管道气体置换混合长度变化规律研究

采用低雷诺数k-ε模型对输气管道气体置换过程进行二维数值模拟。研究结果表明:混合区浓度在轴向呈非对称分布,呈"头短尾长"特征;流速、管径、管道长度是混合长度的主要影响因素。混合初始,混合长度增长速率大,随着主流向下游流动距离的增加,增长速率减小;流速是混合长度的重要控制参数,湍流时的混合长度小于层流,流速对混合长度的影响在高雷诺数湍流时比较小;同一湍流流速下,混合长度随管径增加而增加;管径对混合长度的影响随湍流度的降低而增大;氮气-天然气混合长度比氮气-空气混合长度大1%—2%。     

Investigating the gelling behaviour of ‘waxy' paraffinic mixtures during flow shutdown

The flow of waxy or paraffinic crude oils in a pipeline could be shutdown for a variety of reasons, resulting in their cooling and subsequent gelling. Gel formation from a multicomponent wax-solvent mixture during flow shutdown was investigated experimentally and analyzed with a transient heat-transfer model based on the moving boundary problem formulation. The gelling experiments were performed with a 0.10 g/g wax-solvent mixture in a flow-loop apparatus, following the formation of a steady-state deposit layer in turbulent flow regime, at two initial wax-solvent mixture temperatures, with a constant coolant temperature, and for different shutdown times. The gel formation was found to be a fast process, which continued until the gel fully occupied the deposition tube. Gas chromatographic analyses of the deposit samples (under sheared cooling) and the gel samples (under static cooling during flow shutdown) indicated significant differences in the composition and the total wax content. The deposit samples showed an enrichment of heavier paraffins, whereas the composition of gel samples was comparable to that of the original wax-solvent mixture. The predictions from the transient model showed that a lower initial oil temperature, a lower coolant temperature, and a smaller pipe diameter would result in a faster blockage of the pipe. The predictions from the moving boundary problem formulation agreed well with the flow shutdown data, which further confirmed that the solid and gel formation from wax-solvent mixtures is modelled satisfactorily as a heat transfer process.     

环状管网井口回压案例分析

油田环状集输系统,常常由于受到管道变形、堵塞、结蜡、掺水量、水垢及随着集输长度的增加而出现胶凝状态等多方面因素的影响,导致部分井口回压过高而停井,影响了油田生产。针对油田现场中出现的问题管路,利用节点压力-温度诊断法确定了环路掺水走向,在此基础上,利用纯水百米压降诊断法及混输流动特性诊断法分别判断环路管网是否存在堵塞及管道规格与运行工况是否匹配,综合全面分析环路管网井口回压过高原因。     

The flow of sand/water slurries in horizontal pipes with internal spiral ribs — effect of rib height

The effect of secondary flows created by an internal spiral rib in an otherwise conventional smooth 2-inch pipe on the transportability of “settling” suspensions of sand in water was investigated with emphasis on the effect of rib height. While the ribs were found to be a disadvantage at relatively high average mixture velocities because of increased pressure gradients, they were advantageous at low velocities. The deposit velocity and the pressure gradient at the deposit velocity in ribbed pipes of several pitch to diameter ratios and rib heights were correlated with respect to the corresponding smooth pipe values. These correlations are useful in pipeline design. The optimum rib geometry was estimated to be a pitch to diameter ratio of about 8 and a rib height in the range of 10–15% of the pipe diameter for the solid-liquid mixtures investigated.     

阻力控制法确定管道尺寸浅析

分析了用流速控制法确定管径存在的问题,根据流体在管道内流动过程中能量转化原理,推导出阻力控制法确定管径的计算公式,将流体在管道内流动过程中的能量损失与所设计的管道尺寸建立最直接的关联,从而达到用控制管道阻力来确定管道尺寸的目的。列举了用阻力控制法确定管径方程式的应用实例。     

神府煤水煤浆管道输送试验研究

为获得神府煤水煤浆最佳管道输送参数,进行了水煤浆流变性试验,确定了水煤浆临界剪切速率。通过水煤浆剪切速率和剪切应力的关系确定神府煤水煤浆流变性模型,拟合出适于神府煤水煤浆流变性的数学方程。在不同管道直径和水煤浆浓度下,研究了水煤浆平均速率对管道压力损失的影响,得到了最佳水煤浆管道输送参数。结果表明:神府煤水煤浆临界剪切速率为40.74 s-1,水煤浆拟合后的流变方程符合宾汉塑性体模型,适宜泵送和管道输送。低浓度、低黏度的水煤浆更适合管道输送。在水煤浆平均流速相同的条件下,管道直径越小,管道压力损失越大。管道直径为200~300 mm时,神府煤水煤浆在管道输送中的压力损失在工业应用合理范围内,适宜管道输送。     

煤层气集输管道设计影响因素研究

煤层气田的特点是煤层气组分较纯,气田单井产量低,井网分布密集且井口数量众多,井口压力较低。由于煤层气田集输管网压力较低,需建设大量管道,投资费用高。研究煤层气集输管道计算影响因素及其规律对管道参数设计和优化、降低管道总体投资具有重要意义。采用多相流模拟软件OLGA建立了煤层气集输管道水力计算模型,模拟分析了管道流量、管径、含水率、进站压力对管道压降参数的影响,得出管径是集输设计的主要影响参数。敏感性分析结果显示煤层气集输管道设计参数的关键影响因素为管径和流量,且管径的影响最大。研究对于煤层气田的集输管道的计算和设计具有指导意义。     

蜡沉积物对现场管道运行影响研究

蜡沉积是流动保障关键问题之一,前人主要研究了温度、流速等因素对沉积物厚度的影响,而关于蜡沉积物进入原油后,对管道运行影响研究报道较少。通过现场测试储罐内原油和管输原油物性,研究了储罐蜡沉积物和管道蜡沉积物进入原油后,对管道运行的影响。研究表明:加热输送含有蜡沉积物的原油,导致原油凝点显著升高,给管道安全运行带来潜在风险,应慎用加热输送方式;升高输油温度,使管道内较松软的蜡沉积物融化,蜡沉积物厚度减小,但由于蜡沉积物进入原油,导致原油凝点升高。     

大口径非标管道的仿真优化设计

对大口径非标管道进行优化设计,利用Solidworks Flow Simulation对非标管道分析了气流速度的影响因素,利用SimulationXpress进行静力仿真分析。得出管道长度对气流速度影响的拟合方程。弯头角度的设计时,角度应尽量小,并且尽量在120°以内。对于弯头内的气流,影响其速度的主要因素为管径比,管道气流速度对着管径比增加而增大,即R越大,气流速度越大。形变量随着倾角的增大而减小,且不同的倾角的形变量最大的位置在管道中间处,支架沿重力方向的支撑方式其应力集中现象较小。     

Segregation under flow of objects suspended in a yield stress fluid and NMR imaging visualisation

This study demonstrates the segregation of spheres suspended in a gelled fluid, in laminar flow, in a sudden expansion. The flow conditions are such that gravity effects are negligible. The spheres are stable in the gel at rest. The upstream pipe diameter is in a ratio of 4:1 to the diameter of the spheres. In these circumstances, the medium is discrete, not continuous. It is shown that the initial conditions and flow kinematics lead to segregation of the matter in the downstream pipe. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging reveals an organised distribution of the solid matter downstream of the expansion. The effects of volume concentration, geometry and flow velocity were assessed. A model of the phenomenon is proposed.     

气塞破裂后油气混输管线压力变化规律

油气混输具有流型变化多、流动不稳定、流动规律复杂、易产生段塞的特点,造成管路运行不平稳、波动大、段塞冲击设备等问题,实际运行中工艺计算问题会变得十分复杂。通过建立段塞流气塞破裂力学模型,研究不同直径管线的气塞破裂可能引发的压力波动与冲击,对比分析气塞破裂后管线压力变化规律,研究结果表明:其他条件相同时,随着管径的减小,相同长度气塞破裂引发的气塞上游相同位置管线压力降低的幅度增大;随着气塞长度的增大和管道直径的减少,气塞破裂引发的压力波动向管道上游波及的距离不断增加。     

水合物浆在管道中的流动安全

摘要：搭建了环境温度控制室,将直径为42mm,长为30m的不锈钢环道安置在其中。借助于实验环道分别进行了固相体积浓度为0～70％、平均流速为0.5～3.6m.s^-1的四氢呋喃水合物浆和HCFC-141b水合物浆的流动实验。发现管道中两种水合物浆的压降梯度随流速的增加而增加;而与水合物体积浓度的关系都存在一个临界值,分别为50.6％和37.5％,当体积浓度小于临界值时,水合物浆压降梯度随体积浓度的增加而很缓慢的增大;当体积浓度大于临界值时,压降梯度随体积浓度的增加而急剧增大。通过与其他研究的比较,以临界水合物体积浓度为判断标准定义了一个流动安全区,当管道中的水合物体积浓度小于临界值,可以认为是安全的,相反则认为管道存在水合物堵塞的威胁。     

PET熔体直纺夹套管的设计

介绍PET熔体输送的工艺流程,从初选管径、管道中的停留时间,熔体流动的压力降计算,熔体管道的局部压力降,减小管道应力的配管设计,管内其他部件的设计等方面。对PET熔体直纺夹套管的工艺设计进行了论述。     

Numerical modeling of three-phase stratified flow in pipes

The simultaneous flow of water, oil and gas is of practical importance for the oil and gas industry. These three phases are present in varying degrees of concentration in many oil and gas pipelines. In this work, a model has been developed to predict the values of the hold-up and pressure gradient for three-phase stratified flow prevailing in a horizontal pipeline. This information is usually the first step for analyzing the stability of stratified flow and developing transition criteria. The concept of extended velocity has been applied to compute the wall shear stresses in three-phase flow. The effect of process variables such as gas to liquid ratio, pipe diameter, oil viscosity and non-Newtonian character of oil on hold-up and pressure gradient has been studied to simulate the oil well conditions. Structural stability analysis was also carried out to check for the sensitivity of the model.     

Liquid re-circulation in turbulent vertical pipe flow behind a cylindrical bluff body and a ventilated cavity attached to a sparger

The turbulent flow field (Re=60024) in the wake of a cylindrical bluff body in a 0.105 m internal diameter pipe with an area blockage ratio of 82% in turbulent single-phase flow was studied using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The results for the time-averaged velocity showed a toroidal vortex below the bluff body. The axial location below the bluff body where both the time-averaged radial and axial velocity components were zero (eye of the vortex) was found at approximately 0.72D. The end of the re-circulation region as defined by a stagnation point on the centreline of the pipe was found at an axial location below the bluff body of approximately 1.3D. These two locations did not change when altering the liquid superficial velocity confirming that the geometry (i.e., size) of the toroidal vortex is not dependent on the superficial liquid velocity or the speed of the vortex.Similar measurements using LDV were taken in the wake of a ventilated cavity in a vertical 0.105 m internal diameter pipe, with an area blockage ratio of 80%. The flow beneath the cavity was turbulent two-phase bubbly flow and the liquid-only flow ahead of the cavity was turbulent (Re=45618). The cavity was attached to a (central) sparger, which is a scale-up of the design used by Bacon (1995). The average gas void fraction in the wake of the cavity was 7%. The results for the time-averaged velocity confirmed the formation of a toroidal vortex remarkably similar to the vortex formed below the bluff body. The eye of the vortex and the end of the re-circulation region were found at an axial location below the ventilated cavity of 0.78 and 1.35D, respectively, i.e., almost identical to the results for the bluff body.The LDV results of the cylindrical bluff body and the ventilated cavity were compared with the fully predictive model of the velocity distribution in the vortex proposed by Thorpe et al. (2001) and good agreement was found in both cases. The model also agreed well with the data of van Hout et al. (2002) for a Taylor bubble rising in stagnant liquid in a 0.025 m internal diameter pipe. The CFX simulations of Thorpe et al. (2001) carried out for a 0.050 m internal diameter pipe, agreed well with the experimental data of the cylindrical bluff body, the ventilated cavity and the data obtained by van Hout et al. (2002) when correlating the results in the appropriate dimensionless form. Our analysis showed that the maximum axial re-circulation velocity in the centre of the vortex ring was directly proportional to the mean velocity in the annulus at the base of the cylindrical bluff body, the ventilated cavity or the Taylor bubble. The proportionality constant for all cases was found to be approximately 0.38 confirming the value proposed by Thorpe et al. (2001).     

搅拌槽中固液悬浮及其放大的研究

研究了具有盘管、碟形底和斜叶涡轮固液悬浮搅拌槽的放大规律。试验用槽径（外径）分别为０．２ｍ、０．５ｍ和１．０ｍ的三个有机玻璃搅拌槽。用激光法测定悬浮液浓度。得出离底悬浮及均匀悬浮时搅拌转速和比功率的经验关联式，与测定槽内轴向速度分布所导出的均匀悬浮方程相吻合，并表明槽径的放大指数主要由循环流数所决定。     

A rapid mixing process in continuous operation under periodic forcing

We introduce a simple and powerful new process for mixing two fluid streams introduced into a pipe via a splitter plate. We demonstrate that the fluids can be thoroughly mixed (at least on large scale) within one pipe diameter downstream of the splitter. Mixing is controlled via periodic velocity forcing of one of the input streams, and is due to amplification of the perturbation as described by instability and receptivity theory. The effectiveness of the mixing depends strongly and non-trivially on the perturbation frequency and amplitude, which distinguishes this method from simple mechanical stirring. The method is effective even at relatively low Reynolds numbers, where laminar flow is observed in the absence of the forcing. Fast mixing can be obtained for different initial velocity ratios of the two inlet streams, rendering the mixing process relatively versatile. Here the mixing method is demonstrated, and potential issues for industrial application are discussed.     

基于颗粒堆积理论的管壁水合物沉积层力学特性研究

管壁水合物沉积层的稳定性与管壁水合物沉积层的力学特性密切相关,研究管壁水合物沉积层的力学特性对深水流动安全保障具有重要意义。为研究管壁水合物沉积层的力学特性,假设沉积层内所有水合物均为大小相同的球形颗粒,且沉积层是由多层水合物颗粒相互堆积而成。根据水合物颗粒堆积方式的不同,将管壁水合物沉积层分为简单立方堆积型、六方堆积型、复六方堆积型、四面体堆积型、角锥堆积型和随意堆积型6类。不同类型的水合物沉积层对应有不同的空隙率和层间受力特性,以此为基础,分别计算分析了各类水合物沉积层的压缩波速、剪切波速、泊松比、弹性模量、抗拉强度,并依据摩尔--库仑强度准则给出了各类管壁水合物沉积层的抗剪强度。同时,计算分析了退火作用对管壁水合物沉积层抗拉强度和抗剪强度的影响。本文研究成果可为油气管道水合物防治技术的发展提供理论支持。     

弯头直角管道顺序输送混油特性的数值模拟

通过多相流模型对成品油管道进行数值模拟,以汽油和柴油作为顺序输送对象,分别就直角弯管向上、直角弯管向下两种工况时研究输送顺序、重力、管径、粘滞力对混油的影响,研究结果表面:当直角弯管向上时前行柴油的混油量小于前行汽油的混油量,当油品运行到竖直管道时,前行柴油比前行汽油油品运行的缓慢,前行柴油混油的倾斜角度大于前行汽油混油的倾斜角度;当直角弯管向下时前行汽油的混油量小于前行柴油的混油量,前行汽油混油的倾斜角度大于前行柴油混油的倾斜角度。通过对比可以看出:直角弯管向上前行柴油时混油运行的最为缓慢。无论是前行汽油还是前行柴油管径越大混油量越小,当管径相等时前行柴油比前行汽油的混油长。该数值模拟与管道实际结果相一致。     

水平渐变管内油水两相流模拟研究

为优化油气集输管道局部管道结构,采用计算流体力学软件对水平渐变管内油水两相流进行数值模拟,对比不同含水率、不同入口流速条件下两相流流型,分析油水两相流在管道内的压力分布规律。结果表明,渐变管内油水两相流流型为水包油流型,管壁主要为油相润湿;渐缩管压力随流向位移持续下降,渐扩管先下降后上升再下降;整体压降速率与含水率成反比,与入口流速成正比。研究结果可以为优化稠油集输管网管道结构、降低管道流动能耗等油水混输问题提供参考。