The best performance of inclined thermal diffusion columns of the frazier scheme

The equations for the best angles of inclination for maximum separation, maximum production rate and minimum column length in inclined flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme, have been derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtained when a Frazier scheme is operated at the best corresponding angle of inclination, especially for the schemes of high column number.     

Thermal diffusion in inclined flat-plate columns of the frazier scheme

The separation theory of thermal diffusion in inclined flat-plate columns of the Frazier scheme has been developed and investigated. The equations for the best angle of inclination and maximum separation have been derived. Considerable improvement in separation is obtained when thermal diffusion columns are operated at the best angle of inclination.     

Effect of plate aspect ratio on the recovery of deuterium from water-isotope mixture in flat-plate thermal diffusion columns with transverse sampling streams

The optimal plate aspect ratios for the best recovery of deuterium from water-isotope mixture in flat-plate thermal diffusion columns with transverse sampling streams have been determined. The maximum recovery and maximum production rate are achieved without changing the total expenditure, while the design with minimum plate surface area results in minimizing the total expense.     

Recovery of deuterium from water-isotopes mixture in flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme with optimum plate-spacing

The effect of plate-spacing on the degree of recovery and production rate for the recovery of deuterium from water-isotopes mixture in flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme with fixed operation expense has been investigated. The equations for estimating optimum plate-spacing for maximum recovery and maximum production rate have been developed. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable when thermal-diffusion columns with optimum plate-spacing are employed for operation.     

Thermal diffusion in the modified Frazier schemes with column heights varied at a constant increment for improved performance

The effects of column number and column-height increment on the degree of separation in the modified Frazier scheme of thermal diffusion columns with the total sum of column heights fixed, has been investigated. The equations, which may be employed to predict the optimal column number and the optimal column-height increment for the maximum separation, have been derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable if the column number and column-height increment in a modified Frazier scheme with the total sum of column heights fixed, are properly assigned under a certain flow-rate operation, instead of using the conventional Frazier scheme of constant column height with the same total sum of column heights.     

Recovery of Deuterium from Water‐Isotopes Mixture in Flat‐Plate Thermal‐Diffusion Columns of the FRAZIER Scheme with Optimal Plate Aspect Ratio for Improved Performance

Abstract

The equations for estimating the optimal plate aspect ratio as well as the corresponding maximum recovery, maximum production rate, and minimum plate surface area for recovery of deuterium from water‐isotopes mixture in flat‐plate thermal diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme, have been derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable if the operation is carried out with the optimal plate aspect ratio. It was found that all the optimal plate aspect ratios, as well as the improvements in performance, do not depend on feed concentration.     

Enrichment of Heavy Water by Thermal Diffusion in the Frazier Schemes with Column Heights Varied at a Constant Increment for Improved Performance

The improvement of heavy water enrichment by thermal diffusion in the Frazier scheme with column heights varied at a constant increment and with the total sum of column heights fixed, has been investigated. The equations, which may be employed to predict the optimal column number and the optimal column-height increment for maximum separation, have been derived. Considerable improvement in heavy water enrichment is obtainable if the column number and column-height increment in a modified Frazier scheme with the total sum of column heights fixed, are property assigned under certain flow-rate operation, instead of using the conventional scheme of uniform column height.     

The dehydrogenative coupling of methane to form higher hydrocarbons in a hot wire thermal diffusion column

The dehydrogenative coupling of methane in a hot wire thermal diffusion column (TDC) produced higher hydrocarbons separated and identified by GCMS; this novel method shows good promise (30%+ conversion) for the utilisation of natural gas to produce gasoline.     

The Optimum Column Number for the Best Performance of Thermal Diffusion in the Frazier Scheme with the Total Sum of Column Height Fixed

The effect of column number N, as well as the column height h of thermal diffusion columns, on the degree of separation in the Frazier scheme with the total sum of the column height L (=Nh) fixed, has been investigated. The equations, which may be employed to predict the optimum column number N* for the maximum separation Δ _N,max, have been derived. Considerable performance in separation is obtainable if the column number, as well as the column height, in a Frazier scheme with the total sum of the column height fixed is properly assigned for a certain flow-rate operation.     

The best performance in spiral wired thermal diffusion columns

The Improvement in performance of a concentric tube thermal diffusion column by means of a wire spiral, having a diameter equal to the annular spacing and inserted as a spacer in the annular region, was investigated. Equations of the optimum wire angle of inclination from the vertical for the maximum separation, maximum output and minimum column height have been derived. Considerable improvements in performance are obtainable if the spiral wired columns are employed, instead of using the open column (without wire), so that the convection strength can be reduced and controlled, resulting in suppressing the undesirable remixing effect while still preserving the desirable cascading effect.     

Improvement in separation of the batch-type thermal diffusion column with impermeable barriers inserted between the plates

Rather than one impermeable barrier, the installation of more impermeable barriers between the plates in a batch-type thermal diffusion column substantially enhances the separation efficiency by further properly reducing the remixing effect. Theoretical analysis shows that when the barriers are installed at the best positions, maximum degree of separation, maximum concentration of the top product or minimum concentration of the bottom product may be obtained. Considerable improvement is obtained especially when the ratio K'; of transport constants (i.e. K_c/K_d) is large.     

The Improvement of Thermal Diffusion Performance in the Modified Frazier Scheme by Increasing the Column Heights at a Constant Ratio

The effects of column number and the variation of column heights on thermal diffusion along the modified Frazier scheme, has been investigated with the total sum of column heights fixed. The equations, which may be employed to predict the optimal number of columns and the optimal column-height ratio for the maximum separation, have been derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable if the column-height ratio and/or column number in a modified Frazier scheme with the total sum of column heights fixed are properly assigned for a certain flow-rate operation, instead of using the conventional Frazier scheme of uniform column height with the same total sum of column heights.     

深宽比对微通道内气液二相流空隙率的影响

微通道内气液二相流的空隙率对管路内热质传递具有重要影响。利用高速摄像仪对4种不同深宽比的矩形截面微通道内空气-水二相流的流型进行实时观测和记录,对二相流型图进行了分析和计算,得到了不同流型时的空隙率。4种微通道尺寸(深度×宽度)分别为100μm×200μm,100μm×400μm,100μm×800μm,100μm×2 000μm。结果表明:对于弹状流,空隙率随着微通道截面深宽比的减小而降低,当流型为液环流时,空隙率随着微通道截面深宽比的减小而增加。在实验基础上,将截面深宽比作为参数提出了一个新的空隙率预测模型,计算结果显示:模型能对矩形截面微通道内气液二相流动空隙率进行很好的预测。     

热流道注射模热流道板的膨胀补偿机构设计

热流道模具的一个重要问题是热流道板加热之后要发生明显的热膨胀，使工作时喷嘴的中心线与常温时的喷嘴中心线产生明显的偏心距，在模具设计时，如果不能在结构上采取措施予以补偿，将使模具变形、破坏或发生其它问题。本文总结了在生产实际中几种可靠的补偿偏心距的结构，对于热流道模具的设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

环己酮蒸馏塔真空度对理论塔板数的影响

在己内酰胺生产过程中 ,环己酮蒸馏塔的作用是利用环己酮与环己醇沸点差异 ,将二者分离。讨论了环己酮和环己醇汽 -液相平衡关系 ,绘制了常压及 10kPa时的温度与摩尔分率 (t-x - y)图及液 -汽相关系 (x - y)图。分析了系统压力对沸点差、相对挥发度、理论塔板数、操作回流比的影响。认为 :( 1)降低压力 ,提高真空度 ,可使二者沸点差拉大 ,相对挥发度随之提高 ,环己酮蒸馏塔的理论塔板数、回流比逐渐递减 ,但压力降低到一定程度时 ,变化缓慢 ,故应选择一最佳压力值 ;( 2 )压力由常压变化到 10kPa时 ,吉利兰关联图系数基本无变化     

注射模热流道板的膨胀补偿机构设计

热流道模具的一个重要问题是热流道板加热之后要发生明显的热膨胀,使工作时喷嘴的中心线与常温时的喷嘴中心线产生明显的偏心距,在模具设计时,如果不能在结构上采取措施予以补偿,将使模具变形、破坏或发生其它问题。本文总结了在生产实际中几种可靠的补偿偏心距的结构,对于热流道模具的设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Characterisation of flow and heat transfer patterns in low aspect ratio packed beds by a 3D network-of-voids model

Using an illustrative sphere packing assembly, it is demonstrated that flow structure and wall heat transfer patterns in low aspect ratio fixed bed reactors are more realistically modelled by properly accounting for the discrete void fraction variations. A 3D network-of-voids (NoV) model has been devised to characterise and examine the discrete flow and heat transfer phenomena in a low aspect ratio packed bed with d_t/d_p = 1.93. The model as formulated is deliberately designed to be not too complicated so as not to place severe demands on computational resources. Hence, the model can potentially easily be applied to simulate the typically large sets of tubes (often comprising more than 10,000) in the case of industrial multi-tubular reactors, where every tube is different due to the random insertion of the packing particles. Because of its simplicity, the model offers an opportunity of coupling the individual catalyst pellet level transport with the complex interstitial flows at the reactor scale. Illustrative studies of this NoV model on a random packed bed of spheres predict large variations of discrete in-void angular velocities and consequently wall heat transfer coefficients within a single tube. The wide variations of wall heat transfer coefficients imply that the different angular sections of the tube will transfer heat at radically different rates resulting in potentially large temperature differences in different segments of the tube. This may possibly result in local temperature runaway and/or hot spot development leading to several potentially unanticipated consequences for safety and integrity of the tube and hence the reactor. The NoV model predictions of the overall pressure drop behaviour are shown to be consistent with the quantitative and qualitative features of correlations available in the literature.     

The use of an ionic liquid in a Karr reciprocating plate extraction column

Ionic liquids offer an alternative to volatile organic solvents for extraction of a range of materials. This work examines the mass transfer performance of a Karr reciprocating plate column with an ionic liquid as an alternative solvent for the extraction of phenol from water. The results indicate that ionic liquids can be used in existing solvent extraction equipment and that existing correlations and models can be used to predict mass transfer performance.