Investigation of corrosion and container integrity in metal food containers using scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis

Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis were used to investigate microleakage, two incidences of loss of coating integrity, filiform corrosion, and sulfide black corrosion in enamel-lined metal food containers. Microleakage developed in a canned cheese sauce at the side seam weld and was traced to a hot weld and a cold weld defect. An enamel-blistering problem developed in an aseptically processed milk-based product when the tinplate was heated above its melting point; the tin melted under the enamel coating, causing the blistering. An enamel-blistering problem, due to silicon contamination of the metal surface prior to enameling, developed on the bottom of a two-piece can that contained a chicken-based product. A sulfide black problem developed in canned clams, caused by scratches in the coating that were introduced during can manufacturing. A filiform corrosion problem developed on the outside of the easy score line of enameled tinplate lids with a light tin coating 0.08 microns thick.     

药芯焊丝CO2气体保护焊接2205不锈钢焊缝的组织与耐腐蚀性能

选取一组优化的焊接参数对2205双相不锈钢板进行药芯焊丝CO2气体保护焊,对比研究了焊缝和母材的显微组织和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:焊缝与母材均由铁素体和奥氏体两相组织组成,且铁素体体积分数相近,分别为42.4%,49.5%;在FeCl3溶液中浸泡腐蚀时,随着FeCl3溶液浓度的增大和温度的升高,焊缝及母材的点腐蚀速率均增大,且焊缝的点腐蚀速率高于母材的,说明焊缝的耐点腐蚀性能更差;焊缝的自腐蚀电位、容抗弧半径、钝化膜电阻均低于母材的,说明焊缝的耐电化学腐蚀性能更差,但焊缝腐蚀时形核阻力较大,腐蚀坑不易扩展。     

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of corrosion degradation on tinplate substrates

The degradation of electrolytic tinplate used in food containers was analysed and evaluated, using scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements of microcorrosion and ion dissolution by atomic absorption to prevent food contamination caused by metal traces and to increase the durability of such tinplates.     

06Cr20Ni11钢埋弧焊焊缝的显微组织和性能

采用SJ601A焊剂和HS308L焊丝对06Cr20Ni11钢进行埋弧焊,通过宏观和微观观察、化学成分分析、拉伸试验、冲击试验、晶间腐蚀试验等方法研究了接头焊缝的显微组织和性能。结果表明:焊缝成形良好,表面无黏渣、气孔、压坑等缺陷,X射线探伤结果为I级焊缝;焊缝金属以铁素体-奥氏体模式凝固,组织为奥氏体和少量枝晶状δ铁素体;焊缝金属的拉伸性能和抗冲击性能均符合标准要求,冲击断裂方式为韧性断裂,耐晶间腐蚀性能良好。     

某油井P110油管腐蚀穿孔原因

西部油田某油井油管发生严重腐蚀甚至穿孔。通过宏观形貌和显微组织观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、拉伸和冲击性能测试、腐蚀产物检测等方法对油管失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:油管在含Cl^-、H2S、CO2酸性环境下发生了均匀腐蚀和局部腐蚀。均匀腐蚀由H2S-CO2-H2O(Cl^-)体系引起的析氢腐蚀所致;而CaCO3沉积造成的微电偶效应以及Fe^2+与地层水中Cl^-的水合作用导致了油管的局部腐蚀穿孔。建议油井管材采用具有一定抗硫性的P110-3Cr钢或耐蚀性能更优的钢,并添加缓蚀阻垢剂进行防护。     

某井S135钢级钻杆腐蚀失效原因

某井S135钢级钻杆在钻进约2 395 m时发生腐蚀失效。采用宏观形貌、断口形貌观察,显微组织分析,化学成分、硬度、腐蚀产物成分测试对其失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:该钻杆的失效方式为腐蚀疲劳失效,钻杆内壁的氧含量偏高及内壁加厚过渡带区域存在应力集中,导致加厚过渡带区域发生严重点蚀,点蚀坑底部萌生疲劳裂纹并扩展,最终钻杆失效;建议使用内壁带防腐涂层的钻杆,并在钻井液中添加缓蚀剂,降低溶解氧对内壁的腐蚀作用,同时优化井深结构,减缓内壁加厚过渡带区域的应力集中。     

某石化电厂脱硫装置导流罩失效分析

分析了某石化电厂高效脱硫装置导流罩破坏的原因。结果表明：由于混用了不合适的材料,该材料在硫酸环境中的交变应力下发生了开裂,其主要失效表现为点蚀、晶间腐蚀、应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳,失效的主要原因是腐蚀疲劳断裂和延迟断裂;晶间腐蚀和点蚀及其在应力作用下的发展是产生裂纹的重要原因。     

哈氏C-2000合金的耐腐蚀行为试验研究

试验研究了哈氏C一-2000合金的晶间腐蚀、点腐蚀和应力腐蚀敏感行为,探讨了环境因素、应力因素和固溶热处理等对哈氏C-2000合金应力腐蚀开裂（SCC）行为的影响。结果表明,哈氏C-2000合金有很好的耐室温酸性NaCl水溶液全面腐蚀和应力腐蚀的性能。然而由于Mo元素的偏析使得该合金在硫酸和硫酸铁混合溶液中具有较高的晶间腐蚀敏感性,焊接接头在该环境中存在较明显的热影响区选择性腐蚀。喷丸形变强化和固溶处理能够明显提高该合金基材与焊接接头的抗全面腐蚀和应力腐蚀性能。     

焊后热处理对13MnNiMoR钢焊接接头在服役环境下SCC敏感性的影响

通过慢应变速率拉伸试验（SSRT）,对比研究了经过焊后热处理和未经过焊后热处理的13MnNiMoR钢焊接接头在250℃下、不同pH值的锅炉水环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。结果表明：在相同应变速率、相同温度下,经过焊后热处理和未经过焊后热处理的13MnNiMoR钢焊接接头,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性有明显的区别。经过热处理的13MnNiMoR焊接接头应力腐蚀开裂敏感性随着pH值的增大而减小,相反,未经过热处理的接头,其敏感性随着pH值的增大而增大。研究结果表明,合理的焊后热处理能够显著降低焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。     

焊后退火对转向架SMA490BW/Q345E异种钢T型接头组织和性能的影响

采用二氧化碳气体保护焊进行对接焊得到SMA490BW/Q345E异种钢T型接头,并进行590℃×3 h退火,对比研究了退火前后的组织、硬度和耐腐蚀性能.结果表明:退火前后接头均存在明显的熔合线,焊缝组织均由先共析条状铁素体、珠光体和粒状贝氏体组成;退火前,从表面向内部,焊缝组织由粗大柱状晶转变为交替出现的柱状晶和等轴晶...     

供热管道不锈钢波纹管膨胀节失效分析

针对供热管道波纹管膨胀节在设计使用期限内发生泄漏的实际问题,以宏观、微观的方法分析研究了发生开裂泄漏的波纹管的各种特征,分析了影响波纹管腐蚀问题的加工、材料、环境因素,研究结果表明,波纹管在运行中发生点腐蚀、应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳。成型过程中的加工硬化和运行过程中的变形强化、材料组织中的第二相和夹杂物、介质环境中Cl^-和SO4^2-含量对波纹管失效有较大影响。     

Effects of temperature and pressure on stress corrosion cracking behavior of 310S stainless steel in chloride solution

310S is an austenitic stainless steel for high temperature applications, having strong resistance of oxidation, hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion. Stress corrosion cracking(SCC) is the main corrosion failure mode for 310 S stainless steel. Past researched about SCC of 310 S primarily focus on the corrosion mechanism and influence of temperature and corrosive media, but few studies concern the combined influence of temperature, pressure and chloride. For a better understanding of temperature and pressure's effects on SCC of 310 S stainless steel, prepared samples are investigated via slow strain rate tensile test(SSRT) in different temperature and pressure in NACE A solution. The result shows that the SCC sensibility indexes of 310 S stainless steel increase with the rise of temperature and reach maximum at 10 MPa and 160℃, increasing by 22.3% compared with that at 10 MPa and 80 ℃. Instead, the sensibility decreases with the pressure up. Besides, the fractures begin to transform from the ductile fracture to the brittle fracture with the increase of temperature. 310 S stainless steel has an obvious tendency of stress corrosion at 10 MPa and 160℃ and the fracture surface exists cleavage steps, river patterns and some local secondary cracks, having obvious brittle fracture characteristics. The SCC cracks initiate from inclusions and tiny pits in the matrix and propagate into the matrix along the cross section gradually until rupture. In particular, the oxygen and chloride play an important role on the SCC of 310 S stainless steel in NACE A solution. The chloride damages passivating film, causing pitting corrosion, concentrating in the cracks and accelerated SSC ultimately. The research reveals the combined influence of temperature, pressure and chloride on the SCC of 310 S, which can be a guide to the application of 310 S stainless steel in super-heater tube.     

X80管线钢在模拟樟树土壤溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性

以X80管线钢为研究对象,以模拟江西樟树土壤溶液为试验环境,研究了外加电位、应变速率以及这二者的交互作用对X80管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明:在中等应变速率和阴极电位下试验钢对应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)非常敏感;在阳极电位条件下,应变速率所引起的物质交换对SCC过程影响不大,SCC敏感性较低;在阴极电位区,试验钢上发生析氢反应,在中等应变速率下,本体溶液与裂纹内部溶液及裂纹内部溶液与裂纹尖端金属原子的交换充足,试验钢发生氢致开裂的倾向增加,SCC敏感性更高。     

高氮钢激光电弧复合堆焊层的电化学腐蚀性能

采用电化学腐蚀方法研究了不同焊接参数对堆焊表层腐蚀行为的影响。研究结果表明,堆焊层耐蚀性随堆焊电流I、激光功率P、堆焊速度v的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势;I=220 A,P=3.2 kW,v=0.8 m/min时,焊缝氮含量较高,试样表面钝化膜稳定性较好,抗点蚀能力最强。观察试样腐蚀形貌发现,I=260 A或v=0.6 m/min时,焊缝表面点蚀坑大而密集,并形成腐蚀沟,焊缝中的树枝晶有连续生长并向外扩展的趋势;P增至3.2 kW时,焊缝中的粗大柱状树枝晶变为均匀细小的条状枝晶,改善了耐蚀性。     

凝析气田集输管道的失效分析

某凝析气田集输管道弯头部分发生严重腐蚀.采用化学成分和宏、微观形貌检测分析等方法对失效原因进行了分析.结果表明,弯头管内因有凝析水吸附二氧化碳产生碳酸型液体,引起了管材的腐蚀,管内流体的冲刷作用加大了管道的腐蚀.     

316L不锈钢酸洗工艺及耐点蚀性能研究

采用正交试验方法研究了清除316L不锈钢焊接接头表面氧化皮的酸洗工艺，利用电化学测试方法测量了不锈钢焊接接头各部位在酸洗前后点蚀电位的变化，并以此评价酸洗工艺对不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响。研究结果表明，采用本文中的酸洗工艺可以有效清除不锈钢焊缝表面的氧化皮，并改善其耐点蚀性能。     

催化再生塔底重沸器失效分析

对某炼化厂再生塔底重沸器的失效原因进行了分析 ,根据外观检测、材料成分分析、金相分析和腐蚀产物成分分析一系列检测结果判定 ,不锈钢换热管是由于H2 S和CO2 加上介质冲刷破坏了钝化膜引起的孔蚀 ,浮头螺栓的局部腐蚀则是由于蒸汽高速冲刷和H2 S共同作用的结果 ,最后根据失效原因提出了防止和改进措施     

Study on corrosion characteristics and stress corrosion cracking of the weldment for HT-60 steel in synthetic seawater

The contents of this paper include the evaluation of corrosion characteristics and the behaviour of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for the weldment and post weld heat treatment (PWHT) specimen and parent of HT-60 steel using a slow strain rate test (SSRT) in synthetic seawater. Corrosion characteristics were obtained from the polarization curves by potentiostat, and SCC phenomena were evaluated through the parameters such as reduction of area and time to failure by comparing the experimental results in corrosive environment with those obtained in air. Corrosion rate of the weldment was the fastest, followed by parent and PWHT specimen. SCC phenomena between the weldment of HT-60 steel and synthetic seawater were shown. Besides, SCC was dependent upon the pulling speed greatly. Maximum severity of SCC was obtained at a speed of 10⁻⁶ mm/min, whereas SCC could not be seen almost at 10⁻⁴ mm/min. The resistance to SCC for PWHT specimen was improved considerably compared that of the weldment at 10⁻⁶ mm/min. In case of SCC failure, it was verified from SEM examination that brittle mode and lots of pits could be seen at the fractured region near the surface of the specimen.     

应力大小对不锈钢焊接接头耐蚀性的影响

通过实验确定了奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头在硫酸-硫酸铁中腐蚀率变化最缓慢的时间为煮沸1.5h;同时对奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头进行部分去应力和完全去应力等热处理,结果发现,部分去应力可显著提高焊接接头的耐蚀性。     

双面超薄不锈钢复合板激光焊接接头组织及耐腐蚀性能

采用同步送粉填充焊的方法,利用Nd:YAG固体脉冲激光对0.1mm+0.8mm+0.1mm不锈钢复合板进行了双面焊双面成形的实验研究。确定了激光焊接双面超薄不锈钢复合板的最佳工艺参数,利用金相显微镜观察分析了焊缝区各区的微观组织特征。结果表明,双面超薄不锈钢复合板填充粉末后激光焊接接头表面成形好,热影响区窄,焊接变形小;焊缝中心为细小的等轴晶,熔合线附近有细晶区,其他区域为柱状晶区,焊缝为残余奥氏体+马氏体+碳化物组织;在硫酸-硫酸铜腐蚀溶液中腐蚀16h后,焊缝表面与腐蚀前没有明显变化,对试板进行180°弯曲试验,未产生晶间腐蚀裂纹。