襄阳牛肉面质地感官与仪器分析的相关性研究

目的 明确襄阳牛肉面质地的感官与质构特性以及关键评价指标,并探讨感官与质构特性之间的关联性。方法 采用感官评分法对12种不同品牌襄阳牛肉面质地特性进行感官评定,同时使用质构仪开展面条的拉伸实验、剪切实验以及质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis, TPA)等质构特性测定,进一步采用偏最小二乘法回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)对感官和质构特性进行关联性分析。结果 襄阳牛肉面整体呈现爽滑劲道的感官特性,有弹性、质地较硬且略黏的质构特性。感官指标的适口性、黏性以及韧性对面条质地感官评分影响显著,不同品牌襄阳牛肉面质地的感官评分和质构指标之间均存在较强相关性,剪切硬度、剪切韧性与感官评分值、适口性(软硬度)呈现显著相关性(P<0.05)。分析结果表明影响面条感官评分和适口性的关键质构指标是剪切硬度、剪切韧性以及最大拉伸强度。结论 襄阳牛肉面质地的感官评分和质构指标剪切硬度、剪切韧性以及最大拉伸强度之间存在显著关联性。本研究为构建襄阳牛肉面的感官性状评价体系奠定了基础。     

牛肉干感官与质构的相关性

在前期牛肉干工艺优化的基础上,对牛肉干进行感官评分和质构仪检测,探索牛肉干感官评分与质构指标之间的关系。结果表明:质构仪测试的硬度、弹性和黏聚性指标与感官评分具有极显著的相关性,由此提出以硬度、弹性和黏聚性3个质构指标来客观评价牛肉干品质,为质构仪在牛肉干品质评价的应用提供理论依据。     

Correlation between instrumental and sensory ratings by evaluation of some texture reference scales

The objective of this study was to investigate instrumental–sensory relationships of some texture scales using argentine foods as references. Textural characteristics of these foods were instrumentally investigated by the texture profile analysis technique. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the main attributes of the food samples. High Pearson’s correlation coefficients were found between hardness and fracturability (r = 0.94; P < 0.0001), hardness and gumminess (r = 0.71; P < 0.0001) and springiness and cohesiveness (r = 0.85; P < 0.0001). PCA identified two significant principal components, which accounted for 81.2% of the variance in the instrumental data. Additionally, a trained panel described the texture characteristics of the food samples according to the standard reference scales. The correlation curves showed nonlinear relationships (R² between 85.6% and 99.9%) which were used to predict sensory attributes of other food samples. Some texture attributes like hardness and fracturability were accurately predicted by mechanical properties, while others like cohesiveness and adhesiveness were less representative.     

Consumer sensory evaluation of plain and seasoned goat meat and beef products

Plain meat loaves and chili were prepared with ground goat meat or beef containing 15% fat. A consumer sensory panel first rated meat loaf samples for acceptability on a 9-point hedonic scale. Then, meat loaf samples, followed by chili samples, were each evaluated in triangle test for differentiation between goat meat and beef. Acceptability scores were similar for plain goat meat and beef loaves when the goat meat product was served before the beef product, but were lower for the goat meat with reverse serving order. In triangle tests, goat meat was differentiated from beef, whether plain or seasoned products.     

Chemical, instrumental and sensory characteristics of cooked pork ham

Instrumental, chemical and sensory parameters of cooked pork ham were evaluated. Principal component analysis was carried out on the basis of the instrumental variables related to colour and texture. The four PCs account for almost 94% of the total variance in the data set. The PCA only separated 3 hams with a^* > 10. Hardness was correlated with non-collagen muscle protein (P  0.01), gumminess (P  0.01) and ash (P  0.05). Sensory evaluated tenderness showed positive significant correlation with L^* (P  0.01). The most important colour parameter seems to be a^*, which was negatively correlated with sensory evaluated parameter colour (P  0.01). The PCA performed on all parameters (sensory, chemical and textural) discriminated two groups of hams differing in non-collagen muscle protein content and hardness.     

Chemical,instrumental and sensory characteristics of cooked pork ham

Instrumental, chemical and sensory parameters of cooked pork ham were evaluated. Principal component analysis was carried out on the basis of the instrumental variables related to colour and texture. The four PCs account for almost 94% of the total variance in the data set. The PCA only separated 3 hams with a¹ > 10. Hardness was correlated with non-collagen muscle protein (P ⩽ 0.01), gumminess (P ⩽ 0.01) and ash (P ⩽ 0.05). Sensory evaluated tenderness showed positive significant correlation with L¹ (P ⩽ 0.01). The most important colour parameter seems to be a¹, which was negatively correlated with sensory evaluated parameter colour (P ⩽ 0.01). The PCA performed on all parameters (sensory, chemical and textural) discriminated two groups of hams differing in non-collagen muscle protein content and hardness.     

The relationship between sensory time-intensity, physiological electromyography and instrumental texture profile analysis measurements of beef tenderness

The relationship between the perception of tenderness, chewing activity and instrumental compression was explored by time-intensity, electromyography and instrumental texture profile analysis (ITPA). Bovine m. longissimus dorsi from five treatments were evaluated by seven individuals. Time-intensity results showed that the Decrease Area and Area Under the Curve provided the most information regarding sample differences, with the former providing the best sample discrimination. Electromyographic results of mastication rate demonstrated the number of chews required to reach maximum force to chew. The results suggest a need to re-examine the effects of early mastication vs the late mastication effects for the measurement of meat tenderness.     

巧克力质地的感官评定和仪器测定之间的相关性研究

通过感官评定和仪器测定(穿刺、三点弯曲和TPA)三种方法对五种巧克力的质地进行了研究,通过二者的相关分析得出了感官评定指标以仪器测定为变量的线性回归方程,即预测模型,并对预测模型进行了验证.本研究为利用质构仪代替感官评价巧克力质地品质提供了理论依据.     

Warmed-over flavour in cooked sliced beef Chemical analysis in relation to sensory evaluation

Summary A technique for analysing the extent of warmed-over flavour (WOF) in cooked beef based on autofluorescence of the extracted lipid fraction has been studied. In a chill storage experiment with reheated, oven-cooked beef, the method has been used together with the commonly used determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by extraction, to measure the development of WOF. The objective measurements were correlated to sensory evaluations showing that the TBARS and the fluorescence methods are each suitable for monitoring the development of WOF in reheated cooked beef during storage. However, determination of TBARS was found to agree more precisely with the sensory evaluation than the fluorescence analysis. The impression of WOF smell becomes saturated for high TBARS values and high concentrations of fluorescent oxidation products, and constitutes an example of Weber-Fechner's law describing sensory impression as a logarithmic function of the triggering compound(s). A practical implication of this result is that a doubling of the TBARS value corresponds to a 30% increase in the degree of WOF.

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Aufwärmgeschmack von gekochtem Rindfleisch in Scheiben Chemische Analyse in Beziehung zu sensorischer Beurteilung

Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage der Autofluorescenz der extrahierten Lipidfraktion wurde eine Analysemethode zur Feststellung des Umfangs des Aufwärmgeschmacks (WOF) in gekochtem Rindfleisch untersucht. In einem Kühllagerungsversuch mit wiedererwärmtem, gekochtem Rindfleisch wurde das Verfahren zusammen mit der zur Messung der WOF-Entwicklung üblichen Extraktionsbestimmung von Thiobarbitursäure-reaktiven Substanzen (TBARS) verwendet. Die objektiven Messungen wurden mit sensorischen Beurteilungen korreliert, dabei stellte sich heraus, daß sowohl die TBARS-Bestimmung als auch die Fluorescenzmethode geeignet sind, die Entwicklung von WOF in wiedererwärmtem, gekochtem Rindfleisch während der Lagerung zu überwachen. Jedoch wurde festgestellt, daß die TBARS-Bestimmung im Vergleich mit der Fluorescenzanalyse eine genauere Übereinstimmung mit der sensorischen Beurteilung aufwies. Für hohe TBARS-Werte und für hohe Konzentrationen von Fluorescenz-Oxidationsprodukten wird der Eindruck vom WOF-Aroma (Geruch) gesättigt und ist somit ein Beispiel des Weber-Fechner-Gesetzes, welches den sensorischen Eindruck als eine logaritmische Funktion der auslösenden Verbindung(en) beschreibt. Praktisch läßt sich aus diesem Ergebnis schließen, daß eine Verdopplung des TBARS-Wertes einer 30%-Erhöhung des WOF-Grades entspricht.

     

腌鸡蛋质地感官评价与仪器分析的相关性研究

对腌鸡蛋的蛋清和蛋黄进行感官评价和仪器分析的相关性研究。感官评价采用质地剖面分析法,仪器分析使用物性质构仪测定。结果表明:除凝聚性外,蛋清感官指标硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和仪器指标表现出了较好的相关性;蛋黄感官指标硬度、粗糙性、残余颗粒、脂性都和仪器指标表现出较好的相关性。以感官指标为因变量,以仪器指标为自变量进行逐步回归分析,获得的预测方程均具有统计学意义。本研究为使用仪器指标代替感官指标来评价腌蛋质地提供了理论依据。     

腌鸡蛋质地感官评价与仪器分析的相关性研究

对腌鸡蛋的蛋清和蛋黄进行感官评价和仪器分析的相关性研究。感官评价采用质地剖面分析法,仪器分析使用物性质构仪测定。结果表明:除凝聚性外,蛋清感官指标硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和仪器指标表现出了较好的相关性;蛋黄感官指标硬度、粗糙性、残余颗粒、脂性都和仪器指标表现出较好的相关性。以感官指标为因变量,以仪器指标为自变量进行逐步回归分析,获得的预测方程均具有统计学意义。本研究为使用仪器指标代替感官指标来评价腌蛋质地提供了理论依据。      

利用PCR法检测熟牛肉的肉源性

本文旨在建立实时荧光PCR检测熟牛肉中牛、猪、马等动物源性成分的方法。通过对菏泽市市售熟牛肉进行采样检测,提取熟牛肉中总DNA后进行实时荧光PCR检测,确定Ct值,分析样品熟牛肉中牛、猪、马源性成分。通过检测DNA提取液(纯度1.6~1.7),便能满足实时荧光PCR的检测要求。本次采样检测的12批样品中,2批既检出牛源性成分又检出马源性成分,说明样本可能存在马肉掺假为牛肉的问题。     

Texture,colour and sensory evaluation of a conventionally and ohmically cooked meat emulsion batter

Samples of meat emulsion batter were steam or ohmically cooked (at voltage densities ranging from 3 to 7 V cm^?1) to standardized cook values (C_s) or to target end point temperatures (EPT). Higher ohmic voltage densities produced faster heating rates. Texture profile analysis (TPA) of ohmic and steam‐cooked frankfurters showed no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in any of the attributes assessed with the exception of springiness, which was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in ohmically cooked samples heated to similar C_s values, although this trend was less pronounced in samples cooked to similar EPT. Instrumental colour evaluations revealed that ohmically cooked samples (cooked both to similar C_s and EPT) differed from steam‐cooked in both a* and hue angle values (especially at 5–7 V cm^?1 (p < 0.05)). Although instrumental measurements revealed differences in selected texture and colour attributes, panellists were not able to distinguish between steam and similar EPT ohmically cooked samples (p < 0.05). Thus while subtle differences may exist in the eating quality of ohmic and steam‐cooked emulsions, these differences are unlikely to be of an order of magnitude to affect consumer acceptance of ohmically cooked meat emulsion products. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

鱼糕质构的仪器分析与感官评定间的相关性

质构是鱼糕品质的决定性因素,为了建立一种客观的品质评价方法,对目前市场上不同品牌鱼糕的感官评定结果与仪器分析结果的相关性进行研究,以期为定量表达鱼糕的感官质构特性提出理论依据。选用了10种市售销量大的鱼糕,进行感官评定,并使用物性分析仪进行质地剖面分析。进而运用主成分分析法与相关性分析法对感官评定与仪器分析的测定结果进行讨论。结果表明,二者之间具有一定的相关性。为进一步评价鱼糕的质构特性,以仪器分析指标为自变量,感官评定指标为因变量,进行逐步回归分析,建立具有统计意义的鱼糕质构特性的预测方程。     

Instrumental and sensory tests of texture of cooked frozen french fries

A range of physical tests in parallel with sensory evaluation has been carried out on frozen french fries as a function of frying time. Low strain rate flexure and high strain rate pendulum impact tests show that overall the strength and modulus of samples increases with frying time. A portable instrumented pendulum is able to differentiate between samples. The best correlation between sensory and instrumental measures is on crispness and mechanical strength. Oil and water contents change with frying time and are related to the visible layered structure in the samples. Changes in oil and water contents and structure are least between 4 and 6min. Structural change occurs after 6min corresponding to discontinuities in density, mechanical properties and sensory attributes.     

Modeling and predicting spoilage of cooked, cured meat products by multivariate analysis

A cooked, cured meat product is a perishable product spoiled mainly by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB cause discoloration, slime formation, off-odors and off-flavors as the result of their metabolic activity producing various products. These microbial products in conjunction with the microbial population could be used to assess the degree of spoilage of this type of product. The spoilage evaluation was achieved by following a multivariate approach. Cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least square regression were employed to associate spoilage with microbiological and physicochemical parameters. The developed model was capable of giving accurate predictions of spoilage describing the spoilage associations. The study might contribute to the improvement of quality assurance systems of meat enterprises.     

蒸煮腌肉色素氧化与脂肪氧化互促效应关系的研究动态

色泽是肉及肉制品的最重要的一个品质指标,因为它是消费者用来判断其新鲜度和是否购买的一个最直观的指标.蒸煮腌肉制品在贮藏过程中会发生褪色,主要是蒸煮腌肉色素(CCMP)的降解和氧化所致,其中脂肪氧化与CCMP的氧化关系密切,许多有关脂肪氧化与肉色变化之间的关系问题还不很明确.本文主要综述了CCMP氧化与脂肪氧化之间的相互诱导和激发、促使关系研究现状,为研究蒸煮腌肉制品贮藏期间色泽变化理论以及确定有效的护色技术提供一些指导.同时,肉类研究者在发展新型稳定肉色方法的同时,需更进一步关注CCMP的化学变化理论研究.