管理与区域管理相结合方面进行了有益的探索,取得了公认的成效.但由于现行流域管理的体制性制约,现实中也出现了一些管理上的滞障.要想切实加强流域统一管理,真正发挥流域管理的宏观调控作用,保障水资源的可持续利用,须改变流域管理机构作为派出机构的法律定位,实行委员制,赋予其切实的决策权和实质的监督权、执法权.     

加强太湖流域综合管理维护河湖健康生态

以太湖流域为例,分析了流域水生态环境问题和河湖生态健康的评价指标,阐明了流域综合管理对维护河湖生态健康的重要性,提出了有效的流域管理目标在于建立人类活动与生态环境之间平衡的观点.维护流域生态健康所必需的综合管理措施,首先是要形成流域综合管理机制,建立高效、权威的流域管理机构,通过有效的流域综合管理来协调人类活动与水生态环境的兼容性,对于已经受损的流域河湖生态系统需要采取有效措施加以修复或恢复.另外,提出应把河湖生态健康作为衡量可持续发展和流域管理成效的尺度之一.     

Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance

This study introduces the emerging integrated ecosystem management approach known as Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) as utilized for lake and reservoir basin governance. PWS is built on the central concept of providing economic incentives to watershed stakeholders to assist in management efforts. It channels conservation payments from downstream payers to finance conservation activities conducted by upstream payees. The upstream conservation activities are expected to enhance ecosystem functions, thereby improving water‐related ecosystem services desired by downstream stakeholders. Information on 163 PWS projects in 34 developing countries through the year 2008 was collected and analysed, including their common goals, processes, outcomes, scientific assumptions and socioeconomic rationales. This study recognized one unique PWS characteristic, namely the role of intermediary organizations (i.e. brokers) in integrating the economic incentives of upstream payees and downstream payers in order to facilitate their transactions by means of contracts. Although 75% of the reviewed PWS projects have focused on rivers, and only 10% have considered lakes and reservoirs, the similarity of the intermediary functions performed by lake management organizations and PWS intermediary organizations suggests a greater potential for the future application of PWS designs in lake basins. Drawing on components in the field of New Institutional Economics to interpret the intermediary function within the PWS framework, a three‐part PWS design with 15 steps is proposed in this study for lake basin governance, with a Costa Rican PWS scheme serving as an illustration. This study seeks to communicate the scientific and socioeconomic frontiers for developing locally suitable and integrated watershed governance structures to lake management organizations and other watershed stakeholder groups.     

21世纪的水利建设应从强化流域管理体制入手

为迎接新世纪的挑战，水利行业要变换水利与可持续发展水利，建设综合开发水的资源功能，环境功能、生态功能的大水利。而 则无法保证这一目标的实现的，应当根据新世纪水利发展的目标，强化流域管理体制。     

东江流域河长制下跨省界联防联控对策

河长制是以属地管理为主的河湖管理保护创新制度,流域统筹与跨省界联动不足是当前全面推行河长制工作的薄弱环节。以珠江流域典型跨省界河流——东江为例,采用座谈交流、资料收集和实地考察等方式,梳理了东江流域河长制推行现状,系统总结了东江流域跨省界联防联控工作的主要经验与存在的问题,并从加强流域统筹、加快跨省界联防联控制度建设、加强跨省界联合监测、联合执法、信息共享能力等方面,提出了河长制下东江流域跨省界联防联控的政策建议。研究成果可为国内其他跨省流域整体性管理保护提供借鉴。     

Poyang Lake basin: a successful, large-scale integrated basin management model for developing countries

Protection of water environment while developing socio-economy is a challenging task for lake regions of many developing countries. Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China, with its total drainage area of 160,000 km2. In spite of rapid development of socio-economy in Poyang Lake region in the past several decades, water in Poyang Lake is of good quality and is known as the "last pot of clear water" of the Yangtze River Basin in China. In this paper, the reasons of "last pot of clear water" of Poyang Lake were analysed to demonstrate how economic development and environmental protection can be coordinated. There are three main reasons for contributing to this coordinated development: 1) the unique geomorphologic features of Poyang Lake and the short water residence time; 2) the matching of the basin physical boundary with the administrative boundary; and 3) the implementation of "Mountain-River-Lake Program" (MRL), with the ecosystem concept of "mountain as source, river as connection flow, and lake as storage". In addition, a series of actions have been taken to coordinate development, utilisation, management and protection in the Poyang Lake basin. Our key experiences are: considering all basin components when focusing on lake environment protection is a guiding principle; raising the living standard of people through implementation of various eco-economic projects or models in the basin is the most important strategy; preventing soil and water erosion is critical for protecting water sources; and establishing an effective governance mechanism for basin management is essential. This successful, large-scale basin management model can be extended to any basin or lake regions of developing countries where both environmental protection and economic development are needed and coordinated.     

International Mentoring

Abstract

Despite some obvious differences between the two countries, Australian experience and approaches are proving useful in technical assistance to current reforms in the Sri Lankan water sector. A system of bulk water allocation through transferable entitlements is proposed in a policy package being considered by government. Demand management measures, including sharing of water management costs, are also proposed. Integrated planning of basin water resources is expected to play an important part in the new water management strategy. Institutional recommendations have also been prepared. An apex National Water Resources Authority along with an inter-ministerial Water Resources Council and an appeal resolution Water Resources Tribunal are proposed to carry out planning, regulatory, co-ordination, and related functions. River basin committees are recommended for basin level coordination in many areas, while the Mahaweli Authority, a major irrigation-oriented development agency, is being restructured along the lines of a river basin authority with Australian and other national guidance. A long-term, bilateral relationship has also been proposed as a means of capacity building and technical support for emerging issues.     

湖泊分类体系及综合分区研究与展望

湖滩围垦、围网养殖等开发利用容易引发一系列的生态环境问题,已引起政府和越来越多学者的重视。开展湖泊分类分区研究是推动湖沼科学发展的一项重要基础研究,有助于深化对湖泊形成、发育、演变和消亡全过程的认识;同时也是强化湖泊管理、维护湖泊健康的先决条件。针对湖泊的分类与分区,首先分类阐述了国内外学者对于湖泊概念内涵的不同观点,并在此基础上重新给出了湖泊的定义;其次,重点从湖盆成因、湖泊水文、湖泊所含物质及湖泊-河流关系4个方面剖析了当前湖泊分类体系,进而针对国内外湖泊分区的已有研究成果进行了系统梳理;最后,提出了当前湖泊分类分区研究中存在的不足,并结合我国湖泊保护修复和湖沼学的发展趋势,前瞻了未来的研究方向。     

Determination of the status of stakeholder participation in the management of the Lake Malawi basin through application of Integrated Lake Basin Management

Lake Malawi is the southernmost of the Great Rift Valley Lakes of Africa and boasts the world's greatest freshwater fish biodiversity. Along with its basin, the lake provides many benefits to the country of Malawi. Settlements, agriculture and fishing are some of the major uses of the lake basin, making community involvement a necessary component of its management. With the use of key informant interviews, questionnaire survey, document review and site observations, this study demonstrates the applicability of the Integrated Lake Basin Management framework in the Lake Malawi Basin in regard to stakeholder participation. The main objective was to assess the participation of stakeholders, especially local communities, in the management of the lake basin. The framework applied in this study is discussed. The study findings indicate strong to very strong stakeholder participation, with notably high levels of awareness and women's involvement. Enhancing the understanding of the complex nature of lake basin issues, especially those related to the linkages between the water body and the basin, is a topic requiring further attention.     

流域综合管理研究述评

通过对国内外有关流域综合管理的概念、要素、内容和功能的辨析,认为流域综合管理是一个复杂系统的决策制定过程,在流域的不同空间尺度和决策层面表现出不同的内容和特点,并发展为适应性综合管理的新趋势。进一步讨论了流域综合管理的信息系统建立原则和数据转化2个共性问题和流域综合管理中社会维度的价值和内容。最后,对流域综合管理的研究现状进行总结评述,并针对中国流域管理现状提出几点展望。     

A Framework for Defining Fish Habitat Domains in Lake Ontario and its Drainage

Old and new paradigms for freshwater fish habitat science are examined and a framework for classifying habitat domains outlined in the Lake Ontario basin. The old paradigm emphasized static measures of both habitat and fish while the new one emphasizes dynamic process-oriented metrics. Temperature, light, and motion are the primary axes of the new paradigm and individual and population processes like growth, survival, and movement are the preferred fish metrics. The science that is contributing to the formation of the new paradigm is reviewed. Habitat domains with relatively homogeneous features are identified in lake and stream contexts and some of their patterns on Lake Ontario described. Human and other disturbances to those domains are explored. The correspondences between elements of the fish assemblage in Lake Ontario and the habitat domains are examined. Lotic and lentic examples of fish-habitat phenomena related to the new paradigm are presented. The paradigm shift has implications for scientific and management activities in the Great Lakes. The framework of habitat domains provides a basis for increasing our understanding of the role of habitat in fishery productivity as well as a basis for coordinating agency efforts to manage habitats for multiple use. There is a need to establish and maintain broad-based ecosystem monitoring programs to facilitate the use of habitat knowledge in decisionmaking, and to integrate fisheries management and fish habitat management within the responsible jurisdictions as a key step to implementing ecosystem-based management.     

Framework for surface water quality management on a river basin scale: Case study of Lake Iseo, Northern Italy

River (DESERT) and lake (EVOLA) water quality models are used to simulate the influences of alternative water quality management scenarios on the quality of receiving surface waters in the Lake Iseo basin, Northern Italy. The scenarios are representative of the European Union Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment (91/271/EEC) and of the regional authority’s objective to reduce the total phosphorus loads from point sources entering Lake Iseo and to restore the lake as close as it is practically possible to its former natural qualitative state. Application of DESERT shows that the regional ‘Water Clean Up Plan’ can achieve similar reductions in total phosphorus concentrations in the basin’s main river system, Oglio River, to the 91/271/EEC directive, but at notably lower economic costs. Application of EVOLA to Lake Iseo shows that it is not practical to achieve the regional authority’s objective of a specific total phosphorus concentration in the lake by 2016. Instead, the results show that a more realistic, but higher, total phosphorus concentration can be achieved by 2016. The results of both modelling exercises indicate the usefulness of DESERT and EVOLA for comparing and assessing water quality management scenarios and for revising the regional authority’s final objectives with regards to total phosphorus concentration in Lake Iseo, as well as the regional ‘Water Clean Up Plan’ for restoring and safeguarding the quality of the basin’s surface waters.     

对珠江河口管理的若干建议

珠江河口管理涉及水利、海洋、国土、海事、航道等多个部门,多年来,因管理职责不清,管理较为混乱。管理权限存在争议的主要原因是对河口属于海洋还是河流有不同认识,造成在管理权限相同的区域存在审批权限重叠及岸线、滩涂、水域有偿使用等问题。针对珠江河口管理存在的问题,提出了相应的解决措施。     

中、美流域水资源管理机制比较

萨斯奎哈纳流域管理委员会的委员由美国联邦政府和其流域内纽约、宾夕法尼亚、马里兰三个州的代表组成。在《萨斯奎哈纳流域协议》（联邦法律）的授权下。该委员会有权处理流域内的任何水资源问题。相比之下．国内的流域机构没有流域内省（自治区、直辖市）的代表作为委员，流域水行政管理的职能还不能满足流域内社会经济发展的实际需要。因此，形成和完善以流域为单元的水资源管理法律框架是有效保护、开发和管理流域水资源的基础，建立包括流域内省（自治区、直辖市）为代表的流域管理委员会可以提供一个有代表性、长效的管理机构。流域管理委员会应着重加强流域水资源保护、开发和管理的综合规划，注重流域的公共利益和社会服务．重视水质、湿地、洄游鱼类、珍稀物种和文化遗产保护．切实担当起河流代言人和保护神的角色。     

适应性管理下流域初始水权配置方法研究进展

流域初始水权配置是建立健全初始水权分配制度的重要前提。但是受不确定性因素及因素间的交互耦合的影响,现有流域初始水权的配置方案与产业结构的高级化适配性低,而适应性管理是一个不确定性被辨识和降低的过程。基于此,从适应性管理视角出发,对现有的流域初始水权配置方法进行全面的梳理和动态评述;同时结合我国水资源管理方面的新要求,指出现有配置方法存在的问题,提出了近阶段的研究重点,即面向双控行动下的水资源硬约束,按照"适配性问题诊断——流域初始水权适配方案设计——方案适应性判别及进化调整"的适应性管理思路,开展流域初始水权与产业结构高级化适配研究,以利于初始水权分配制度的建立健全。