Untersuchungen über die Eignung von Leindotterpreßkuchen als Futtermittel, 2. Mitteilung: Futterwert und Einsatzgrenzen bei der Fütterung von Wiederkäuern

Studies on the suitability of false flax expeller as feedstuffs. 2nd Communication: Feeding value and incorporation limits for ruminants. Feeding value and acceptability of false flax expeller for ruminants were studied in experiments with four castrated wethers, six rumen fistulated and 18 intact lactating cows. As to the acceptability false flax expeller can be fed to wether without any difficulties in a quantity up to 0.24kg per day and to dairy cows up to 2.4kg/d. Based on the results of the digestibility trial with wether the energetic feeding value was calculated to be 15,4 MJ ME/kg DM or 9,5 MJ NEL/kg DM. The intact and fistulated cows were fed concentrates containing 0%, 15% or 30% of false flax expeller and a grass/corn-silage as roughage. Due to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in false flax expeller the ratio between acetic and propionic acid in the rumen fluid declined, decreasing from 3.1:1 to 3.0:1 to 2.7:1. The other parameters of rumen fermentation (pH-value, NH₃-N content) were not affected significantly. In lactating cows yielding 22.7 kg FCM per day increasing amounts of false flax expeller led to a strong decrease of fat content from 3.73% to 3.28% to 2.46%, respectively. Milk protein content was affected as well decreasing from 3.20% to 3.18% or 3.05%, respectively. Feeding false flax expeller changed milk fat composition (i.e. quality of butter fat) remarkably. The percentage of saturated fatty acids up to C₁₈ decreased from 75.3% to 62.7% and the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids increased from 21.5% to 33.5% in contrast to the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The content of the latter was not affected, amounting on average 2.7%. An influence on the palatability of the milk was not detected.     

Zur Mikrostruktur von Ölsaaten unter dem Aspekt der extraktiven Trennung

Microstructure of Oilseeds Under the Aspect of Extractive Separation In the direct extraction of oilseeds with high oil content, the extractive transport in the solids is of great significance. The knowledge of the structure of the tissue and its features, which are relevant to the transport, is a prerequisite for the clarification of the rate-determining step in the extraction process. Results of structural studies on soya are presented, which show that in the cotyledone, in addition to the orienting intercellular system, an internal bunch system holds the tissue in a solid matrix. This bunch system is also characteristic for other oilseeds, such as rapeseed.     

Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Fetten in der Ernährung landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere

Application Feasibilities of Fats in the Nutrition of Agricultural Cattle The main application feasibilities of fats for animal nutrition are for monogastric cattle - poultry and pigs - as well as for calves. For ruminants, especially for milk cows, feeding of higher amounts of fat is more restricted because of the particularity of their digestion (pregastric fermentation). In case of fat additions rations have to be balanced concerning their content of protein or essential amino acids and other structural nutriants and effective agents with respect to the higher energy concentration. The effect of feeding fats on fat composition of the final product has to be observed. Using qualitatively unobjectionable fats fat additions of 3–5% for young pigs and 4–6% far fatted pigs are recommended. The corresponding recommendations for poultry are 2–4% for laying hens and 7–9% for broilers. For milk cows an encroachment on pregastric fermentation by higher fat additions can be expect ed. The maximum fat amount is about 800–1000 g per day. Using so called “protected” fat (stabilization by formalin) 1000 g per day should not be exceeded, either.     

Untersuchungen zur Bewertung der Einsatzmöglichkeit verschiedener Futterfette in der Schweinemast

Investigations on the Use of Different Feeding Fats for Growing Fattening Pigs In a feeding experiment with 100 castrated male pigs (Deutsche Landrasse) two types of feeding oils (fat/fatty acid mixtures) were compared to four types of animal and vegetable fats (animal fat, soya oil, rapeseed oil and a licithine mixture). Their influence on growth, feed utilisation, quality of carcass and composition of body fat during a growing-fattening period from 20 kg-100 kg was investigated. The different types of fats were incorporated in a barley-soya-ration at a level of 4%. In addition one ration contained milled whole soya beans at a level equivalent to 4% fat. All groups were fed according to live weight the same amounts of digestible protein and metabolizable energy. During the whole growing-fattening period, the average daily gain of all groups was 0.78 kg, while the group given animal fat showed a small advantage over those given vegetable fat or feeding oils (fat/fatty acid mixtures). Feed convertion corresponded to these findings. But the differences of daily gain and feed convertion amounting to a maximum of 5% failed to reach significance. Remarkable differences of carcass quality were not detected. Fatty acid composition of backfat was strongly influenced by the type of fat in the ration. In the group fed a ration with animal fat the fatty acid composition of backfat was approximately the same as that of the control group. The groups of which the rations were supplemented with vegetable fats had an increased content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid and a decreased content of palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. Consequently, the iodine number of backfat in the groups supplemented with vegetable fats came up to 80. There was no difference observed in storage stability of backfat between the groups.     

Expander zur Verarbeitung von Ölsaaten

Expanders used for pretreatment of oilseeds. For quite a couple of years expanders are used for pretreatment of oilseeds, especially for soybeans and cottonseed. By increase of the bulk weight and the percolation rate the capacity of the extraction plant can be optimized. Energy consumption or phosphatides in the degummed oil hardly play any role when thinking about integration of expanders into an extraction plant. Recent developments allow to take the expander as a continuous unit, where the important parameters like temperature, moisture, time, and in some cases pressure and shear forces can be controlled. This allows to influence not only the character of the extraction meal but also the quality of the extracted oil.     

Perspektiven für Ölsaaten und deren Verarbeitung aus Sicht der Europäischen Gemeinschaft

Perspectives for Oilseeds and Oilseeds Processing in the European Community Oils from European oilseeds, in particular sunflower oil and rapeseed oil, are very useful to create added value. The enormous increase of the consumption of sunflower oil during the last years has its main reason in concrete and demonstrable health aspects. Additionally, sunflower oil has an excellent application performance. Rapeseed oil has also a wide spectrum of usability and good properties for industrial application. It has to be noted that these valuable raw materials which have been created by the European agriculture have become subject of fierce political battle. Following recent changes in the market organisation, the absence of any longer-term concept is quite noticeable. All this happens in the absence of any production surpluses for oilseeds in the world. To the contrary: taking into account the expected increase of the world population, there will be a world-wide deficit in supplies. The regions of surplus, this is also true for the European Community, must fulfil supply functions. For this, completely new instruments of financing have to be found. A new system of coordinated export credits may be one alternative. The global perspectives for European oilseeds are relatively positive. Agricultural policy must, however, define clear objectives for agriculture in order to exploit the existing potential.     

Influence of Energy Restricted Diets on α-Tocopherol and Aldehyde Contents in the Muscle Tissue of Pork

48 pigs were divided into four groups and fed for different periods diets at dietary energy levels of either 11.5 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg or 13 MJ ME/kg. The dietary energy restriction resulted in lower α-tocopherol contents of the musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) tissue. The aldehyde contents did not differ significantly between tissues from various feeding groups. The total aldehyde amounts ranged widely between 35 and 790 μg/kg. Correlation coefficients between these amounts and other variables of meat quality such as vitamin E, fat content, phospholipid-polyunsaturated fatty acids or conductivity, showed different relations in the various feeding groups. The aldehyde levels in tissues of the energy restricted groups were influenced by individual vitamin E, fat contents and the phospholipid composition. The aldehyde levels in tissues of animals fed the non restricted diets were independent of these lipid peroxidation stability affecting values. The correlation to the conductivity of the tissue 24 h post mortem reflected the dominating effect of physical membranal stress and stability during slaughter on the aldehyde levels.     

Zusammenfassung von Versuchen über die Wirkung bestimmter Futterkomponenten auf die Stabilität der Milch und des Schweinespecks

Summary of Investigations Concerning the Effect of Certain Feed Components on Stability of Milk and Bacon Even if lipidoxidations in metabolism are necessary, on spontaneously running autoxidations in the body must be kept a close watch. In animal products oxidative damages can occur as a consequence and simultaneously sensoric changes. Finally men will have advantages and disadvantages of the stability or instability of food. The effect of feed on milk and bacon quality has been investigated in a series of feeding trials. Oxidation of milk leads to a taste of oxidation or metallic savour. Oxidation of bacon causes because of getting rancid a shorter stability, which can be tested by an acceleration of the oxidative progress in laboratory. An extrapolation of the results in milk and bacon should be carefully transferred to the oxidation of the cell membrane. Investigations of cows and pigs have demonstrated that the unsaturated fat of the feed diminishes the stability of the animal products. Antioxidants, having been taken up, and vitamin E improve them facing the oxidations in milk and bacon. Hardened fish oil, added to the feed, had a favourable effect on milk and bacon stability as on the savour. Mineral substances, fed to animals, had no significantly oxidative effect. Additions of copper showed that the fat in the porc liver was of greater stability against oxidation. An addition of molybdenum did not change the activity of xanthineoxidase in milk either. This enzyme had an activity which correlated with the antioxidative properties of milk.     

Ernährungsphysiologische Wirkung erucasäurearmer Rapsöle auf Schweine 4. Histometrie von Herzmuskel-Veränderungen

Nutritional Effect of Low-Erucic Rapeseed Oils on Pigs: 4. Histometry of Myocardial Changes The objective of this histopathological study - part of a larger collaborative trial - was to investigate the influence of type, level and erucic acid content of dietary fat on the frequency and severity of myocardial changes in growing pigs. Sixty-eight castrated pigs were allotted to ten dietary treatments comprising a low fat diet and regimens supplemented with soybean oil or with three mixtures of rapeseed oils. The mixtures of rapeseed oils contained 7.5, 15 or 22.5% erucic acid, respectively. A tenth group was fed low-erucic rapeseed oil (Lesira). The experiment lasted 17 weeks. The hearts were sampled systematically yielding 28 samples per heart. All sections were screened and those showing areas of muscle cell necrosis were submitted to a detailed histometric investigation. Pigs fed for 17 weeks rapeseed oil mixtures or low-erucic-acid rapeseed oil did not display more or more severe lesions than animals fed either soybean oil or a low fat diet. Neither the level nor the nature of the fat in the diets influenced the number and the severity of the mild cardiac changes observed in growing pigs.     

Der Einfluß fettreicher Rapsprodukte auf die Fettqualität von Lämmerschlachtkörpern

The influence of fatty rapeseed products on fat quality of lamb carcase. In a feeding experiment with lambs the following question was to be answered: Effects of unsaturated fatty acids in diets of different rape products (rapeseed, rapeseed cake and rapeseed oil) on the fatty acid composition of stored fat in lamb carcase. A total of forty weaned tup lambs (genotype: Merino Sheep, Blackhead Mutton Sheep × Merino Sheep) were fattened up to an average finishing weight of 49 kg under conditions of a high feeding intensity. Four groups were built (n = 10) each receiving four different mixed concentrates. The control group was fed conventional mixed concentrates on the basis of coarse meal of cereal-dried sugar beet pulp-soybean. The mixture for the test group 1 contained 10% rapeseed. In test group 2 soybean meal was replaced by 34% rapeseed cake. Test group 3 was given mixed concentrates with 4% rapeseed oil. All mixtures were composed in an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous way. The three mixtures for the test groups contained a higher content of crude fat and crude fiber than the control mixture. The fat content of the test mixtures had the same level. The fatty acid composition in the fat tissue of the test groups (abdominal fat, back fat, intramuscular fat) were significantly different from the control group. The test groups showed, especially, a higher degree of trans fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1) and a smaller portion of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the control group. With respect to the composition of fat there was no difference between the three test groups. This accordance indicates that the process of digestion in the rumens took place in a parallel way. There was no difference between feeding cell bound oil or free oil.     

Untersuchungen über die Eignung von Leindotterpreßkuchen als Futtermittel 1. Mitteilung: Futterwert und Einsatzgrenzen bei der Fütterung von Schweinen

Studies on the suitability of false flax expeller as feedstuff. 1st Communication: Feeding value and incorporation limits for pigs. To evaluate the feeding value of false flax expeller (FFE) for pigs, nutrients (crude nutrients, amino acids and fatty acids) were analyzed and their digestibility was determined with 6 growing pigs, by means of difference technique. Additionally, a feeding trial followed by slaughter investigations was performed with a total of 60 pigs (25–120 kg liveweight) to study the influence of increasing levels of FFE in diet (0%, 5%, 10%) on growth rate, slaughter performance and meat quality. The FFE used in these experiments was found to have 287 g digestible crude protein and 13.9 MJ ME per kg dry matter. Results of the feeding trial show depression of growth rate, when the percentage of FFE exceeds 5% in diets. Average daily liveweight gain decreased from 758 g (controls) to 725 g (10% FFE) and costs of metabolizable energy increased from 38.9 MJ to 39.7 MJ per kg live-weight gain. Additionally, metabolic burdens, indicated as increased liverweights, up to 16% were observed. Due to the high polyenic fatty acid contents of FFE oil consistancy of carcass fat deteriorated with increasing FFE consumption. The percentage of polyenic fatty acids in total fatty acids of back fat increased from 11.5% (controls) to 14.7% (10% FFE). The taste of meat was negatively influenced as well. The percentage of meat samples tasting atypically increased from 3% (controls) to 18% (5% FFE) and to 36% (10% FFE).     

The effect of dietary vitamin E supply and a moderately oxidized oil on activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats

Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are well known to suppress hepatic lipogenic enzymes compared to fat-free diets or diets rich in saturated fatty acids. However, the mechanism underlying suppression of lipogenic enzymes is not quite clear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether lipid peroxidation products are involved in suppression of lipogenic enzymes. Therefore, an experiment with growing male rats assigned to six groups over a period of 40 d was carried out. Rats received semisynthetic diets containing 9.5% coconut oil and 0.5% fresh soybean oil (coconut oil diet, peroxide value 5.1 meq O₂/kg oil), 10% fresh soybean oil (fresh soybean oil diet, peroxide value 0.5 meq O₂/kg oil), or 10% thermally treated soybean oil (oxidized soybean oil diet, peroxide value 74 meq O₂/kg oil). To modify the antioxidant state of the rats, we varied the vitamin E supply (11 and 511 mg α-tocopherol equivalents per kg of diet) according to a bi-factorial design. Food intake and body weight gain were not influenced by dietary fat and vitamin E supply. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were markedly influenced by the dietary fat. Feeding either fresh or oxidized soybean oil diets markedly reduced activities of fatty acid synthase, (FAS), acetyl CoA-carboxylase, (AcCX), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and ATP citrate lyase (ACL) relative to feeding the coconut oil diet. Moreover, feeding oxidized soybean oil slightly, but significantly, lowered activities of FAS, AcCX, and ACL compared to feeding fresh soybean oil. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were reflected by concentrations of triglycerides in liver and plasma. Rats fed the coconut oil diet had markedly higher triglyceride concentrations in liver and plasma than rats consuming fresh or oxidized soybean oil diets, and rats fed oxidized soybean oil had lower concentrations than rats fed fresh soybean oil. The vitamin E supply of the rats markedly influenced concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver, but it did not influence activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Because the vitamin E supply had no effect, and ingestion of an oxidized oil had only a minor effect, on activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, it is strongly suggested that neither exogenous nor endogenous lipid peroxidation products play a significant role in the suppression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes by diets rich in PUFA. Therefore, we assumed that dietary PUFA themselves are involved in regulatio of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Nevertheless, the study shows that ingestion of oxidized oils, regardless of the vitamin E supply, also affects hepatic lipogenesis, and hence influences triglyceride levels in liver and plasma.     

Sicherheitstechnische Fragen beim Silobetrieb mit Ölsaaten und Extraktionsschroten

Aspects of Safety in the Operation of Silos Handling Oilseeds and Extracted Meals Some major aspects of technical safety in the operation of silos are discussed. In addition to the regulation dealing with charging of silos, the safety data for dusts are presented. Data derived from dust explosion tests, carried out with a simplified Hartmann apparatus, are given for several types of dusts from oilseeds and extracted meals. Problems related to the presence of hexane in extracted meals are discussed.     

Dekontamination von Ölen, Ölsaaten und -früchten von Cäsium-137

Decontamination of Oils, Oilseeds and Oil-Bearing Fruits from Caesium-137 It was shown by model experiments that caesium-137 is removed partly from raw oils and fats during deacidification and to a considerable extent during bleaching. Totally contaminated oilseeds and oil-bearing fruits can be freed from caesium-137 by diffusion, for which 10% sodium chloride or potassium chloride solutions were used. Recirculation and continuous removal of caesium ions which have already entered in the solution intensify and accelerate the decontamination. The attainable degree of decontamination is dependent on the plant material to be treated.     

Die markt- und umweltgerechte Erzeugung von Ölsaaten in Mitteleuropa

Rapeseed Production in Middle Europe-Meeting market and Environment Demands The European oilseed production allows a considerable economical increase in value because of its successful adaptation to the demands of the market during the last decades. Oilseeds are mainly used in highly nutritious products, but mroe and more also for non-food purposes. The most important oilseed crop is rapeseed; its oil is appreciated worldwide with increasing demand because of its dietetic value. Middle Europe has excellent positions for oilseed production. They favour a production, thereby meeting environmental and economical aims, unless the agricultural politics secure the relative preference to the other agricultural market crops. The restriction of the oilseed production in the European Union, forced by the “Blair-House-Compromise”, can lead to supply shortfalls of the demanded quality in the world market.     

Ernährungsphysiologische Wirkung erucasäurearmer Rapsöle auf Schweine 3. Wirkung auf Depotfette und Leberlipide

Nutritional Effect of Low-Erucic Rapeseed Oils on Pigs: 3. Effect on Depot Fat and Liver Lipids After feeding pigs for 17 and 119 days, respectively, the back fat, intestinal fat, and liver lipids were examined in order to study the effect of the type and amount of fat on these organs. Different mixtures of rapeseed oils containing up to 22.5% erucic acid as well as the low-erucic Lesira Oil did not have any negative effect on the tissues analyzed. The concentration of palmitic acid and linoleic acid in the tissue lipids showed characteristic dependence on the concentration of fat in the diet (palmitic acid) or on the total amount fed (linoleic acid). The conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in the liver seems to be influenced by the linolenic acid content of the dietary fat.     

Transgene Ölsaaten - Züchtungsziele bei Raps aus chemisch-technischer Sicht

Transgenic Oilseeds - Rape-Breeding Considered from a Chemical/Industrial Point of View Modern plant breeding is more and more capable to change oil plants by gene technology in such a way, that they produce plant oils of a desired composition. The objectives of rape-breeding, considered from a chemical/industrial point of view, are described. Various types of rape are discussed with regard of the possibility of utilization, the economic risks and particular demands for quality: MCT-rapeseed, high-erucic rapeseed, high-oleic rapeseed and combined rapeseed. The breeding of a high-oleic variety of rapeseed (>90% C_18:1) is the favourite.     

Über die mechanische und dielektrische Zerkleinerung von Getreide- und Ölsaaten

Mechanical and Dielectric Disintegration of Cereal- and Oilseeds After dealing with the fundamental theories of mechanical and thermal disintegration the author explains the microstructures (microcells, micropores, microcapillaries) occuring in cereal- and oilseeds, and the alterations taking place in these microstructures by the action of dielectrically generated heat. It is shown that dielectrically generated heat causes the evaporation of water in the microstructures. The resulting increase in pressure leads to disintegration of the material.     

Zum Einsatz von Rapsöl im Vergleich zu Sojaöl im Mischfutter für Mastschweine und zum Einfluß dieser Futteröle auf das Fettsäurenmuster des Schweinefettes

The Employment of rapeseed Oil in Compounded Rations for Fattening Pigs in Comparison with Soya Bean Oil, and the Influence of these Feeding Oils on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Pig Fat Feeding oils improve the energy content of rations for fattening pigs in consequence of their high concentration of energy, and they prevent the formation of milling diet. Their part of the ration is de- limited by the content of polyen acid, above all the content of linoleic acid. In soya bean oil it amounts about 2.0–2.5 per cent. According the Swiss results the polyen acid content must not be higher than 12 per cent of all fatty acids; sometimes there are recommended 15 per cent. Rapeseed oil of 00–seed contents only 50 per cent of polyen acid and only 40 per cent of linoleic acid of their part in soya bean oil. The present tests confirm anew the close relation between the polyen acid content of the ration and that of the fatty tissue of pigs. Female slaughter pigs tend to higher contents of linoleic acid as castrated males. By mean of an addition of 4 per cent rapeseed oil there were caused content of linoleic acid in the tested fatty tissues, which may acceptable in processed products.     

Einfluß der Hydrierung auf Haltbarkeit und ernährungsphysiologische Eigenschaften von Qualitätsrapsölen

Effect of Hydrogenation on Stability and Nutritional Properties of Low-Erucic Rapeseed Oils Low-erucic rapeseed oils, Lesira and Erglu, were converted to more stable edible oils by selective hydrogenation of the linolenic acid moieties while retaining most of the linoleic acid groups. Feeding Lesira oil, hydrogenated Lesira oil, soybean oil and hydrogenated soybean oil to rats did not result in any appreciable differences in growth rates, whereas feeding conventional rapeseed oil caused extensive depression of growth. Among all the groups of animals the group fed conventional rapeseed oil showed the highest weights of heart and liver. The fatty acid patterns of depot and organ lipids did not show any major difference between the groups fed hydrogenated fats and those fed the corresponding unhydrogenated oils. The fatty acid composition of the organ lipids did not reveal deficiency in essential fatty acids. In the groups fed Lesira oil and hydrogenated Lesira oil half of the animals investigated exhibited myocardial lesions of light degree, probably due to the relatively high residual level of long-chain monoenoic fatty acids, whereas in the groups fed soybean oil and hydrogenated soybean oil only one-eighth of the rats examined exhibited such effects. The occurrence and severity of these myocardial lesions are known to be much higher in rats fed conventional rapeseed oils.