Wax esters of barracudina lipid: A potential replacement for sperm whale oil

A sample of barracudina, a small fish potentially available in large quantities off Nova Scotia, contained 17.7% body lipid of which 10% was triglyceride and 85% wax ester. The triglyceride, of calculated iodine value 48, was unusually rich in 14:0 (25.8%), 18:0 (4.3%), 20:0 (1.19%), 22:0 (0.45%) and 24:0 (0.75%). The wax ester fatty acids had a calculated iodine value of 126 and a “normal” marine oil fatty acid composition. The wax ester fatty alcohols contained 42.2% hexadecanol, 29.5% octadecenols, 8.2% eicosenols and 3.8% docosenols. Certain interrelationships between fatty alcohols and fatty acids are indicated by details of composition. The potential exploitation of barracudina lipid as a substitute for sperm oil in some uses appears possible.     

响应面法优化乌桕梓油多元醇合成工艺

以环氧乌桕梓油、甲醇、水为原料,以氟硼酸为催化剂,对环氧乌桕梓油进行醇解开环合成乌桕梓油多元醇工艺进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:催化剂用量0.3%,甲醇环氧基摩尔比12.9∶1,醇水摩尔比4.3∶1,转速200 r/min,反应时间73 min,反应温度73℃。在此条件下,乌桕梓油多元醇羟值为212.67 mgKOH/g,转化率达96.5%。     

Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rapeseed oil

An enzymatic process optimization and a largescale plant trial for rapeseed oil degumming were carried out by a novel microbial lipase. Response surface methodology was used to obtain the desired data in the process optimization. Enzyme dosage, temperature, and pH were important determining factors affecting oil degumming. The optimal set of variables was an enzyme dosage of 39.6 mg/kg, a temperature of 48.3°C, and a pH of 4.9. The phosphorus content could be reduced to 3.1 mg/kg at the optimal levels of the tested factors. An enzymatic degumming plant trial was performed on a 400 tons/d oil production line. pH was found to play an important role in degumming performance. When the pH was 4.6–5.1, the corresponding phosphorus content of degummed rapeseed oil could be reduced to less than 10 mg/kg, which met the demands of the physical refining process.     

二氧化硫脲合成工艺的优化

通过加入少量稳定剂和促进剂,优化了二氧化硫脲合成工艺,缩短了反应时间,同时提高了二 氧化硫脲的收率。     

Alkoxy-Acyl combinations in the wax esters from winterized sperm whale oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry1

Wax esters from winterized sperm whale oil were separated according to degree of unsaturation and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The combinations of fatty alcohols and acids making up the wax esters of each chain length were determined. Octadecenyl octadecenoate was the most abundant wax ester (14%), followed by octadecenyl hexadecenoate (10%). Over 240 different wax esters were detected and quantitated. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in San Francisco, 1979.     

原油常压蒸馏工艺条件优化研究

为了提高原油性质发生较大变化时常压蒸馏装置的经济效益,对常压装置操作条件、产品性质和总体能耗等进行了对比分析及优化。对脱盐温度进行优化试验,确定了最优温度范围130—135℃,提高了电脱盐效率;对导向浮阀塔板和F1型浮阀塔板的流体力学(干板压降和板效率)进行对比计算,改用了压降小,效率高、操作弹性大的高效塔盘导向浮阀塔板,提高了柴油产率,降低了装置能耗;对全塔回流热平衡、热分布进行计算,在常压塔第6层增设一中段回流,回收热量27.52×106k J/h,折合标油全年节约4 880 t。     

炼油工艺优化分析

为解决当前汽油、柴油仍存在严重污染环境且对汽车零部件造成不同程度损伤的问题,在对炼油工艺简单概述和对所炼制成品油提出指标要求的基础上,重点对炼油工艺中第一道蒸馏工序进行研究,分析该道工序中注剂参数由于考虑不周全导致注剂量把握不准确的问题,根据神经网络模型和遗传算法得出不同条件下对应的注氨量和缓蚀剂量,为提升成品油质量奠定基础。     

二苯磺酰亚胺的合成工艺优化

苯磺酰胺与NaOH在水中反应生成苯磺酰胺钠盐,继续与苯磺酰氯作用,酸化后得二苯磺酰亚胺。运用正交实验方法,通过控制苯磺酰胺和苯磺酰氯的投料比,以及调整NaOH的用量,得到合成二苯磺酰亚胺的最佳工艺条件：（1）水溶液中苯磺酰胺的质量分数为20％;（2）物料摩尔比（苯磺酰胺：NaOH：苯磺酰氯）：2：2．1：1;（3）反应温度70％,反应时间3h。通过酸碱滴定法测得二苯磺酰亚胺的纯度为97．87％,产率为71．54％。     

Optimisation of the synthesis of an analogue of jojoba oil using a fully central composite design

The development and optimisation of the synthesis of an analogue of jojoba oil has been carried out. The product is an ester with characteristics similar to those of sperm whale oil and jojoba oil. This permits its use as a substitute for these two natural oils. A central composite design has been used in the synthesis of this fine chemical. The variables selected for the present study are reaction temperature, initial concentration of catalyst and working pressure. Temperature is the most significant factor in the esterification process, and its influence is positive. Pressure has a negative influence, and the concentration of catalyst a positive influence, on the process. Depending on the temperature value, the influence of the interactions can be more important than that of the other two main effects, pressure and catalyst concentration. Response surface models have been found adequately to represent the yield of ester. The commercial quality of the synthesised product is very similar to that of natural jojoba oil. Because of its low cost, this synthesis process is considered, from an economical point of view, very attractive.     

Optimization and control of a reactive distillation process for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate

Dimethyl carbonate is an environmentally benign and biodegradable chemical. Based on integration of reactive distillation and pressure-swing distillation technologies, a novel process for synthesis of dimethyl carbonate through transesterification with propylene carbonate and methanol has been developed by Huang et al. In this work, the optimization of this process was performed by minimizing the total TAC. The results show that the op-timal design flowsheet can save energy consumption by 18.6％with the propylene carbonate conversion of 99.9％. Then, an effective plant-wide control structure for the process was developed. Dynamic simulation results dem-onstrate that the temperature/flow rate cascade control plus with simple temperature control can keep not only product purity but also the conversion of the reactant at their desired values in the face of the disturbance in re-actant feed flow rate and feed composition.     

渣油加氢装置开工升温过程优化

为了缩短渣油加氢装置更换催化剂时的开工时间,找出了影响开工时间的主要因素.分析了系统升温升压气密过程的限制要素,并给出该过程的优化操作方法.经过优化,可将开工时间缩短48 h.     

Optimization of degumming process for soybean oil by phospholipase B

BACKGROUND: Enzymatic degumming, the ‘EnzyMax® process’, in which a phospholipase (type A₁, A₂ or B) was used to convert nonhydratable phospholipids into their hydratable forms. Compared with conventional methods, enzymatic degumming offers a safe biological route and eco‐friendly solution to industrial processes. To date, only phospholipases A₁ and A₂ have been used for enzymatic oil‐degumming. In this study, phospholipase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens BIT‐18 was applied for the first time in soybean oil degumming. RESULTS: Three major factors (temperature, pH and PLB dosage) were screened out through Plackett–Burman design. Then, response surface modeling combined with central composite design and regression analysis were employed for optimization of the final degumming process. The optimum conditions for the minimum residual phosphorus content in the oil were achieved at 40 °C, pH 4.7 and with PLB dosage of 500 U kg^?1. Under optimal conditions, the residual phosphorus content decreased to 4.9 mg kg^?1, which was comparable with predicted response values. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that Plackett‐Burman design combined with response surface modeling were proved effective in determining the optimum soybean oil degumming conditions. The results also revealed that phospholipase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens BIT‐18 was a good candidate for degumming various vegetable oils. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Oil from deep water fish species as a substitute for sperm whale and jojoba oils

The lipid fraction of the deep water fish species orange roughy (Hoplostetbus atlanticus), black oreo (Allocyttus sp.) and small spined oreo (Pseudocyttus maculatus) had wax esters with even carbon numbers over the range C₃₀ to C₄₆ as the major components. The component acids and alcohols of the wax ester fraction were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and compared with those of jojoba and sperm whale oils. Orange roughy oil was refined and deodorized and its chemical, physical and mechanical properties were determined. Hydrogenation of orange roughy oil produced a range of white crystalline waxes with melting points between 34 and 66 C. The characteristics of these waxes were very similar to those of hydrogenated jojoba oil and spermaceti. Lubricant tests performed on sulfurized orange roughy oil indicated it is comparable to sulfurized jojoba and sperm whale oils as an extreme-pressure additive in lubricants. The results show a sound technical basis on which to consider an industry based on orange roughy oil and the oreo oils as replacements for sperm whale oil and as substitutes for jojoba oil. Applications for the oil could be in the cosmetic and high-grade lubricant fields, the waxes in the polish, textile, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and the sulfurized derivative of orange roughy oil in the lubricant industry.     

L-乳酸丙酯的合成工艺优化

对乳酸丙酯的合成工艺条件如醇酸比、催化剂用量、反应时间进行了优化。实验采用间歇式反应精馏方法提高转化率。结果表明醇酸物质的量比为3∶1时转化率最高,催化剂用量为2%时转化率达到73%,反应时间为6h时最优。     

Optimization and control of a reactive and extractive distillation process for the synthesis of isopropyl acetate

A conventional reactive distillation column will not be able to produce high purity isopropyl acetate (IPAc) due to the existence of a minimum boiling azeotrope in the system. In this work, a novel reactive and extractive distillation (RED) process was proposed and used for the synthesis of IPAc. Results showed that the purity of IPAc reached 99.5%. Then, the RED flowsheet was optimized with minimum total annual cost (TAC), and a number of key variables were determined with the assistance of program written in Visual Basic 6.0 (VB). After that, two control structures of the RED process were developed: a basic control structure with temperature/proportional cascade control and an improved control structure with composition/temperature cascade control. The integral of squared error (ISE) was introduced to evaluate the performance of control systems, it revealed that the improved control structure had better controllability.     

双氧水催化氧化合成频哪醇工艺条件优化

以四甲基丁烯为原料,双氧水为氧化剂,采用活性高、选择性强的复合过渡金属作催化剂,合成高纯度的频哪醇,研究了反应温度、分子筛催化剂Pd/Pt复配量、反应时间等因素对频哪醇收率影响。结果表明,最佳合成条件为:Pd-Pt/Hβ作为复合催化剂,铂∶钯=4∶1(摩尔比),原料配比四甲基丁烯∶30%双氧水∶催化剂=1∶1.4∶0.015(质量比),反应温度75℃,反应4 h,频哪醇产品收率可达90%。本工艺具有产率高、各原料及催化剂无毒、生产过程无三废排放、成本低等特点,具有广阔的市场推广应用前景。     

双氧水催化氧化合成频哪醇工艺条件优化

以四甲基丁烯为原料,双氧水为氧化剂,采用活性高、选择性强的复合过渡金属作催化剂,合成高纯度的频哪醇,研究了反应温度、分子筛催化剂Pd/Pt复配量、反应时间等因素对频哪醇收率影响。结果表明,最佳合成条件为:Pd-Pt/Hβ作为复合催化剂,铂∶钯=4∶1(摩尔比),原料配比四甲基丁烯∶30%双氧水∶催化剂=1∶1.4∶0.015(质量比),反应温度75℃,反应4 h,频哪醇产品收率可达90%。本工艺具有产率高、各原料及催化剂无毒、生产过程无三废排放、成本低等特点,具有广阔的市场推广应用前景。     

新型原油降凝剂的绿色合成与复配研究

将一种电荷转移配合物（CTC）与丙烯酸十八酯（SA）发生聚合反应,合成出一种性能优良的降凝剂（CS）,在加量为900μg/g时,可使长庆原油的凝点下降10℃;CS与T-1804A复配比例为1∶1时,可使长庆原油凝点下降14℃。通过差示扫描量热,研究了降凝机理及复配机理。结果表明,降凝剂的加入使得系统的热能发生改变,增加了相变能。