基于扎根理论的重大工程组织公民行为模型

重大工程组织公民行为是参建方实施的、超出合同范围、但整体上有助于实现项目目标的积极行为。基于组织行为学的最新成果和 285 条重大工程参建团队行为事件,采用扎根理论的质性研究方法,对重大工程组织公民行为进行识别。结果表明,重大工程组织公民行为包括 7 个维度:协同互助、自觉尽责、首创性、维护关系和谐、奉献、项目服从与自我提升。相比文献中的 OCB,除了首创性之外,重大工程组织公民行为的其他 6 个维度均涌现出差异化特征     

Why Knowledge Megaprojects Will Fail to Transform Gulf Countries in Post-Carbon Economies: The Case of Qatar

ABSTRACT

In the last two decades, resource cities of the Arab Gulf Region have been known to urban scholars and the general public for their extravagant, large-scale urban developments. These so-called megaprojects have allowed Gulf governments to both brand their nations globally and compete regionally and internationally with other global economic centers. However, as oil-rich Gulf countries have attempted to diversify their revenue stream away from fossil fuels, a new urban typology has emerged in their capitals to facilitate the transition to the knowledge-intensive economy. In continuity with previous research on megaprojects in the Gulf and Asian countries, we have called this new typology Knowledge Megaprojects (KMs). In this paper, by using as a reference point for comparisons the existing literature on knowledge developments in the West, we set to exemplify KMs in the Gulf region by analyzing the case of Education City—a large knowledge campus being developed by the Qatari government in Doha. One main result of this study is that KMs replicate the same shortcomings of other more mundane, extravagant megaprojects and thus are unlikely to provide the right urban setting to foster a sustainable transition to the post-carbon economy in the Gulf.     

A wasting resource: public housing and drug use in inner‐city Melbourne

Public housing is one of few sources of low‐income rental housing in inner‐city Melbourne, Australia. Most of this housing is easily identifiable high‐rise estates. Some of these estates have become established centres of heroin dealing and drug use. This has had significant consequences: applicants reject offers of housing on the estates; tenants apply for transfers; and housing officers face workplace occupational health and safety issues. In sum, the presence of the drug trade is undermining the provision of affordable, well‐located public housing. This paper contributes to discussions that seek to restore the value of this common resource. It does so by drawing on qualitative interviews and focus groups conducted with heroin users who live in and/or use public housing. The experience of these individuals gives insight into the current relationship between the illicit drug trade and public housing, as well as some understanding of the resilience of the illicit drug trade. The paper looks at measures that have been implemented to address this problem, before questioning whether there is room for an innovative, regulatory response to illicit drug use.     

基于扎根理论和 ANP 的重大工程项目治理策略情境因素评价研究

重大工程项目治理策略的形成受多种情境因素相互影响,可采用扎根理论和网络分析法（ ANP）评估和识别对治理策略选择影响较大的情境因素。对我国港珠澳大桥工程、京沪高铁工程、三峡工程、青藏铁路工程等 8 个典型重大工程案例进行扎根理论分析,识别出行政属性、交易属性和关系属性等 3 个维度的 12 个情境因素。基于 10 位重大工程项目专家的调查数据,运用 ANP 法和 Super decision 软件对治理策略情境因素进行权重比较和排序。研究结果表明,产权结构、交易对象和公众利益等因素对重大工程项目治理策略形成影响较大。将行政属性因素和传统的交易、关系属性因素共同考虑,可为重大工程项目行政、契约和关系治理策略组合提供理论指导和参考。     

Planning transport infrastructure: examining the politics of transport planning in Melbourne,Sydney and Perth

Abstract

Australian cities have observed a “consensus turn” expressed as broad public support of greater accessibility and public transport provision as revealed in metropolitan strategic plans. In contrast large-scale road projects proposed to traverse the inner-city of three major Australian cities reveals an ongoing and deep-seated attachment by some to car-based travel in Australian urban transport planning. Comparative case studies of these three road projects in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth explores the impact that an antagonistic relationship between the state and community has on the culture of transport planning. Through observational insights, policy and media analysis and interviews with community groups, we show that this antagonistic planning culture arises when there is a fracture between metropolitan strategic plan-making and project planning, and when clear channels of communication and deliberation are undermined.     

The assessed value of cultural destinations in Toronto

Theory suggests many benefits to a city from cultural destinations (CDs). This study offers a framework for evaluating CDs through studying visitors to CDs and visitors to other, less cultural destinations, which we call retail destinations (RDs). As each destination represents differing positions along our “cultural continuum,” we examine how visitors perceive the destinations and report their behaviors in each. We selected three CDs and three RDs in Toronto, surveying 30 adults in each destination about their behavior and impressions. Our findings show significant differences between the respondents in the CDs and the RDs. Some findings resonate with existing theory, in that CD respondents were more likely to be highly educated and White, non-Hispanic. However, other findings suggest avenues for examination, in that CD respondents did not report greater wealth or spending than did the RDs but did mention socializing as the primary reason for visiting a CD more so than those visiting an RD. These findings suggest that by encouraging CDs, cities may improve the quality of life for residents and visitors. Thus, cities might do well to use their municipal policy and economic development tools to drive revenues to cultural destinations or to foster CD uses in retail destinations.     

从公共政策角度分析城市规划绩效

运用托马斯．R．戴伊《理解公共政策》中的思想观点,从公共政策的角度对城市规划的绩效问题进行思考,分析城市规划作用机制中的不利因素,以使合理的规划得以顺利实施。     

有关城市规划实施的基础研究

城市规划是市场有序运行的基本原则 ,规划实施是全社会的事业 ,因此 ,要保证规划的实施 ,规划就应当是城市政策的集中体现 ,并建立面向社会利益调配的规划制度 ,从引导和控制两个方面完善规划实施的手段     

Limitations of Technical Approaches to Transport Planning Practice in Two Cases: Social Issues as a Critical Component of Urban Projects

ABSTRACT

Technical transport models are commonly relied upon in planning practice for the development of urban rail infrastructure projects. By considering the assessment and management of social impacts in the planning and decision-making of two rail megaprojects (the North-South Metro line in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the Parramatta Rail Link in Sydney, Australia), we found that technical approaches continued to overlook social impacts, and had an overemphasis on economic and engineering considerations. We conclude that good practice Social Impact Assessment (SIA) offers opportunities to better consider social issues as a critical component of transport projects.     

The local governance of culture-led regeneration projects: a comparison between Montreal and Toronto

This article analyses culture-led regeneration processes in the context of two case studies. We analyse the roles of urban stakeholders and the adaptation of regeneration strategies in two different local planning cultures: Toronto and Montreal. The two regeneration projects analysed are the redevelopment of the Toronto Entertainment District and a real-estate project proposal within the ‘Quartier des Spectacles’ in Montreal. The analysis highlights the specific planning culture embedded in local governance, aligned with two distinct applications of the creative city concept.     

全球转型时期的城市对策

从对全球转型及中国经济发展的回顾开始,讨论中国城市转型期的对策问题,提出:城市发展观念的转变和调整,是城市转型成功的关键。发展观念的转变包括:第一,规划工作的基本目标应该是保持经济增长(效率)和充分就业(公平)的平衡,而不仅仅是通过规划来实现经济增长,所以在产业结构中,高就业率和高附加值的产业同样重要;第二,除了个别准全球城市外,中国大部分城市在相当时期内应该建立、保持多元化的经济基础,包括传统制造业、现代制造业、传统服务业、现代服务业即"四轮驱动"的经济结构,而不是盲目追求高科技产业和高端服务业;第三,应该实事求是地规划区域经济,因为地区的平衡发展有空间尺度的限制,大尺度范围地域发展的不平衡是绝对的,而平衡是相对的,不能盲目追求平均发展,平衡发展的是"人"而不是"地";第四,应该认识到转型的长期性,接受转型不得不支付的代价,关键是,要有应对转型的思想准备和机制准备。本文同时讨论了不同的城市发展战略和政策,并对这些政策的正反影响作了分析,希望能够从人文主义的基础出发,为规划理论中的城市经济发展问题提供一个粗浅的框架,也为下一阶段城市总体规划修编时对于城市发展政策方面提供借鉴。     

我国创意城市发展理念之反思

重点关注我国构建创意城市过程中片面的概念理解、空洞趋同的目标定位和单一的建设模式三方面的问题,在前人研究成果的基础上以城市创意氛围、创意特质为视角重新诠释创意城市的本质,并将其在创新活动的不同阶段——创意理念的产生直至形成一定规模的产业——渗入到城市的经济、社会和政策法规层面,以此指导创意城市的合理定位和多样化模式的建设,从而使其拥有更健康美好且可持续的发展前景。     

衡量世界大都市的生活质量——底特律经验

介绍一个关于生活质量(QualityOfLife)的研究项目。文章在列出这一项目的主要研究问题之后列出了若干指导这类研究的概念模型,并着重介绍该项目在美国底特律大都市区开展情况,讨论了在底特律以及世界若干参与这一项目的城市正在进行的研究活动。最后总结了生活质量研究对政策制定、学术研究和设计所带来的益处。     

城市更新背景下的创意社区规划:基于创意阶层和居民空间需求研究

创意产业的集聚可改变原有的城市空间和功能,引入就业岗位和服务设施,实现城市更新.创意产业园区的出现必然对周边住区产生多方面的影响,而周边住区同时影响着创意产业园区的发展.选取上海4个创意产业园区作为案例,通过问卷调查和访谈,分析创意阶层和周边居民在居住-工作、设施共享和活动参与三个维度的互动情况,明确促进两者联系互动的空间要素,探讨城市更新背景下创意社区规划的理念和原则.     

Dual Occupancy Households and their Neighbours in Melbourne

Dual occupancy provisions were introduced into the Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme as one of the means of implementing the metropolitan planning policy of urban consolidation, while at the same time providing greater choice in housing type and assisting in housing af fordability. This paper documents the characteristics of dual occupancy households and assesses the impact of dual occupancy development on neighbouring dwellings. It also discusses the research necessary for establishing the extent (if any) to which dual occupancy development is impacting on urban consolidation and housing affordability.     

全球化、城市化与巨型工程

在对巨型工程的概念和特征进行引介的基础上,划分了巨型工程的发展历程。巨型工程是全球化对城市和区域影响的一般过程的缩影也是城市化发展的助推器。南京河西新城和奥林匹克体育中心的建设较为典型地体现了全球化城市化和巨型工程三者间的内在关系。     

国家创新型城市发展中的规划作用——兼论深圳产业布局规划的思路演变与实施成效

从城市发展和产业发展两条主线阐述了深圳建设国家创新型城市历程的阶段性特点,期间城市政策与产业政策对深圳创新发展产生了重要影响。深圳三个产业布局规划案例的编制思路变化及其实施效果表明,有效的产业布局规划应研究产业的空间需求,并创造适应其发展的空间环境,而不要试图对各类产业空间进行直接安排。深圳最新的规划政策实践则说明政府的产业空间政策应以问题为导向,致力解决创新发展面临的现实困难。     

关于城市规划作为公共政策的若干思考

结合国内城市规划处于转型期的现状,针对城市规划的公共政策属性进行了探讨,分析了城市规划所代表的公共利益及其地位和作用,并阐述了城市规划作为公共政策的绩效,指出应及时建立约束机制,引入政策评估体系。     

Towards democratic planning? Negotiating change in St Kilda, Melbourne

Are planners 'dealmakers' caught up in selling urban areas to the highest bidder, or are they negotiators concerned to maintain democratic planning and social diversity in areas that are subject to gentrification? This paper explores this question through the example of two sites in St Kilda, Melbourne. The sites highlight planning strategies used at the local government level by planners who are attempting to negotiate change and to maintain the social and cultural diversity of the area. The first example illustrates the processes of 'democratic planning' where planners question what is 'legitimate' and draw on discourses of local need. The second example illustrates the problems of co-opting local culture within a process of democratic planning that is based on community consultation. Together, the examples illustrate the need for tighter local government policies, including stricter policies about the use of developer contributions, and a closer and more critical focus on the term 'community consultation', if democratic planning is to be achieved.     

浅探中国城市特色的丧失及重塑

针对当今城市建设的趋同现象,分析了中国城市特色丧失的表现特征,并对城市特色丧失的原因进行了阐述,最后对中国城市特色的重塑提出了一些建议,以建设出具有独特魅力的特色城市。