草被覆盖下坡面-沟坡系统坡面流阻力变化特征试验研究

本项研究旨在通过室内放水冲刷试验,揭示坡面—沟坡系统坡面不同草被覆盖面积比、不同空间配置、不同放水流量下坡面阻力的变化过程及特征。试验共涉及坡面—沟坡系统坡面5种草被覆盖面积比、3种空间配置和2种放水冲刷流量。结果表明：坡面—沟坡系统坡面流各段面平均曼宁糙率系数和平均阻力系数与放水流量关系密切,随流量的增大在有草被覆盖断面两系数呈减小趋势,在无草被覆盖断面呈增大趋势。有草覆盖面积大小对阻力影响较大,随面积比的增加阻力系数增大;坡面流阻力在整个坡面—沟坡系统中沿流程增加而下降。在有草覆盖条件下各断面径流平均曼宁糙率系数和平均阻力系数均呈增加趋势,无草坡面则变化不大。因此可得出结论认为草被覆盖和坡度对坡面流阻力大小起着决定性的影响。     

黄土地区流域产沙的数学模型

泥沙及污染物质在自然界搬运、输移,主要依靠运动水流冲刷、挟带来完成.在坡面上一场降雨以薄层漫流形式汇集到沟壑,其流量集中,单位水体侵蚀、挟沙能力迅速增大.本文为了描述象这样的黄土地区径流形成过程中两种不同形式,首先将流域分为面蚀区和重力侵蚀区,然后直接应用干旱地区流域水文模型计算的净雨过程覆盖在坡面面蚀区域上,建立了在坡面层状漫流过程中它所形成的泥沙层状剥蚀、推移质运动方程以及地表流汇集到沟壑河网后,穿过重力侵蚀区的沟蚀悬移质运动方程.本文在这里指出流域产沙主要是由这两种方式引起的. 最后结合岔巴沟流域产沙计算的例子,本文总结了流域下垫面因素对流域产沙量的影响.     

河段汇流及抵偿河长的计算与分析

地表径流的汇流包括坡面汇流及河网汇流两个阶段,总称为流域汇流。坡面汇流是分析净雨经过坡面调蓄如何进入河网的,实质上就是将净雨在时程上进行初次再分配后输送补给河网,它是流域中净雨汇集并注入河网的必然过程。河网汇流是经河网的调蓄作用,再次将净雨进行分配后到达流域出口断面的过程,它是水流运动在新条件下的继续,也是聚集坡面水流运动后所导致的必然结果。小流域坡面汇流对出口断面的径流过程起主导作用,故解决小流域汇流问题是以研究坡面汇流为基础的。坡面汇流引起的径流,在时程上的初次分配对出口断面的径流过程     

耕地曼宁糙率系数的推求

<正> 明渠和管道的糙率系数是很好推求的,但耕地和森林的糙率就不那么容易了。在耕地漫流情况下,曼宁糙率系数(n)是很重要的。因为它是好几种模型的主要输入参数,如运动波模型、无惯性模型和几个相似模型或流域水文学等。 曼宁糙率值一般是在实测径流过程线(或灌溉推进曲线)中选配无惯性模型或运动波模型中求得。然而,这种计算方法要求作繁杂的计算。     

基于互信息的SWMM模型参数全局敏感性分析

采用互信息方法对SWMM模型输入参数与输出结果之间的非线性关系进行了全局敏感性分析。以山东大学千佛山校区降雨径流模拟为例,采用拉丁超立方体抽样,研究了SWMM模型模型参数对输出结果的影响程度。结果表明:峰值流量最敏感的参数为透水区曼宁糙率系数;峰现时间最敏感的参数为管道曼宁糙率系数,其次为最小渗透率;总产流最敏感的参数为最小渗透率。     

水土流失、水土保持与河流形态的关系

本文建立了水土保持、水土流失与河流坡降的联系.指出:贴附坡面的植物群落不仅可防止径流汇集,从而防止冲刷,且可阻滞延缓径流汇集过程,为径流在坡面、流域人渗争得时间,增大河流枯季流量,从而改变河流形态.本文以国内外实际资料对以上     

红壤开挖面坡面径流特征研究

为了研究坡面径流特征,采用上方人工放水实验模拟坡面水流,研究不同放水流量强度、不同坡长及不同坡度条件下红壤坡面径流过程特征.结果表明:(1)不同放水流量强度条件下,坡面径流率随径流历时的变化总体上呈先逐渐增大,后趋于稳定的变化过程,且放水流量强度越小,坡面径流率的增长速度反而越大;(2)不同坡长条件下,坡面径流率随径流历时的变化过程总体上先逐渐增大,后趋于稳定,且随坡长的增大,坡面径流率越小;(3)不同坡度条件下,坡面径流率随径流历时大部分先逐渐增大,后趋于稳定,对于两个较陡坡(50°和65°)且放水流量较大的坡面,坡面径流率随历时先逐渐减小,后趋于稳定.     

边坡渗流与坡面径流联合求解三维有限元模型

强降雨特别是暴雨常常诱发边坡失稳。边坡渗流场的模拟是准确评价边坡稳定性的前提,然而强降雨条件下的渗流场与坡面径流相互影响,十分复杂。为准确模拟此时边坡水分的运移过程,建立边坡渗流与坡面径流联合求解三维有限元模型。模型采用Richards方程描述边坡饱和-非饱和渗流过程,采用运动波方程描述坡面径流过程;分别采用有限元和特征有限元建立渗流和径流控制方程的有限元格式;以边坡渗流场和坡面径流场之间的交换流量为联系(但不计算流量),将2组有限元方程相加而消去交换流量,从而构建边坡渗流与坡面径流联合求解模型;若坡面产流,则根据坡面径流场修正入渗边界流量。对简单边坡降雨入渗进行数值模拟,对比了该方法与Geo-Seep所得结果,表明当上段边坡渗透性相对下段边坡较小,且上段边坡产流而下段边坡未产流时,该方法所得的累积入渗量更加符合实际情况。     

基于规划求解法的渠道实测流量分析

目前,国内渠道多采用曼宁公式推求流量,其中糙率n取值对流量影响显著,在糙率率定过程中,实测流量误差是影响糟率的关键因素。本文采用规划求解的方法,以大凌河灌区渠道为例,剔除流量测验误差对糙率计算的影响,分析了渠道流态、糙率变化规律,并通过水位-流量关系线检验,证明了该方法的可行性。     

植被排列方式对坡面糙率系数的影响研究

为分析植被排列走向与水流方向的夹角对坡面地表水流阻力的影响,设计了3种植被排列走向与水流方向成不同夹角的底板、7种不同的坡面比降,通过试验研究不同植被分布对坡面流水流阻力的影响。结果表明:在非淹没状态下,在一定坡面比降范围内,同一平均水深下,随着水流方向与植被走向夹角减小,糙率系数增大;同一下垫面条件下,坡面水流流向不同则坡面地表糙率系数不同,植被走向与水流方向的夹角越小则糙率系数越大。     

Distributed hydrological models for addressing effects of spatial variability of roughness on overland flow

In this study, we investigated the origin of the overland flow roughness problem and divided the current overland flow roughness research into three types, as follows: the first type of research takes into account the effects of roughness on the volume and velocity of surface runoff, flood peaks, and the scouring capability of flows, but has not addressed the spatial variability of roughness in detail; the second type of research considers that surface roughness varies spatially with different land usage types, land-cover conditions, and different tillage forms, but lacks a quantitative study of the spatial variability; and the third type of research simply deals with the spatial variability of roughness in each grid cell or land type. We present three shortcomings of the current overland flow roughness research, including(1) the neglect of roughness in distributed hydrological models when simulating the overland flow direction and distribution,(2) the lack of consideration of spatial variability of roughness in hydrological models, and(3) the failure to distinguish the roughness formulas in different overland flow regimes. To solve these problems,distributed hydrological model research should focus on four aspects in regard to overland flow: velocity field observations, flow regime mechanisms, a basic roughness theory, and scale problems.     

A Distributed Kinematic Wave–Philip Infiltration Watershed Model Using FEM,GIS and Remotely Sensed Data

Distributed rainfall–runoff modeling is very important in the water resources planning of a watershed. In this study, a kinematic wave based distributed watershed model which simulates runoff on an event basis has been presented here. The finite element method (FEM) has been used to simulate the overland runoff and channel flow. Philip model has been used for the infiltration estimation. To find out runoff at the outlet of the watershed, both overland flow and channel flow models are coupled. The coupled model has been applied to a typical Indian watershed. Remotely sensed data has been used to obtain the land use (LU)/land cover (LC) for the watershed. Slope map of the watershed has been obtained using geographical information systems (GIS). The grid map of the watershed which contains overland flow elements connecting to channel flow elements has been prepared in GIS. The elemental input files such as slope and Manning’s roughness are prepared using the GIS and are directly used in the model. The model has been calibrated using some of the rainfall events and validated for some other events. The model results are compared with the observed data and found to be satisfactory. A sensitivity study of the infiltration parameters, overland and channel flow Manning’s roughness and time step has also been carried out. The developed model is useful for the simulation of event based rainfall–runoff for small watersheds.     

坡面汇流的试验研究

本文根据大量的室内模拟降雨汇流试验，分析了降雨强度、雨型、坡面形状、坡度及粗糙度等因素对坡面汇流的影响。着重探讨了雨强与洪峰流量及汇流时间的关系、雨型对洪峰流量的影响规律等问题，对坡面汇流的理论研究及小流域的径流计算都具有现实的意义。     

坡面径流阻力计算模式对比研究

坡面流是污染物迁移、土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移的主要动力因素,阻力系数是影响坡面流模拟的重要参数。为比较三种阻力计算模式(阻力系数为常数、以淹没度为变量的Lawrence模型和阻力分割模型)在裸坡、砾石覆盖坡面、植被覆盖坡面三种常见坡面上的适用程度,本文建立了坡面降雨径流模型,对不同类型坡面的产流进行了模拟。坡面径流模型采用扩散波模型,坡面降雨入渗模型采用考虑坡度影响的Green-Ampt模型,当存在植被时,考虑冠层降雨截留损失。结果表明:在裸坡上,三种阻力计算模式均适用;而在有砾石覆盖和植被覆盖的坡面上,考虑阻力系数时空变化的阻力分割模型模拟精度最高。阻力系数对坡面径流流量的影响在坡面汇流的涨水与退水阶段较大,而在稳定阶段很小。对有植被覆盖坡面,降雨强度存在阈值,大于阈值时,不同阻力模式对坡面流模拟结果影响甚微;反之,需选择合适的阻力计算模式,且坡长越长,坡度越缓,降雨强度阈值越大。     

An Approximately Semi-Analytical Model for Describing Surface Runoff of Rainwater Over Sloped Land

Accurate prediction of surface runoff is critical to watershed management. In this research a semi-analytical model was adopted to solve the kinematic wave equation based on the assumption that the rate of overland-flow depth change is proportional to the rainfall excess. Simulations were compared with the results from laboratory experiments at various rain intensities. Parameters of infiltration rate and Manning’s roughness coefficient were determined. The accuracy of the semi-analytical model was evaluated by numerical simulations. The predicted outflow rates from the numerical simulations agreed well with the observed data. Further, our study indicated that the ratio (c) of the overland-flow depth change to the rainfall excess was a power function of the rain intensity. The depth and velocity of water flow at any time and distance could be calculated with the semi-analytical model. Hydraulic parameters including Reynolds number, Froude number, hydraulic shear stress, stream power and Darcy-Weisbach friction factor characterizing the dynamic features of overland flow of rainwater were calculated based on calculated overland-flow depth and velocity. The proposed analytical method can provide a new way to predict infiltration and runoff over sloped land.     

小流域产流产沙动力学模型

按自然水系划分单元,每一单元又被概化为“一本打开的书”概化后的单元又区分为几个微地貌区。各单元水沙过程演算至流域出口迭加得流域产流产沙过程。此法一方面解决了降雨,侵蚀和下垫面的不均匀性,另一方面又解决了水沙的演算问题。坡面和沟道水流用运动波方程描述并用四点隐式差分格式求其数值解。根据水流作功和能量平衡原理推导出各微地貌区上的土侵蚀量计算公式,建立起具有物理过程基础的小流域产流产沙模型。     

Coastal Urban Flood Simulation Using FEM,GIS and Remote Sensing

In this paper, a rainfall runoff model for coastal urban watershed considering the effects of tidal variations using Finite Element Method (FEM) is presented. Overland flow is modeled using the mass balance equation considering the impervious character of the urban watershed. Storm water flow through the channel is modeled using the diffusion wave form of the Saint Venant’s equations and considering the tidal variations. Galerkin’s FEM is used in the approximation of the governing equations. One dimensional linear line elements are used in the channel discretization. Further the mass balance based overland flow model and diffusion wave based channel flow model have been integrated for prediction of flood. Slope values for the overland flow are determined using the Geographical Information System (GIS) from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the area. The landuse is determined using the remote sensing data. Remote sensing data is analyzed using the ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS and the Manning’s roughness is calculated for each subdivision of subcatchment. The developed models have been verified with the models available in literature and are found to be satisfactory. Further, the integrated model has been applied to the runoff simulation of a coastal urban watershed in Navi Mumbai, in Maharashtra state of India to analyze the flooding in monsoon season along with the tidal influences. The model could satisfactorily predict the runoff due to monsoon rains coupled with the tidal variations. The developed model will be useful in the urban coastal flood analysis due to heavy rainfall and tidal effects.     

Calculation of watershed flow concentration based on the grid drop concept

The grid drop concept is introduced and used to develop a micromechanism-based methodology for calculating watershed flow concentration. The flow path and distance traveled by a grid drop to the outlet of the watershed are obtained using a digital elevation model （DEM）. Regarding the slope as an uneven carpet through which the grid drop passes, a formula for overland flow velocity differing from Manning＇s formula for stream flow as welt as Darcy＇s formula for pore flow is proposed. Compared with the commonly used unit hydrograph and isochronal methods, this new methodology has outstanding advantages in that it considers the influences of the slope velocity field and the heterogeneity of spatial distribution of rainfall on the flow concentration process, and includes only one parameter that needs to be calibrated. This method can also be effectively applied to the prediction of hydrologic processes in un-gauged basins.     

Longitudinal variations of hydraulic characteristics of overland flow with different roughness简

The evolution of the overland flow velocity along the distance downslope on smooth and granular beds in different cases is investigated by means of the electrolyte tracer via flume experiments.The results demonstrate that a non-uniform flow regime and a uniform flow regime exist in the development process of the overland flow.Owing to the different attributes of beds’roughness,the position of those zones with different flow regimes varies correspondingly:(1)the overland flow on granular beds enters into the uniform regime much sooner,additionally,the roll waves tend to appear because of the presence of the proper flow resistance imparted by the roughness(coarse sands),and large slopes(20o and 25o)which makes the flow velocities and depths to undulate spatially.Furthermore,the flow resistance of the overland flows with different roughness elements,that is the non-sands,the fine sands and the coarse sands,is calculated.A quadratic interpolation method of the third order accuracy is employed in the calculation of the longitudinal flow resistance.The results show that it is rational to use the bed slope to approximate the hydraulic energy slope over a relative small roughness(the present roughness),however on the other hand,if the mean flow velocities and depths rather than the local parameters are used to calculate the flow resistance,a considerable error will be induced within the non-uniform regime of the overland flows,including the acceleration zone and the roll-wave zone.