Signal-integrity improvement method and its robustness evaluation for VLSI and VLSI-packaging

Nowadays, a GHz frequency signal needs to be propagated on a printed circuit board (PCB) with low distortions. In addition, a higher-frequency signal of 10 GHz or more will also need to be propagated with low distortion in very-large-scale integration (VLSI) in the future. However, signal propagation with low distortion is getting more and more difficult as the frequency increases. In order to solve this problem and to ensure signal integrity, we have proposed a novel transmission line called a “segmental transmission line” (STL). In the STL, a transmission line is divided into multiple segments of individual characteristic impedance. The multiple segments are designed to fix the waveform distortion on the transmission line by solving a combinatorial explosion problem using a genetic algorithm. In a previous article, we have shown the effectiveness of an STL designed for a GHz clock signal in computer simulations. We have also fabricated two scaled-up STL prototypes for a clock signal using real printed circuit boards (PCBs). In this article, we input a random signal by changing its frequency to the scaled-up STL prototype designed for a 150-MHz clock signal. We show that the STL has high robustness to the random signals and the frequency fluctuations, which indicates the generality of the STL technique.     

Digital-signal-waveform improvement on VLSI packaging including inductances

As the digital signal frequency in printed circuit boards (PCBs) increases, waveform distortion, or the signal integrity (SI) problem, is getting more and more serious. The reason the SI problem is becoming serious is that wires or traces need to be regarded as transmission lines which are sensitive to electric noise. In order to overcome this problem, we have proposed a novel methodology called a segmental transmission line (STL), and have shown its effectiveness using computer simulations and fundamental prototypes. However, in the STL design, the combinatorial explosion problem occurs. To solve this problem, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to design the STL. In this article, we apply the STL to a bus system that includes inductances, which come from the very-large-scale integration (VLSI) packaging. We evaluated the STL in simulation experiments as well as actual experiments using prototypes, and obtained a maximum improvement ratio of 1.53 in the actual experiment.     

STL and extensions

Three approaches to improve the free form fabrication process are discussed: (i) the use of approximation control parameters (ii) the development and use of standard transform language (STL) extensions and (iii) methods to handle exact geometrical models at the rapid prototyping (RP) level. The first two of these are concerned with improving the quality of the data exchanged, the third with improving the quality of the process itself. It is shown that the use of various STL approximation control parameters can improve the quality but does not always result in a good approximation. To improve this situation we propose two versions of an extended STL format with the following advantages: (i) smaller final models are obtained that allow faster geometry processing, (ii) the reconstruction of exact object geometry is possible which permits avoidance of volume distortion for consistent control of slice and layer approximations and (iii) a mechanism is provided that allows attachment of manufacturing information. We describe in pseudo-code and develop an ACIS implementation for the writing of the extended STL format, for the reconstruction of a solid from the extended STL file and for the consistent facetting of an exact model. Slice timing results show significant time reductions for the exact and consistent facetted models over the STL-based facetted models. The main conclusion, though, is that STL should be replaced with a STEP-based data exchange standard.     

Approximation Algorithms for Minimizing Average Distortion

This paper considers embeddings f of arbitrary finite metrics into the line metric ℜ so that none of the distances is shrunk by the embedding f; the quantity of interest is the factor by which the average distance in the metric is stretched. We call this quantity the average distortion of the non-contracting map f. We prove that finding the best embedding of even a tree metric into a line metric to minimize the average distortion is NP-hard, and hence focus on approximating the average distortion of the best possible embedding for the given input metric. We give a constant-factor approximation for the problem of embedding general metrics into the line metric. For the case of n-point tree metrics, we provide a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme which outputs an embedding with distortion at most (1 + ε) times the optimum in time n^{O(log n/ε^2)}. Finally, when the average distortion is measured only over the endpoints of the edges of an input tree metric, we show how to exploit the structure of tree metrics to give an exact solution in polynomial time.     

Trade-Offs in Bit-Rate Allocation for Wireless Video Streaming

One of the central problems in wireless video transmission is the choice of source and channel coding rates to allocate the available transmission rate optimally. In this paper, we present a structural distortion model for video streaming over time-varying fading channels. Based on the model, we study the end-to-end distortion for various bit-rate allocation strategies and channel conditions. We show that the robustness to channel variations is crucial for the streaming performance when frequent bit-rate adaptations are not feasible. It is achieved at the expense of higher source distortion in the encoder. Our findings are illustrated on a practical problem of distortion-optimal selection of transport formats in an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme used in HSDPA.     

A grid generator for 3-D explosion simulations using the staircase boundary approach in Cartesian coordinates based on STL models

In this paper, an automatic grid generator based on STL models is proposed. The staircase boundary treatment is implemented to handle irregular geometries and the computation domain is discretized using a regular Cartesian grid. Using the grid generator, staircase grids that are suitable for fast and accurate finite difference analysis could be generated. Employing the slicing algorithm in RP technologies [1], the STL models are sliced with a set of parallel planes to generate 2D slices after the STL files obtained from a CAD system undergo topology reconstruction. To decrease the staircase error (increase accuracy) and enhance working efficiency, the cross-section at the middle of the layer is taken to represent the cross-section of whole layer. The scan line filling technique of computer graphics [2] is used to achieve grid generation after slicing. Finally, we demonstrate an application of the introduced method to generate staircase grids, which allows successful FDM simulation in the field of explosion. The example shows that the automatic grid generator based on STL models is fast and gives simulation results that are in agreement with practical observations.     

Low-Delay Low-Complexity Bandwidth-Constrained Wireless Video Transmission Using SVC Over MIMO Systems

We propose an efficient strategy for the transmission of scalable video over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems. In this paper, we use the latest scalable H.264 codec (SVC), which provides combined temporal, quality and spatial scalability. At the transmitter, we estimate the decoded video distortion for given channel conditions taking into account the effects of quantization, packet loss and error concealment. The proposed scalable decoder distortion algorithm offers low delay and low complexity. The performance of this method is validated using experimental results. In our proposed system, we use a MIMO system with orthogonal space-time block codes (O-STBC) that provides spatial diversity and guarantees independent transmission of different symbols within the block code. The bandwidth constrained allocation problem considered here is simplified and solved for one O-STBC symbol at a time. Furthermore, we take the advantage of the hierarchical structure of SVC to attain the optimal solution for each group of pictures (GOP) of the video sequence. We incorporate the estimated decoder distortion to optimally select the application layer parameter, i.e., quantization parameter (QP), and physical layer parameters, i.e., channel coding rate and modulation type for wireless video transmission.      

面向巡线无人机高压线实时检测与识别算法

以巡线无人机巡航中识别高压输电线为背景,提出一种准确、实时的高压输电线检测与识别算法.首先,针对高压输电线成像是线状结构和低灰度值的特征而且其空间分布近似水平,提出一种基于方向约束的多尺度线状目标强化算法.此方法把近似水平方向的高压输电线目标强化出来的同时,能够很好地抑制竖直方向线状干扰物体和非线状背景及噪声.然后,对强化后的结果进行基于角度约束的Radon变换.由于高压输电线邻近区域的灰度分布近似,在Radon变换中引入用于识别高压输电线的识别因子,以获得高压输电线的识别结果,并抑制近似水平的干扰物体.实际的飞行试验结果表明,该算法对高压输电线识别具有很好的抗噪性、抗干扰性和实时性.     

Program design of STL machine graphics realistic system

This topic is based on Auto CAD graphic input environment.It takes the STL format graphic files as the data exchange interface to do the research of STL interactive 3D realistic graphics displaying content.Through the analysis of the STL file format,in VC++6.0 programming environment,class if stream in the standard IO library was used for object class definition.And get line functions in the string class were called to read and bind STL file line by line.In data processing module,draw triangles in Open GL programming technology was applied to realize the visual display of the STL graphics,with the corresponding 3D entity data generated.Open GL graphics processing technologies were applied to display 3D graphics from STL files input or realistic program module,which contain the graphic transformation,light,materials,et al.Test reports were shared based on the test of the application system.Finally the program design of STL graphics realistic display system was completed based on research work,which has certain theoretical and practical significance in the aspect of engineering application.     

面向无线网络的可伸缩视频编码传输策略*

针对现有面向无线网络的可伸缩视频编码(Scalable Video Coding, SVC)传输策略未能充分考虑失真和能耗的问题,提出了一种基于失真和节点能耗最小化的SVC传输策略。该策略在分析SVC的编码失真、传输过程中的丢包失真的基础上,计算了接收端的视频失真总和;通过计算SVC传输系统的功率,对无线网络中的节点能耗进行了分析。然后综合考虑了能耗、传输时间及质量要求,将SVC的传输策略转化为一个优化问题,进而得到最优的SVC编码参数,在获得较优视频质量的前提下实现了SVC的可靠传输。仿真实验结果表明,与目前典型的SVC传输策略相比,该策略不但有效降低了SVC传输过程中的平均失真,而且在相同的能量消耗水平下,获得了更好的视频质量。     

有界波模拟器波形仿真与实验研究

以传输线型有界波电磁脉冲模拟器为研究对象,分析脉冲波形畸变因素,分别对电磁脉冲模拟器及其等效电路进行了建模仿真分析,并使用瞬态电磁脉冲测量系统测试实验区域电场波形.实验与仿真结果表明:仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了仿真模型的正确性与有效性.分布电感Ls对脉冲波形的畸变影响很小,而对地电容值Cz的变化对脉冲波形的畸变影响很大,传输线特征阻抗与终端阻抗匹配情况直接影响着脉冲波形的畸变,匹配越差,脉冲畸变越大.模拟器外围金属板处于其侧面时,对波形畸变影响较大,金属板距离模拟器越远影响越小,金属板面积越大影响越大.仿真分析的结果可以为有界波模拟系统的优化设计提供依据.     

Distortion lower bounds for line embeddings

In this paper, we show how we can derive lower bounds and also compute the exact distortion for the line embeddings of some special metrics, especially trees and graphs with certain structure. Using linear programming to formulate a simpler version of the problem gives an interesting intuition and direction concerning the computation of general lower bounds for distortion into the line. We also show that our lower bounds on special cases of metrics are a lot better than previous lower bounds.     

Computing minimum distortion embeddings into a path for bipartite permutation graphs and threshold graphs

The problem of computing minimum distortion embeddings of a given graph into a line (path) was introduced in 2004 and has quickly attracted significant attention with subsequent results appearing at recent stoc and soda conferences. So far, all such results concern approximation algorithms or exponential-time exact algorithms. We give the first polynomial-time algorithms for computing minimum distortion embeddings of graphs into a path when the input graphs belong to specific graph classes. In particular, we solve this problem in polynomial time for bipartite permutation graphs and threshold graphs. For both graph classes, the distortion can be arbitrarily large. The graphs that we consider are unweighted.     

Fine-Granularity Transmission Distortion Modeling for Video Packet Scheduling Over Mesh Networks

Packet scheduling is a critical component in multi-session video streaming over mesh networks. Different video packets have different levels of contribution to the overall video presentation quality at the receiver side. In this work, we develop a fine-granularity transmission distortion model for the encoder to predict the quality degradation of decoded videos caused by lost video packets. Based on this packet-level transmission distortion model, we propose a content-and-deadline-aware scheduling (CDAS) scheme for multi-session video streaming over multi-hop mesh networks, where content priority, queuing delays, and dynamic network transmission conditions are jointly considered for each video packet. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed transmission distortion model and the CDAS scheme significantly improve the performance of multi-session video streaming over mesh networks.     

基于STL文件格式的实体分割及缺陷修复方法研究

提出了一种基于STL文件格式的实体直接分割法。介绍了基于STL文件的数据结构进行实体分割及其相关处理的原理,从而将一个件分成2个或多个独立完整的件。设计了直接分割算法,对分割后产生的缺陷主要是法向量的问题作了相应的处理,并用VC＋＋程序进行了实现,该算法提高了快速成型系统对大尺寸零件的制造能力。     

基于金字塔技术的STL模型数字水印算法

为了确保STL (Stereo lithography) 模型数据在网络传输过程中的安全、完整性,根据STL模型自身的特点, 对模型进行了拓扑重建,在主成分分析(Primary component analysis, PCA)预处理的基础上,提出了基于金字塔技术建立STL模型数据空间索引算法,对原始STL模型数据空间进行了划分和索引, 结合奇异值分解的相关原理,提出了基于B+ 树K近邻查询的STL模型数字水印嵌入与提取算法. 实验证明:本文算法不可见性较好,算法实现速度快,在盲检测下能够抵抗旋转、平移、均匀缩放、顶点重排序、简化、噪声、剪切等攻击,具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Non-uniform deformation of an STL model satisfying error criteria

In this research, a method is presented for generating a deformed model satisfying given error criteria from an STL model in a triangular-mesh representation suitable for rapid prototyping (RP) processes. A deformed model is a non-uniformly modified shape from a base STL model. In developing a family product with various sizes such as a shoe, sometimes prototypes for all sizes should be made using an RP machine. Although an STL model is generated from a solid model, it is well known that creating a non-uniformly modified solid model from a base solid model is very difficult. Generally there are some gaps between surfaces after modification, and stitching the gaps is very difficult. To solve this problem, the authors explored the possibility of generating a deformed STL model directly from a base STL model. This research includes a data structure for modifying the STL model, checking the error of a modified edge compared with the exact non-uniformly scaled curve, checking the error of a modified facet compared with the exact non-uniformly scaled surface, and splitting a facet with an error greater than the allowable tolerance. Using the results of this research, the difficult work of creating solid models to build non-uniformly deformed STL models could be avoided.     

鱼眼图像径向畸变校正的一种新方法

由于鱼眼相机视场广阔在很多领域都得到了广泛应用,但其图像存在着明显的径向 畸变,需要在应用之前加以校正。为此分析了径向畸变模型解析解的非唯一性;根据径向畸变的 对称性,得出了畸变直线与理想直线之间的关系,即畸变校正的解析表达式;提出了一种鱼眼图 像径向畸变校正的新方法。实验证明,该方法计算简单,能有效校正包含直线特征的场景。     

Ad hoc网络中一种视频编码的多径路由算法

多描述视频编码是无线Adhoc网络中提高视频质量的一种很有效的编码方式,对于多描述编码的传输,常采用多径路由策略,论文将贝叶斯优化算法应用到多描述编码的多径路由中,以降低传输的失真。实验结果表明,贝叶斯优化算法对于解决多描述视频编码的传输失真具有良好的性能。     

一种基于统计的H．264差错信道下抗误码方法

结合在差错信道下的视频传输模型，本文分析了在差错信道下传输H．264视频压缩数据存在的编码失真、传输误码失真及扩散失真问题；针对这个问题，讨论了H．264标准中 基于宏块的误码掩盖技术及差错信道下基于全局率失真优化的宏块模式判决算法；并结合H．264 SEI域的反馈机制和概率统计理论，提出了一种简单估算失真的方法。该模式式判决算法较好地改善了抗误码性能。