Growth induction of rat primary hepatocytes using antisense oligonucleotides

We examined growth control of adult and fetal hepatocytes by regulating the expression of cell-cycle-related proteins using antisense S-oligonucleotides to tumor suppressors retinoblastoma (RB) protein and p53, and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27. The protein expression in both adult and fetal hepatocytes was significantly suppressed with the addition of corresponding antisense oligonucleotides at a concentration of 2.5 microM. For the evaluation of growth, 3H-thymidine incorporation and DNA content were measured and the results demonstrated that all the antisense oligonucleotides had growth-promoting effects and the promoting potential was equivalent or slightly greater than that with the addition of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (10 ng/ml). The growth-promoting effect of the antisense oligonucleotides was enhanced by HGF in both adult and fetal hepatocyte cultures, and the effects on hepatocyte growth were also observed in a suspension culture.     

Determination of potent odorants in apple by headspace gas dilution analysis

Gas chromatography-olfactometry with headspace gas dilution analysis was used to evaluate the odor potencies of volatile compounds in Fuji apple. To improve the resolution of volatile compounds, the dilution analysis was conducted on two types of capillary columns with different polarities. Thirty three and 20 compounds were identified on DB-WAX and DB-5 columns, respectively. Methyl 2-methylbutanoate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, isopentyl formate, butyl acetate and hexyl acetate as well as hexanal were important odor contributors in the headspace gas of apple on the basis of high Flavor Dilution (FD) factors. Threshold values-in-air of these compounds were also estimated from the relationships between their FD factors and concentrations. Methyl 2-methylbutanoate and ethyl 2-methylbutanote were considered as the most potent odorants because of their lowest threshold values. In addition, the threshold values-in-air of isopentyl formate, isopentyl acetate and butyl isobutanoate, which have never been reported, were estimated at 0.149, 1.95 and 0.00607 μl/l, respectively.     

Determination of bioaccessibility of beta-carotene in vegetables by in vitro methods

The in vitro method in use for the determination of beta-carotene bioaccessibility involves simulated gastrointestinal digestion followed by ultracentrifugation to separate the micellar fraction containing bioaccessible beta-carotene and its quantitation. In this study, the suitability of two alternatives viz., membrane filtration and equilibrium dialysis were examined to separate the micellar fraction. Values of beta-carotene bioaccessibility obtained with the membrane filtration method were similar to those obtained by the ultracentrifugation method. Equilibrium dialysis was found not suitable for this purpose. Among the vegetables analyzed, fenugreek leaves had the highest content of beta-carotene (9.15 mg/100 g), followed by amaranth (8.17 mg/100 g), carrot (8.14 mg/100 g) and pumpkin (1.90 mg/100 g). Percent bioaccessibility of beta-carotene ranged from 6.7 in fenugreek leaves to 20.3 in carrot. Heat treatment of these vegetables by pressure cooking and stir-frying had a beneficial influence on the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from these vegetables. The increase in the percent bioaccessibility of beta-carotene as a result of pressure-cooking was 100, 48 and 19% for fenugreek leaves, amaranth and carrot, respectively. Stir-frying in presence of a small quantity of oil led to an enormous increase in the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from these vegetables, the increase being 263% (fenugreek leaves), 192% (amaranth leaves), 63% (carrot) and 53% (pumpkin).     

Determination of in vitro isoflavone degradation in rumen fluid

The aim of this study was to determine the degradation of dietary isoflavones in rumen fluid under 2 feeding regimens. The experiments were performed in vitro using a rumen fluid buffer system. The rumen fluid was taken from cows fed either a hay diet or a concentrate-rich diet (the diet consisted of 34.6% maize silage, 17.6% haylage, 12.8% alfalfa hay, and 35.0% supplemental mixture on a dry matter basis). As a source of isoflavones, 40% soybean extract (Biomedica, Prague, Czech Republic) at levels of 5, 25, 50, and 75 mg per 40 mL of rumen fluid was used. Samples of soybean extract were incubated in triplicate at 39°C for 0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 h in incubation solution. The metabolism of daidzein and genistein was faster under concentrate-rich diet conditions. In general, production of equol started after 3 to 6 h of incubation and reached the highest rate after approximately 12 h of incubation regardless of the type of diet or concentration of extract. In most of the experiments, production of equol continued after 24 h of incubation. Generally, equol production was greater under the hay diet conditions. Furthermore, experiments with higher amounts of added soybean extract revealed possible inhibitory effects of high levels of isoflavones on the rumen microflora.     

Determination of fat and water content in vitro and in vivo by proton nuclear magnetic resonance

Proton NMR spectroscopy was performed on a series of pork samples containing varying proportions of fat and muscle and on a series of control and obese mice. Initial measurements were made using a 0.5 T (21 MHz) whole body imaging system and the results were expressed as the ratio of water and lipid hydrogen peak areas. With pork samples the NMR results correlated well with per cent water or lipid in the tissue (r = 0.99 for 20- and 50-g samples). For the mice the correlation between per cent water or lipid in the body and the NMR measurement was 0.92. Subsequent measurements were made using a 4.7 T (200 MHz) imaging/spectrometer from which separate integral values were obtained for the water and lipid hydrogen peaks. The separation of the water and lipid peaks was 3.5 ppm. For pork samples measured with the 4.7 T system the correlation between the peak area and the amount of water or lipid in the sample was 0.997 with the standard error of the estimate being ±0.72 g for water and ±1.00g for lipid. NMR imaging was used to determine the relative amount of fat and muscle in a cross-section of a control and an obese rat.     

Determination of daily dietary intake of chromium by duplicate diet sampling: in vitro availability study

Intake of chromium was estimated using a duplicate diet sampling method of 108 meals (36 breakfasts, 36 lunches and 36 dinners) from the restaurant of the Hospital of Motril (S.E. Spain), corresponding to 36 consecutive days. Total and dialyzable Cr levels were measured by a validated electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method. A mean Cr fraction of 26 +/- 12 microg meal (-1) was found. The Cr uptake from meals was directly and significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with their macronutrient (carbohydrates, fibre and protein) content. Cereals and cereal by-products, legumes, dry fruits, meat, potatoes, dairy products and seafood are the primary sources of Cr. The mean Cr fraction dialyzed through dialysis tubing was 1.2 +/- 1.1 microg meal(-1) (4.6 +/- 3.8% as mean Cr dialysability). Cr intake for breakfasts was significantly lower (p < 0.001). A correlation between the logarithmic data of total and dialyzable fraction of Cr in meals (p = 0.020) was found and dialysis ratio enhancement and, therefore, bioavailability increased with total Cr. The dialysed element content present in meals was significantly correlated with fibre, protein, Fe, Na, I, F, sodium, ascorbic acid and vitamin A levels (p < 0.05). At Fe contents in meals higher than congruent with7.5 mg meal(-1) the net absorption of Cr decreased significantly. The mean Cr daily dietary intake (DDI) was 77 +/- 17 microg day (-1) which indicates that no adverse effects in relation to Cr nutrition (deficiency or toxicity) should occur in individuals from the area.     

Betaine addition as a potent ruminal fermentation modulator under hyperthermal and hyperosmotic conditions in vitro

The cover image is based on the Research Article Betaine addition as a potent ruminal fermentation modulator under hyperthermal and hyperosmotic conditions in vitro by Mubarik Mahmood et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10255 .

     

基于体外模拟消化/Caco-2细胞模型测定大米中铅的生物有效性

为考察铅污染大米对人体的潜在健康风险,研究建立体外模拟消化/Caco-2细胞模型来测定大米中铅的生物有效性。结果表明：在模拟大米中铅的胃肠消化过程中,生米和熟米在胃消化阶段铅的生物利用率为61.34%～70.59%和39.69%～47.48%,肠消化阶段分别为24.39%～41.79%和13.57%～15.13%,经胃肠消化后籼米中铅的生物利用率均高于粳米,生米经胃、肠消化生物有效性程度均高于蒸煮后的大米。建立并利用成熟Caco-2细胞模型对大米中铅的生物有效性进行测定,使用四乙基铅与无机铅对大米加标,生米的生物有效性为3.32%和7.0%,熟米的生物有效性为2.65%和5.7%。体外模拟消化/Caco-2细胞模型是一种评价大米中铅生物有效性的有效手段。     

Extracts of common pulses demonstrate potent in vitro anti‐adipogenic properties

Pulses are an important food source in many countries and also widely used as feed for livestock. Discovery of novel health benefits in pulses may contribute to improved diet and potential added value to crops. In this study, we examined the ability of extracts from faba bean, field pea and chickpea to inhibit the formation of fat droplets in an in vitro cell culture system that mimics the process of fat cell formation or adipogenesis. Both seed and hull extracts of all three pulses showed an inhibition of adipogenesis and the hull fraction and also contained higher levels of polyphenols compared with the seed extracts. At the molecular level, adipogenic inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene expression. Furthermore, the field pea pulse extract was shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity at a similar level to the drug ‘orlistat’, which is commonly used to treat obesity.     

Determination of daily dietary intake of chromium by duplicate diet sampling: in vitro availability study.

Intake of chromium was estimated using a duplicate diet sampling method of 108 meals (36 breakfasts, 36 lunches and 36 dinners) from the restaurant of the Hospital of Motril (S.E. Spain), corresponding to 36 consecutive days. Total and dialyzable Cr levels were measured by a validated electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method. A mean Cr fraction of 26 +/- 12 microg meal (-1) was found. The Cr uptake from meals was directly and significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with their macronutrient (carbohydrates, fibre and protein) content. Cereals and cereal by-products, legumes, dry fruits, meat, potatoes, dairy products and seafood are the primary sources of Cr. The mean Cr fraction dialyzed through dialysis tubing was 1.2 +/- 1.1 microg meal(-1) (4.6 +/- 3.8% as mean Cr dialysability). Cr intake for breakfasts was significantly lower (p < 0.001). A correlation between the logarithmic data of total and dialyzable fraction of Cr in meals (p = 0.020) was found and dialysis ratio enhancement and, therefore, bioavailability increased with total Cr. The dialysed element content present in meals was significantly correlated with fibre, protein, Fe, Na, I, F, sodium, ascorbic acid and vitamin A levels (p < 0.05). At Fe contents in meals higher than congruent with7.5 mg meal(-1) the net absorption of Cr decreased significantly. The mean Cr daily dietary intake (DDI) was 77 +/- 17 microg day (-1) which indicates that no adverse effects in relation to Cr nutrition (deficiency or toxicity) should occur in individuals from the area.     

原产地域产品受法规保护

很多消费者有这样的经历：在市场上认准“绍兴酒”、“龙井茶”，买回后却发现并非产自浙江绍兴和杭州，口味与正宗货也相差甚远。原因就是这些标明“绍兴酒”、“龙井茶”的产品，在用料和加工工艺等方面与正宗货都有很大的区别不过这样的状况将会有所改观。继1999年8月17日国家质量技术监督局制定发布了《原产地域产品保护规定》后，     

中国酿酒工业协会关于向周恒刚同志颁发白酒行业卓越贡献奖的决定

周恒刚同志是我国白酒行业的著名专家，业界泰斗。周恒刚同志既是我国白酒行业的知名学者，又是理论与实践相结合的开拓者，在白酒行业中享有极高的威望。周恒刚同志参加工作以来为我国酿酒工业辛勤耕耘，深入白酒企业第一线，解决了白酒企业中无数     

藜麦提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

以产自山西的藜麦为研究对象,以对DPPH·和ABTS+·的清除能力、铁还原力等为指标,评价了其提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,藜麦提取物对DPPH·和ABTS+·均有较强的清除能力,其IC₅₀分别为（43.13±2.41）mg/m L和（27.91±1.46）mg/m L;FRAP法测得藜麦抗氧化能力为（1.90±0.10）mg Fe SO₄/g;此外,藜麦提取物能够有效抑制自由基引发的亚油酸过氧化和牛血清白蛋白氧化降解。藜麦提取物具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,为其体内抗氧化活性的研究奠定了基础。      

藜麦提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

以产自山西的藜麦为研究对象,以对DPPH·和ABTS+·的清除能力、铁还原力等为指标,评价了其提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,藜麦提取物对DPPH·和ABTS+·均有较强的清除能力,其IC_(50)分别为(43.13±2.41)mg/m L和(27.91±1.46)mg/m L;FRAP法测得藜麦抗氧化能力为(1.90±0.10)mg Fe SO_4/g;此外,藜麦提取物能够有效抑制自由基引发的亚油酸过氧化和牛血清白蛋白氧化降解。藜麦提取物具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,为其体内抗氧化活性的研究奠定了基础。     

Determination of daily dietary intake of chromium by duplicate diet sampling: In vitro availability study

Intake of chromium was estimated using a duplicate diet sampling method of 108 meals (36 breakfasts, 36 lunches and 36 dinners) from the restaurant of the Hospital of Motril (S.E. Spain), corresponding to 36 consecutive days. Total and dialyzable Cr levels were measured by a validated electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) method. A mean Cr fraction of 26 ± 12 µg meal^?1was found. The Cr uptake from meals was directly and significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with their macronutrient (carbohydrates, fibre and protein) content. Cereals and cereal by-products, legumes, dry fruits, meat, potatoes, dairy products and seafood are the primary sources of Cr. The mean Cr fraction dialyzed through dialysis tubing was 1.2 ± 1.1 µg meal^–1(4.6 ± 3.8% as mean Cr dialysability). Cr intake for breakfasts was significantly lower (p < 0.001). A correlation between the logarithmic data of total and dialyzable fraction of Cr in meals (p = 0.020) was found and dialysis ratio enhancement and, therefore, bioavailability increased with total Cr. The dialysed element content present in meals was significantly correlated with fibre, protein, Fe, Na, I, F, sodium, ascorbic acid and vitamin A levels (p < 0.05). At Fe contents in meals higher than ?7.5 mg meal^?1, the net absorption of Cr decreased significantly. The mean Cr daily dietary intake (DDI) was 77 ± 17 µg day^?1, which indicates that no adverse effects in relation to Cr nutrition (deficiency or toxicity) should occur in individuals from the area.     

Determination of antioxidative potential of lichen Usnea ghattensis in vitro

The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activities of extract of Usnea ghattensis. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (2-20 mg/ml) added to the linoleic acid emulsion. Lipid peroxidation upto 73.3% was inhibited by the extract of 20 mg/ml and 39.2% by α-tocopherol at the same concentration. These effects were statistically significant (r²=0.876,P<0.01) when compared with control. However, the extract had no significant effect on superoxide anion scavenging by the PMS/NADH-NBT method. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power and free radical scavenging activity of extract depends on concentration and increasing with increased amount of sample. The reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity of U. ghattensis extract were found greater than the BHA and BHT. The results obtained in the present study indicate that U. ghattensis is a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

Evaluation of potent odorants in roasted beef by aroma extract dilution analysis

Summary Aroma extract dilution analysis of the volatile fraction isolated from roasted beef resulted in 25 odour compounds of which 22 were identified. 2-Acetyl-2-thiazoline, furaneol, guaiacol, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine were detected as the character impact compounds for the roasty, caramel-like, burnt and earthy odour notes. (E)-2-Nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and -octalactone originated, at least in part, from the fat used for the roasting the meat.

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Ermittlung intensiver Geruchsstoffe in gebratenem Rindfleisch durch Aromaextrakt-Verdünnungsanalyse

Zusammenfassung Die Aromaextrakt-Verdünnungsanalyse von gekochtem Rindfleisch ergab 25 Geruchsstoffe, von denen 22 identifiziert wurden. Die röstigen, caramelartigen, brenzlig und erdigen Geruchsnoten im Aroma wurden vom 2-Acetyl-2-thiazolin, Furaneol, Guajacol, 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazin und 2,3-Diethyl-5-methylpyrazin verursacht. (E)-2-Nonenal, (E,E)-2,4-Decadienal und -Octalacton stammten zumindest zum Teil vom zum Braten verwendeten Fett.