水利工程管理单位职工队伍建设的思考与对策

2011年中央1号文件的出台为水利事业的发展提供了重大机遇,水利职工队伍的培育、建设和发展是水利事业发展的基本前提和重要保障。通过对江苏省属水利工程管理单位的职工队伍建设存在的问题展开剖析,在查找原因的基础上,提出发挥政策的＂水井效应＂、创新环境＂放水养鱼＂等建议,从体制机制、培养培训等方面提出加强职工队伍建设的对策。     

Environmental management in Urmia Lake: thresholds approach

Urmia Lake is a vivid example of negligence in providing the environmental water requirement rooted in prolonged droughts and excessive upstream water withdrawal. The aim of this study is to propose a reclamation strategy for the lake by focusing on estimation of environmental requirement thresholds under various drought severity conditions. On the average, the lake will remain in a moderate hydrological drought condition if the business-as-usual scenario prevails. The shares of natural drought, water withdrawals and water resources development projects (i.e. dams) in recent lake inflow reduction are estimated at 45%, 40% and 15%, respectively; thus, the aggregated contribution of human-induced factors has a more significant impact on the current lake condition than that of natural drought, and a firm and consistent approach to reduce water consumption by the agricultural sector is required for lake reclamation.     

Sustainable planning model toward reviving Lake Urmia

Lake Urmia (Urumieh in Persian) in north-western Iran is one of the largest permanent hyper-saline lakes in the world and the largest lake in the Middle East. It has numerous ecological, economic and social implications in terms of biodiversity, climate, species, habitat, tourism and recreation. However, during the past decade, the lake has shrunk significantly and its depth has fallen by almost 6 m. Contrary to other studies that have focused on the geomorphology of the lake, this study analyses the socio-environmental impact and provides a sustainable adaptive governance management model for its revival. This study reveals that unless various stakeholders and affected parties are actively involved in an implementable adaptive governance model, the fate of the lake will remain uncertain.     

Lake Chivero: A management case study

Lake Chivero in Zimbabwe was shown to be hypereutrophic. Historical data showed that the eutrophication process had been arrested in the late 1970s. However, a combination of poor planning, multiplicity of jurisdiction, mismatch between rate of urbanization and waste management investment, recent changes in the local climate and a permissive, immature political system that called for no public accountability resulted in environmental management breakdown leading to hypereutrophication of the lake. The case of Lake Chivero is presented as an example of a wider global issue regarding the status of environmental management in competition with other priorities in emerging democracies.     

国内湖泊水质污染及富营养化治理

湖泊水质污染及生态恢复是我国当前水环境保护所面临的主要问题。在国内湖泊富营养化防治调研的基础上,对我国重点治理的“三湖”水环境状况及治理对策进行了总结与分析,提出国内湖泊治理存在的问题和对策,以及官厅水库水污染防治应注意的问题。     

健康太湖的概念内涵分析

基于太湖湖泊管理需求,从人水和谐治理太湖的角度出发,在太湖湖泊现状及存在问题系统分析和诊断的基础上对影响太湖湖泊健康的决策因素进行了判定,从自然属性和社会属性两方面针对性地分析界定了健康太湖的概念和内涵,认为健康太湖是在开发和保护中应维持太湖良性循环的一种平衡状态,是自然形态稳定、水体质量优良、生态系统平衡、服务功能健全的太湖。对如何科学保护、开发、治理和管理太湖指出了较为明确的方向,具有非常重要的意义。     

南方水资源管理问题的讨论

南方地区水资源管理面临最突出的问题是水污染引起的水质性缺水和季节性缺水,与北方和发达国家用水指标比较,用水效率也不高,水资源开发和利用率还在增加。水质性缺水是经济发达地区最主要的问题,季节性或者说工程型缺水是南方山区、丘陵区和农业区主要的水资源问题。南方水资源只是相对丰富,实行严格的水资源管理的任务依然繁重,如果措施得当,南方总用水量会在未来10年趋于稳定,缺水和水环境状况会得到明显改善。     

Lake-Level Change and Water Balance Analysis at Lake Qinghai,West China during Recent Decades

Lake Qinghai, the largest saline lake with an area of 4,260 km² (2000) and average depth of 21 m (1985) in West China, has experienced severe decline in water level in recent decades. This study aimed to investigate water balance of the lake and identify the causes for the decline in lake level. There was a 3.35-m decline in water level with an average decreasing rate of 8.0 cm year⁻¹ between 1959 and 2000. The lake water balance showed that mean annual precipitation between 1959 and 2000 over the lake was 357 ± 10 mm, evaporation was 924 ± 10 mm, surface runoff water inflow was 348 ± 21 mm, groundwater inflow was 138 mm ± 9 and the change in lake level was −80 ± 31 mm. The variation of lake level was highly positively correlated to surface runoff and precipitation and negatively to evaporation, the correlation coefficients were 0.89, 0.81 and −0.66, respectively. Water consumption by human activities accounts for 1% of the evaporation loss of the lake, implying that water consumption by human activities has little effect on lake level decline. Most dramatic decline in lake level occurred in the warm and dry years, and moderate decline in the cold and dry years, and relatively slight decline in the warm and wet years, therefore, the trend of cold/warm and dry climate in recent decades may be the main reasons for the decline in lake level.     

应对西南旱灾的思考

近期我国西南地区发生了百年一遇的严重旱灾,给国民经济发展带来一系列负面影响,开展科学的适应对策迫在眉睫。针对当前严峻的抗旱形势,结合西南地区水资源开发利用特点,从系统理论的角度分析了当前旱灾发生的可能原因,并提出了相应的适应策略,为当前抗旱工作提供参考。     

巢湖流域环境 Kuznets 曲线分析简

研究了1978～2010年问合肥市的统计数据,利用SPSS软件对合肥市经济指标和环境指标之间的关系进行拟合,对其关系是否符合环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）倒“U”型模型进行验证,并从产业结构和环境治理效率两方面对其不同类型的环境库兹涅茨曲线进行分析,结果表明：合肥市经济指标与环境指标之间的关系不全符合环境库兹涅茨倒“U”型曲线,存在“U”和“N”型曲线类型;经济结构的改变和污染治理的效率会对环境污染程度产生影响。     

Framework for surface water quality management on a river basin scale: Case study of Lake Iseo, Northern Italy

River (DESERT) and lake (EVOLA) water quality models are used to simulate the influences of alternative water quality management scenarios on the quality of receiving surface waters in the Lake Iseo basin, Northern Italy. The scenarios are representative of the European Union Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment (91/271/EEC) and of the regional authority’s objective to reduce the total phosphorus loads from point sources entering Lake Iseo and to restore the lake as close as it is practically possible to its former natural qualitative state. Application of DESERT shows that the regional ‘Water Clean Up Plan’ can achieve similar reductions in total phosphorus concentrations in the basin’s main river system, Oglio River, to the 91/271/EEC directive, but at notably lower economic costs. Application of EVOLA to Lake Iseo shows that it is not practical to achieve the regional authority’s objective of a specific total phosphorus concentration in the lake by 2016. Instead, the results show that a more realistic, but higher, total phosphorus concentration can be achieved by 2016. The results of both modelling exercises indicate the usefulness of DESERT and EVOLA for comparing and assessing water quality management scenarios and for revising the regional authority’s final objectives with regards to total phosphorus concentration in Lake Iseo, as well as the regional ‘Water Clean Up Plan’ for restoring and safeguarding the quality of the basin’s surface waters.     

高邮湖管理成效与发展方向研究

高邮湖位于淮河流域下游,是淮河入江水道的重要组成部分,蕴藏着丰富的水资源、生物资源、石油资源、旅游资源等,在淮河治理等工程中居于关键位置,对国民经济和社会发展举足轻重.但由于过多的人为因素,忽略了湖泊的承载能力,湖泊水环境遭受不同程度的破坏.通过收集大量水文、水质资料,对高邮湖管理现状进行分析与研究,找出问题,有针对性地提出对策,并就如何建立科学完善的湖泊管理体系进行探讨.     

Application of ecological engineering principles in lake management

The Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration previously presented 19 ecological principles that can be used for all ecotechnological projects. This report discusses how all projects that incorporate or involve engineering and management of ecosystems should be guided by these previously noted ecological principles. The principles also can be used as a checklist for ensuring that all relevant ecological considerations are taken into account in the development and implementation of ecotechnology and ecological management projects. This report demonstrates how these 19 principles can be applied in lake management issues. It is shown that the principles also are useful as a checklist for lake management efforts. This report further identifies general and 12 specific recommendations for lake management efforts, which are based on the 19 principles.     

太湖流域管理体制机制评析

实施流域综合管理被认为是解决水问题的出路,《太湖流域管理条例》明确了太湖流域实行流域管理与行政区域管理相结合的管理体制。通过对我国有关流域管理法律法规体系框架、协调机制、流域和区域关系分析,对太湖流域管理体制的制订和实施作出了详细的评析,认为《太湖流域管理条例》所确定的太湖流域管理体制既体现了流域综合管理的理念,又符合我国的国情和太湖流域的实际情况。在这一体制框架下实现流域综合管理,需要正确认识和处理流域管理与行政区域管理的关系,建立常设的流域管理协调机构,制订和完善流域管理的专项协调机制。     

河湖清淤工程环境影响评价要点分析——以太湖输水主通道清淤工程为例

为深入了解河湖清淤工程对区域自然生态环境的影响,在对此类工程一般性环境影响特征分析识别的基础上,通过太湖输水主通道清淤工程这一典型案例,从工程分析、环境质量现状调查、环境影响预测方法、主评价结论5个方面对该工程环境影响评价工作点进行分析。结果表明,河湖清淤工程环境影响评价点与工程特征、环境特征密不可分,环境保护目标的分布及其敏感程度应当作为优先因素加以考虑,此外还应重点关注施工期间排泥场恶臭对大气环境影响、清淤活动对地表水环境及生态环境影响问题。     

Seasonal variations in phytoplankton populations in Ogelube Lake, a small natural West African Lake

Water samples were collected on a monthly basis at three locations along the north–south axis of the lake at 1 m depth intervals for 1 year. A sedimentation technique was used for microscopic examination of the samples. The monthly mean and seasonal phytoplankton densities were calculated. The original data were square‐root transformed, and analysis of variance performed with SPSS version 10.0. The significant treatment effects were determined using Fisher's least significance difference at the 5% probability level. The mean phytoplankton population per millilitre was very high for the entire sampling period. There was a phytoplankton bloom formation in the early rainy season, with the mean total phytoplankton population density for the rainy season (April–October) being significantly higher than that of for the dry season (November–March). A population increase was observed during the late part of the dry season to the early part of the rainy season. During the rainy season, Chlorophyceae (mostly desmids) were most abundant, followed by Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Xanthophyceae, in decreasing order of abundance. This order changed slightly in the dry season, when there was relative abundance of Bacillariophyceae over Cyanophyceae, and Dinophyceae over Euglenophyceae. The low population of Euglenophyceae indicates that the organic pollution is still low, with the predominance of desmids, indicating an oligotrophic lake condition.