Kinetics of bitumen extraction from oil sands using organic solvents

The kinetic study of bitumen extraction from oil sands is significant for efficiency improvement and reactor design in industrial applications. Here, an improved pseudo-first-order kinetic model was established with the assumption of a constant Sherwood number, which took into account the mass transfer area. Five organic solvents were used for the extraction kinetics of the prepared bitumen microbeads. The improved pseudo-first-order kinetic model exhibited excellent fitting effects. Petroleum ether/dichloromethane was proved to be the best solvent. The results also showed an exponential decrease in the diameter of the bitumen microbeads and a linear increase in mass transfer coefficients with time for all the solvents. The kinetics of bitumen extraction from oil sands using different solvents were predicted according to the corresponding average mass transfer coefficients. The experimental results confirmed that the improved kinetic model was capable of describing the mass transfer process of bitumen extraction from oil sands.     

涡轮萃取塔在林可霉素萃取中的应用研究

林可霉素是一种高效广谱抗生素,有着广泛的应用。目前在工业生产中,大多采用多级混合澄清槽从发酵液中萃取林可霉素,但混合澄清槽存在占地面积大、溶剂储存量大、操作费用高,操作环境差等问题。涡轮萃取塔是一种高效的萃取塔,有着占地面积小、溶剂储存量低、萃取效率高等优点。在直径50 mm小型涡轮萃取塔中对林可霉素进行了研究:在不同相比、不同转数条件下,研究了林可霉素的传质情况及液滴直径大小分布特征。实验结果表明:在相同流量的情况下,随着转速增高,分散相滞留率随之增高,林可霉素的萃取效果越好。在相同转速、轻相流量不变的情况下,重相流量越低,林可霉素的萃取效果越好。研究结果表明:涡轮萃取塔用于林可霉素的萃取是可行的。     

液固萃取塔中尼龙6中己内酰胺的外部传质系数

采用固定床半间歇萃取装置在工业生产温度与流速下研究了尼龙6颗粒中己内酰胺(CL)的液固传质过程,基于萃取过程中CL浓度在颗粒中呈现抛物线分布的假设,建立了液固传质过程的外部传质系数模型. 结果表明,温度65~95℃和液相流速0.27~2.71 mm/s时,提高温度与流速均能显著加快CL的液固萃取. 外部传质系数模型适用于描述无因次时间大于0.15的实验数据. 将CL外部传质系数进行无因次量纲化,建立了舍伍德数(Sh)、施密特数(Sc)和雷诺数(Re)间的相互关系,可用于预测尼龙6工业萃取塔中的CL外部传质系数.     

气-液-液萃取传质效率的研究

在液-液萃取过程中,提高分散相的表面更新速率可有效提高萃取的传质效率.研究发现,在萃取过程中使用气体搅拌可以增加液液之间的接触面积,促进液相内的湍动和循环.据此,本文在气-液-液萃取条件下对不同填料的传质性能进行了测定.实验表明,通入气相后分散相液滴呈现稳定的“油包气”空心状态,这种结构大大降低了分散相液滴的传质层厚度,减小了传质距离,极大地强化传质效率.在适宜气速下,气-液-液萃取效率较传统萃取效率提高20％～40％.通过与散装填料对比,发现规整填料更利于强化萃取效果,传质效率提高约50％.     

传质分离过程理论塔板数的简捷计算

本文在图解法的基础上,通过分析理论塔板与操作线、平衡线之间的关系,建立了适用于气体吸收、液体精馏及液液萃取过程的传质单元数与理论板数间的对应关系,并利用工业低含量物质传质过程,对此关系式进行验证。与实际比较,结果基本一致,且计算过程简单、快捷,可帮助学生加深对传质过程的认识。     

Mass Transfer Modelling in Counter-Current Crossed Flows in an Industrial Extractor

A new mathematics model is developed for counter-current crossed (CCC) flows of the porous media and miscela applied in an industrial extractor ‘Rotocell’. There are considered: oil diffusion in extraction field, mass transfer between pore and bulk phases, influence of trays, existence of drainage and loading zones, the variation of the viscosity and density of miscela, oil losses and the transient operational regime. The coupled mathematical model is composed of partial differential equations and ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions that link the percolation sections, the trays, the drainage and loading zones in outline of the CCC flows. The calculation algorithm is based on the method of lines. Different from the method of multi-stages, the new model is sensitive to changes in raw material characteristics, section sizes and wagon parameters. The new model also presents the spatial concentration distributions of pore and bulk phases in the extraction field.     

超临界流体萃取天然产物的过程模拟研究进展

对萃取过程的建模和模拟是超临界流体工业应用的研究重点和难点。本文在阐述溶质在超临界CO2中的相平衡和传质过程的基础上,详细介绍了现有各种模型的科学依据和不足．并指出了这方面研究的发展方向。     

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of Marangoni effect induced by mass transfer during drop formation

Marangoni effect induced by interphase mass transfer plays an important role in liquid–liquid extraction and reaction processes. The interaction of Marangoni effect and interphase mass transfer during drop formation at different injection rates and different initial solute concentrations was investigated by experimental and numerical simulation. The extraction fraction was measured and the corresponding correlation was proposed. The level‐set method coupled with mass‐transfer equation is for the first time used to simulate the mass‐transfer induced Marangoni effect during drop formation. The simulated drop volume, shape, and extraction fraction are in good accordance with experimental data. Through the numerical simulation, it is found that the mass transfer in the first mass‐transfer period is the most efficient during drop formation when Marangoni convection occurs. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4424–4439, 2013     

Experimental investigation on the mean drop size and drop size distribution in an L-shaped pulsed sieve-plate column

Vertical pulsed extraction columns cannot be employed in applications with height limitations. On the other hand, the horizontal extraction columns have low throughput, which affects their applicability in industrial applications. Therefore, there is a need to design a new type of extractors for such circumstances. In this paper, an experimental study on drop sizes has been implemented in a novel L-shaped pulsed sieve-plate extraction column in the absence and presence of mass transfer. Moreover, new correlations are developed for prediction of the mean drop size and size distribution using the log-normal probability density function.     

Reaktivextraktion

Reactive extraction . A brief survey of reactive extraction and its classification is followed by an account of the reactive extraction of organic solutes. As an example, the reactive extraction of salicylic acid with a secondary amine and NaOH is discussed. Equilibrium constants, overall mass transfer coefficients evaluated in stirred cells and on fixed, freely suspended and pulsated droplets, as well as mass transfer coefficients for the particular phases are investigated. The influence of droplet volume, solute concentration, pH value, and the fluid-dynamic state of the droplet on the overall and fractional mass transfer coefficients are discussed and compared with various mass transfer models.     

超临界CO2萃取植物挥发油的传质模型

运用数学模型对超临界CO₂萃取天然产物的传质过程进行模拟,对于预测工业化规模的萃取条件具有重要的指导意义。阐述了超临界CO₂萃取植物精油过程中传质模型的机理、分类及特点,着重比较了几种重要的微分质量平衡传质模型：两相模型、紧缩核浸取模型、完整和破碎细胞模型以及多组分逻辑模型,并对不同模型的应用范围进行了讨论。     

Hydraulics and Mass Transfer Efficiency of a Commercial-Scale Membrane Extractor

Abstract

In recent years there has been significant interest in utilizing microporous hollow fiber membranes for liquid-liquid extraction. The membrane extractor resembles the shell and tube heat exchanger with the tube section composed of 1000–2500 fibers/in². The diameter of each fiber is approximately 300 microns. In this process, the feed may be passed through the shell side, while the solvent is passed through the fiber side, or vice versa. Mass transfer occurs across the liquid-liquid interface formed in the pores of the fiber wall. The advantages of this technology are high throughput capacities, independence of density difference between the feed and solvent, and potentially high mass transfer areas. The mass transfer performance of an available commercial scale nonbaffled membrane extraction module was determined to be lower than expected from results obtained in smaller scale modules. Mass transfer studies of a commercial-scale membrane extraction module at the Separations Research Program have shown that a significant portion of the fibers are bypassed by the shell side fluid and consequently only a fraction of the total fiber surface area is utilized. A hydraulic study using a dye tracer technique verified this finding with an aqueous flow on the shell side. A model which incorporates mass transfer correlations reported by others has been developed and shown to have excellent agreement with the experimental data obtained. In this paper, the efficiency of the membrane extractor is compared with conventional spray, sieve tray, and packed columns; the effect of shell side bypassing is also presented.     

Modelling mass transfer coefficient for liquid-liquid extraction with the interface adsorption of hydroxyl ions

A combined model was used for prediction of overall mass transfer coefficient of drops in the liquid-liquid extraction process, prone to the deleterious effect of adsorbed hydroxyl ions onto the interface. The importance is due to the use of different pH waters as aqueous phase. The work is based on single drop experiments with a chemical system of toluene-acetone-water where the pH of the continuous aqueous phase was within the range 5.5–8, appropriate to most industrial waters, and can lead to rigid behavior of circulating drops. The combined model in conjunction with the correlation developed here for the ratio of interfacial velocity to drop terminal velocity that links the film mass transfer coefficients of both sides can be used satisfactorily for design purposes. This model gives a maximum relative deviation of less than ±10% for the mass transfer directions of dispersed to continuous phase and vice versa.     

微通道内液-液两相流流型及传质的研究进展

微通道内液-液两相流流动在微化工系统中占有重要的地位,了解微通道内液-液两相流体流动和传质规律对推动其工业化应用有重要作用。本文以微通道内液-液两相流系统为研究对象,简述了不同工况下微通道内液-液两相流流型和混合传质效率,分析了微通道特征、流体性质和流体流动速度等对流型形成和传质效率的影响。指出目前对于微通道内液-液两相流的研究多处于定性研究,定量研究仅针对某一体系展开,所得结果具有一定的局限性。关于微通道内液-液两相流传质研究实验较多而数值模拟方法相对较少,接下来的研究工作中应该考虑建立微通道内液-液两相流基础研究的数据库,通过分析大量的数据获得有效的流型划分准则和相关经验式以此推动微通道内液-液两相流的工业化应用。同时在传质研究过程中应研究开发相应的数值模拟模型,保证实验和数值模拟相结合,提出有效的传质效率评价机制。     

气-液-液萃取的流体力学研究

在液-液萃取过程中,提高分散相的表面更新速率可有效提高萃取的传质效率。研究发现,在萃取过程中使用气体搅拌可以增加液液之间的接触面积,促进液相内的湍动和循环。本文研究了气-液-液三相下油滴的流动形态,并对不同填料的流体力学性能进行了测定。实验结果表明,气相速度的增加可导致气含率、液含率的增加,从而提高分散相在填料萃取塔中的停留时间,在一定的速度范围内明显降低萃取的表观传质单元高度,极大地强化传质效果。通过与散装填料对比,发现规整填料更利于强化萃取效果,其液泛速度平均增加25%。     

静态混合器在含酚废水萃取中应用研究

使用Ｎ５０３－煤油萃取剂萃取含酚废水。总结了ＳＫ，ＳＶ两种静态混合器及组合方式的应用研究，从萃取效率，传质系数、能耗三方面确定了静态混合条件，在建立的实验装置中，确定ＳＶ混合器为最佳混合器，对实验参数进行了关联，结果发现ＳＫ，ＳＶ的传质系数Ｋ与雷诺数Ｒｅｄ１．５６成正比；ＳＫ，ＳＶ的传质系数Ｋ与能耗ΔＥ０．７成正比，并且提出利用一只静态混合器进行多级萃取的工艺过程。     

Modelling of heat transfer and pyrolysis reactions in an industrial ethylene cracking furnace

The development of a relatively simple mechanistic model for an industrial ethylene cracking furnace is described, including the estimation of selected model parameters to improve model predictions. Energy balance equations are developed to account for radiative, conductive, and convective heat transfer in the radiant section, and for convection and conduction in the ultra‐selective heat exchanger (USX) and in the transfer line exchanger (TLE). Kinetic schemes by Ranjan et al. and Sundaram and Froment are used to model the cracking reactions. 1 , 2 The heat transfer model is combined with mass and momentum balances to model gas composition, pressure, and temperature changes as a function of position along the reactor tubes. Initial values and uncertainty ranges are assigned to 44 model parameters based on information in the literature and our industrial sponsor. A sensitivity‐based technique and a mean‐squared‐error (MSE) criterion are used to select the appropriate subset of 22 parameters for tuning. Parameters are estimated and model predictions are validated using industrial data. Model predictions provide a good match to data that were not used for estimation.     

Experimental and simulation study of nylon 6 solid–liquid extraction process

The solid–liquid extraction process of nylon 6 to eliminate small molecules, i.e., caprolactam(CL), cyclic dimers(CD) and cyclic trimers(CT), is investigated in detail by both batch extraction experiments and numerical simulations. In the batch extraction experiments, due to the small molecules attaching to the polymeric surface, the basic physical mechanism shifts from surface diffusion to internal diffusion as the extraction proceeded. The experimental data are well reproduced by a diffusion model consisting of two distinct steps, characterized as surface diffusion and internal diffusion. Furthermore, based on the established mass transfer mechanism and diffusion model of the two distinct steps, the equilibrium constants and internal diffusion coefficients of CL, CD and CT are acquired. An industrial countercurrent extraction tower is further simulated. It is found that the extraction efficiency of CL can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature at the bottom portion of the tower. The elimination of CD, which can be greatly promoted by a high-concentration CL-water solution, is controlled by mass transfer resistance, whereas the removal of CL is mainly affected by the equilibrium.     

Mathematical simulation of the performance of solid liquid extractors—II: Belt type extractors

Since the local mode of phase contact in solid liquid extractors often deviates from the overall countercurrent, it is of interest to evaluate the effect of the way in which local phase contact is established on the performance of the extraction. In a previous paper we analysed the diffusion battery[1], the present paper pertains to belt-type extractors.In a belt-type extractor contact between the phases within each section is in cross-current. The simulation of this extractor is based on the analogy between cross flow contact and an instationary column process. The differential equations describing mass transfer in this extractor are solved by numerical methods. The exit concentrations in steady state are calculated to obtain the extraction efficiency. Results of the calculations are presented as a correlation between the number of plug flow and true transfer units. These results show, that deviations from pure countercurrent are small, when 6 or more sections are used under normal operating conditions.