Morphology,thermal behavior,and mechanical properties of PA1010/PP and PA 1010/PP-g-GMA blends

The modification of polypropylene (PP) was accomplished by melt grafting glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on its molecular chains. The resulting PP-g-GMA was used to prepare binary blends of polyamide 1010 (PA1010) and PP-g-GMA. Different blend morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) according to the nature and content of PA1010 used. Comparing the PA1010/PP-g-GMA and PA1010/PP binary blends, the size of the domains of PP-g-GMA were much smaller than that of PP at the same compositions. It was found that mechanical properties of PA1010/PP-g-GMA blends were obviously better than that of PA1010/PP blends, and the mechanical properties were significantly influenced by wetting conditions for uncompatibilized and compatibilized blends. A different dependence of the flexural modulus on water was found for PA1010/PP and PA1010/PP-g-GMA. These behaviors could be attributed to the chemical interactions between the two components and good dispersion in PA1010/PP-g-GMA blends. Thermal and rheological analyses were performed to confirm the possible chemical reactions taking place during the blending process. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 1489–1498, 1997     

增容剂对PP/PET原位微纤化共混物的影响

通过"熔融挤出-热拉伸-淬冷"的方法制备了原位微纤化共混物。采用扫描电镜、差示扫描量热仪和力学性能测试等方法研究了增容剂PP-g-GMA含量对共混物微观形态、力学性能和结晶性能的影响。结果表明,增容剂的加入可明显提高两相相容性,改善界面效果,明显降低拉伸前初始粒子的尺寸,但同时使拉伸后形成的微纤呈现一定的损坏,长径比有所降低。增容剂可以明显改善微纤化共混物力学性能,当其含量为2 %（质量分数,下同）时拉伸强度比未增容试样提高了11.0 %,弯曲强度都提高了11.3 %;当其含量为6 %时冲击强度也比未增容共混物提高了34.5 %。此外,PET微纤对PP有很好的异相成核作用,使其结晶温度提高了16.3 ℃,结晶时间为纯PP的32 %左右,而增容剂的加入使共混物中PP的结晶时间延长。     

PP-g-GMA的制备及其增容PP/PA6共混物的性能

通过熔融接枝反应制备了甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝聚丙烯（PP-g-GMA）,并将其作为聚丙烯/聚酰胺6（PP/PA6）共混物的相容剂,研究了PP-g-GMA对PP/PA6共混物的力学性能及形态结构的影响。结果表明,采用滴定法测得PP-g-GMA接枝率为3.35 %;当PP-g-GMA的添加量为4 %（质量分数,下同）和8 %时,PP/PA6/PP-g-GMA共混物的拉伸强度和缺口冲击强度分别较PP/PA6共混物提高了32.4 %和60.4 %;PP-g-GMA显著改善了PP/PA6 共混物的界面相容性,是PP/PA6共混物的有效增容剂。     

Thermal Behavior of Isotactic Poly(propylene)/Maleated Poly(propylene) Blends

This paper analyzes the thermal and thermo‐oxidative degradation behavior, phase separation, melting, and crystallization of blends consisting of isotactic poly(propylene) (IPP) and poly(propylene) grafted with maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA). It has been established that, depending on the blend composition and crystallization/preparation procedure, the blends of IPP and PP‐g‐MA can either co‐crystallize or evidence phase separation. This conclusion has been attained by comparing the DSC results of crystallization under dynamic and isothermal conditions with X‐ray diffraction results. On the basis of the obtained results, the optimum mixing ratios have been established as 95–85 wt.‐% IPP/5–15 wt.‐% PP‐g‐MA. Thermo‐oxidative behavior has been studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis.

     

Effect of clay on the morphology of blends of poly(propylene) and polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites

PP/NPA6 blends composed of poly(propylene) (PP) and polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites (NPA6) were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion and melt‐drawn into ribbons by a ribbon extrusion process. The influence of clay on the morphology of PP/NPA6 ribbons was investigated by means of field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The results show that at low clay content (3, 5 wt%), NPA6 exhibited continuous lamellar structure in PP as pristine PA6 did in a PP/PA6 blend, but at a higher clay content (10 wt%) only ellipsoids or elongated ellipsoids were observed. In order to explain the morphological difference, two factors, ie the compatibilization effect and melt rheology, have been taken into consideration. It has been found that both factors, and probably mainly the variation in melt rheology, were responsible for the morphological difference in the PP/NPA6 blends with different clay contents under the extensional flow field. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electroactive Polymer Blends Prepared In Situ Via Bulk Polymerization of Aniline in the Presence of Polyethylene

Abstract

The modification of polypropylene (more precisely, a propylene/ethylene random copolymer containing 10% ethylene) has been accomplished by melt grafting of acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid(ATBS) initiated with a radical initiator. The resulting PP-g-ATBS was used to prepare ternary blends of PA1O1O/PP-g-ATBS/PP and binary blends of PA1010/PP. The size of domains of PP in ternary blends is much smaller than that in binary blends. It was found that mechanical properties of ternary blends obviously surpassed that of binary blends. These behavior could be contributed to chemical interactions between sulfonic acid groups of PP-g-ATBS and end amino group of PA1010. Thermal and rheological analysis were performed to confirm the possible chemical reactions taken place during the blending process.     

Compatibilization of polyethylene/poly(propylene)/polystyrene blends

The compatibilization of mixtures of polyolefins or of polyolefins with polystyrene using either liquid polybutadiene (l-PB)/organic peroxide or styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers was investigated. Tensile impact strength was chosen as a measure of compatibility. Binary blends LDPE/high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and LDPE/poly(propylene) (PP) as well as LDPE/HDPE/PP/HIPS blends were prepared by blending in the chamber of a Brabender Plasticorder. Composition of the blends corresponds to real commingled plastic waste. It was found that l-PB-based compatibilizer enhanced the impact strength of LDPE/HIPS blends with LDPE contents higher than 60 wt.-% only. Also SBS copolymer enhanced the impact strength of LDPE/PP blends with LDPE contents higher than 40 wt.-%. Both the compatibilizers substantially increased the toughness of LDPE/HDPE/PP/HIPS blends with composition similar to the municipal plastic waste.     

动态硫化对三元乙丙橡胶/聚丙烯共混体系等温结晶行为和形态结构的影响

研究了三元乙丙橡胶/聚丙烯(EPDM/PP)共混物和动态硫化EPDM/PP热塑性弹性体(TPV)的等温结晶行为及形态结构,并用Avrami方程对其进行等温结晶动力学分析。结果表明,EPDM/PP共混物和EPDM/PP TPV的等温结晶行为符合Avrami方程,在相同的结晶温度下,TPV比共混物的Avrami指数小,半结晶时间短,结晶速率常数大;EPDM/PP共混物为双连续相结构,而EPDM/PP TPV是以硫化的细小橡胶颗粒为分散相、PP为连续相的"海-岛"结构,橡胶颗粒尺寸约为0.5μm。     

Radiation effects on poly(propylene) (PP)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) blends

Radiation effects on poly(propylene)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (PP/EVA) blends are discussed. Increasing the EVA content enhanced the crosslinking effect of radiation in PP/EVA blends. This effect was significant when the EVA content was ≥50% in PP/EVA blends that were exposed to γ‐ray irradiation in air. This phenomenon is discussed in relation to the compatibility, morphology, and thermal properties of PP/EVA blends. The results indicate that the effect is dependent on the compatibility, the increase in the amorphous region content, and the EVA content in PP/EVA blends. The possible mechanism of radiation crosslinking or degradation in irradiated PP/EVA blends was studied quantitatively by a novel method, a “step analysis” process, and thermal gravimetric analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 3420–3424, 2002     

Mechanical,rheological, thermal,and morphological properties of blends based on poly(propylene)/poly(propylene‐co‐1‐octene)/poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene)

The effect of addition of propylene copolymer, produced by metallocene catalysts, on the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of blends based on poly(propylene) (PP) and ethylene–1‐octene copolymer (EOC) was evaluated. It was observed that the addition of 2 wt % propylene–1‐octene copolymer (POC) improved the impact strength of the EOC/PP blends. The rheological analysis indicated that the addition of propylene copolymer produced materials with improved processability. Thermal and morphological analysis showed that the POC acts as a compatibilizer on the EOC/PP blends. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1690–1695, 2003     

回收PET共混物的非等温结晶和熔融行为

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了聚丙烯(PP)/回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(r-PET)、r-PET/马来酸酐接枝PP(PP-g-MAH)和r-PET/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝PP(PP-g-GMA)共混物,并研究了共混物组成、熔融温度与时间以及降温速率对共混物非等温结晶与熔融行为的影响.结果表明,r-PET与PP共混,结晶温度均提高,这与组分间起到异相成核诱导结晶作用有关.r-PET结晶温度随PP-g-MAH用量增加而降低,但受PP-g-GMA用量影响较小;r-PET可提高PP-g-MAH结晶温度,但降低PP-g-GMA结晶温度.熔融温度提高,共混物中PP结晶温度和熔点均降低,r-PET熔融峰形和熔点取决于共混物的熔融温度及界面相互作用.     

PP-TPEE共混物的结晶性能

采用双螺杆挤出机,制备了聚丙烯(PP)、热塑性聚酯弹性体(TPEE)、聚丙烯接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PP-g-GMA)共混体系。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)与差示扫描量热仪(DSC)考察了共混物的结晶行为。XRD分析结果表明:TPEE与PP-g-GMA的加入使PP的晶面参数发生变化,晶面间距增大。DSC测试结果表明:TPEE的加入使得共混物的热结晶温度升高、结晶度降低;随着PP-g-GMA含量的增加,共混物的结晶度进一步减小;随DSC测试降温速率的增大,纯PP与PP-TPEE共混物的热结晶温度向低温方向移动。     

Mechanical property and morphology comparison between the two blends poly(propylene)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer elastomer and poly(propylene)/maleic anhydride‐g‐ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer

The comparison of the mechanical properties between poly(propylene)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer elastomer (PP/EPDM) and poly(propylene)/maleic anhydride‐g‐ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer [PP/MEPDM (MAH‐g‐EPDM)] showed that the latter blend has noticeably higher Izod impact strength but lower Young's modulus than the former one. Phase morphology of the two blends was examined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, indicating that the miscibility of PP/MEPDM was inferior to PP/EPDM. The poor miscibility of PP/MEPDM degrades the nucleation effectiveness of the elastomer on PP. The observations of the impact fracture mode of the two blends and the dispersion state of the elastomers, determined by scanning electron microscopy, showed that PP/EPDM fractured in a brittle mode, whereas PP/MEPDM in a ductile one, and that a finer dispersion of MEPDM was found in the blend PP/MEPDM. These observations indicate that the difference in the dispersion state of elastomer between PP/EPDM and PP/MEPDM results in different fracture modes, and thereby affects the toughness of the two blends. The finer dispersion of MEPDM in the blend of PP/MEPDM was attributed to the part cross‐linking of MEPDM resulting from the grafting reaction of EPDM with maleic anhydride (MAH) in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2486–2491, 2002     

Poly(propylene)/poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐isophthalate) blends and glass bead filled composites: Microstructure and thermomechanical properties

Blends of poly(propylene) (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐isophthalate) (co‐PET) (95/5) with and without compatibilizing agent (maleic anhydride PP), as well as composites of these blends with glass beads (50 wt%) with and without silane coupling agent surface‐treatment, were prepared and studied on a basis of the material microstructure and thermomechanical properties. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy, as well as transmission electron microscopy, displayed evidence of MAPP compatibilizing action for the blend. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a remarkable effect of nucleation rate increase exerted by co‐PET on the PP crystallization. Moreover, glass beads were found to increase the PP nucleation rate slightly. PP crystallinity hardly varied with the composition. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction allowed determination of differences in the orientation of the poly(propylene) b‐axis, with more homogeneous orientations in the presence of both co‐PET and glass beads. MAPP promoted the PP b‐axis orientation. Differences in PP α′ relaxation could be analyzed through dynamic‐mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1841–1852, 2004     

相容剂和加工工艺对PA1010/PP共混体系形态和力学性能的影响

以马来酸酐（MAH）和苯乙烯（St）多单体熔融接枝聚丙烯[PP-g-(MAH-co-St）]为相容剂,制备了聚酰胺10101/聚丙烯（PA1010/PP）共混体系。用毛细管流变仪、扫描电子显微镜、力学性能测试等方法研究了和加工工艺相容剂对PA1010/PP共混体系的形态和力学性能的影响。结果表明,相容剂PP-g-(MAH-co-St)有效降低了PA1010/PP共混体系的熔体流动速率;该共混体系熔体属于假塑性流体,熔体黏度随PP-g-(MAH-co-St)含量的增加逐渐增大;随着相容剂含量的增加,PA1010/PP共混体系中分散相PP的粒径逐步减小,力学性能得到改善,PA1010/PP/PP-g-(MAH-co-St)为70/25/5和70/20/10的共混体系的拉伸强度分别比PA1010/PP (70/30)共混体系提高了55.0 %和61.9 %,冲击强度分别提高了61.0 %和129.7 %;剪切速率为706.5 s-1时出现熔体破裂现象,剪切速率为5002.65 s-1时出现严重熔体破裂。     

聚丙烯的官能化及与尼龙1010相容性研究

对聚丙烯(PP)进行官能化,并研究了接枝单体含量、引发剂含量对接枝率和熔体流动速率的影响,再将不同接枝率的PP与尼龙1010共混,研究了接枝率对共混物机械性能及相容性的影响;用扫描电子显微镜观察共混物的形态,与未增容共混体系相比,增容后共混体系分散相尺寸明显变小。     

Rheological,thermal, and morphological properties of blends based on poly(propylene), ethylene propylene rubber,and ethylene-1-octene copolymer that could result from end of life vehicles: Effect of maleic anhydride grafted poly(propylene)

The objective of this work is to study the properties of blends that could result from the recycling of end-of-life vehicles (ELV). While ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) have been used extensively as elastomeric additives in poly(propylene) (PP), they can be substituted by ethylene-1-octene copolymer (EOC). As a consequence, the matter resulting from the sorting of ELV might be more complex and made of PP, EPR, and EOC. The effect of incorporating EOC [that is a polyethylene elastomer (PEE)] and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the rheological, thermal, and morphological properties of PP/EPR blends has been investigated. Blends of various compositions (with and without compatibilizer) were prepared using a corotating twin-screw extruder. The results were compared to the ones presented by a commercial (PP/EPR) blend. The EPR phase is dispersed in the form of spherical particles in (PP/EPR). The EOC phase is dispersed in the form of aggregated particles. Dynamic viscoelastic and differential scanning calorimetry properties of (PP/EPR)/EOC blends shows the incompatibility of the components even in presence of PP-g-MAH copolymer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1009–1015, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Compatibilization of side‐chain,thermotropic, liquid‐crystalline ionomers to blends of polyamide‐1010 and polypropylene

A novel side‐chain, liquid‐crystalline ionomer (SLCI) with a poly(methyl hydrosiloxane) main chain and side chains containing sulfonic acid groups was used in blends of polyamide‐1010 (PA1010) and polypropylene (PP) as a compatibilizer. The morphological structure, thermal behavior, and liquid‐crystalline properties of the blends were investigated by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The morphological structure of the interface of the blends containing SLCI was improved with respect to the blend without SLCI. The compatibilization effect of greater than 8 wt % SLCI for the two phases, PA1010 and PP, was better than the effects of other SLCI contents in the blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2749–2754, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10179     

Effect of interface on the morphology and properties of composites comprising poly(propylene) and short organic fibers

The effect of the fiber surface modification with an azide derivative on the morphology and properties of composites based on poly(propylene) (PP) and short poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and nylon 66 (PA) fibers, has been investigated. Both organic fibers act as reinforcement of the PP, and the reinforcing effect increases with the introduction of azide groups on the chemical structure of the fibers. This effect is more sensible in PP/short PET fiber composites although PA fibers gives rise to higher improvements in toughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown that the azide treatment of PET fibers gives rise to a better wettability and adhesion at the fiber/matrix interface. A good correlation between SEM and mechanical behavior of the composites has been observed.     

Effects of the compatibilizer PP-g-GMA on morphology and mechanical properties of PP/PC blends

Effects of the compatibilizer polypropylene grafted with glycidyl methacrylate(PP-g-GMA) on the morphology, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of polypropylene and polycarbonate blends (PP/PC) were studied. It was found that the addition of PP-g-GMA significantly changed their morphology. The mean size of domains reduced from 20 μm to less than 5 μm. The dispersed domain size is also strongly dependent upon the content of PP-g-GMA. The interfacial tension of PP/PC/PP-g-GMA (50/30/20) is only about one-tenth of PP/PC (70/30). The crystallization temperature of PP in PP/PC/PP-g-GMA is 5–8°C higher than that of PP in PP/PC blends. Characterization studies based on mechanical properties, differential scanning calorimetry, rheology and morphological evidence obtained by using scanning electron microscopy support the hypothesis that an in-situ copolymer PP-g-PC was formed during the blending process.