应用MELCOR对FPT1棒束失效过程的模拟分析

应用MELCOR1.8.6程序对严重事故试验PHEBUS-FPT1进行了模拟分析.通过对棒束毁损过程中涉及的燃料棒过热、锆水反应、裂变产物释放和迁移、燃料熔融坍塌等现象和机理的建模计算,得到的结果和趋势与试验测量值进行了比较分析.分析结果表明:计算得到的棒束失效过程中发生重要事件与试验值较吻合;表征严重事故过程的重要现象--锫水反应所产生的氢气趋势,计算值与试验值比较一致;棒束栅元单一控制体划分,会使得计算得到的燃料峰值温度等表征严重事故来临时间晚于试验值;用CORSOR-M模型预测得到的大部分裂变产物核素释放总量要低于试验测量值,并且该模型较高的估计了氧化热对Xe、Cs、I、Te等易挥发核素释放的影响.     

严重事故下安全壳内氢气行为与风险分析

福岛事故后的核电厂安全审评过程中,国家核安全局对于严重事故下的氢气安全问题提出了更高的要求,从满足当前高标准的氢气安全要求的角度出发,有必要对安全壳内氢气行为开展更为细致深入的研究,开展氢气的三维分析,为集总参数程序的分析结果提供有益补充。本文采用一体化严重事故分析程序和流体力学程序对国产先进压水堆核电厂进行系统建模,选取大破口触发的严重事故序列,对严重事故工况下的氢气行为及氢气控制系统性能进行分析评价。首先采用一体化严重事故分析程序计算氢气产生源项、氢气产生速率和安全壳内氢气浓度分布等,评价安全壳隔间内的氢气风险。并采用计算流体力学程序,进一步对安全壳内重要隔间的氢气分布进行三维分析,研究安全壳内氢气和水蒸汽的行为,获得重要隔间内的流场、温度场、压力场、氢气分布及浓度变化等计算结果。CFD程序在计算气体分布方面要比集总参数程序更加精确和详细,通过更精细地模拟安全壳内的氢气行为,可以为集总参数程序的计算结果提供补充,为氢气控制系统的设计优化和严重事故氢气风险管理等提供有力的支持。     

PHEBUS FPT0~FPT2实验堆芯降级过程数值模拟

严重事故下,由于堆芯冷却剂丧失引起的堆芯裸露、过热和熔化过程对后期安全壳完整性、裂变产物行为等具有重要影响。法国辐射防护与核安全研究所主导的PHEBUS-FP研究项目旨在研究轻水堆严重事故下堆芯降级过程以及裂变产物行为。本文使用ATHLET-CD程序对PHEBUS-FP中的FPT0、FPT1和FPT2进行建模计算,主要分析堆芯过热,包壳氧化,堆内材料熔化、迁移及再定位过程。计算结果表明：不同蒸汽流量、不同加热功率将导致不同堆芯降级进程,在趋势上计算值与实验值吻合;模型的限制导致了部分计算值的偏差,本文讨论了包壳氧化与燃料再定位现象中的模型参数。     

PHEBUS FPT0～FPT2实验堆芯降级过程数值模拟

严重事故下,由于堆芯冷却剂丧失引起的堆芯裸露、过热和熔化过程对后期安全壳完整性、裂变产物行为等具有重要影响。法国辐射防护与核安全研究所主导的PHEBUS-FP研究项目旨在研究轻水堆严重事故下堆芯降级过程以及裂变产物行为。本文使用ATHLET-CD程序对PHEBUS-FP中的FPT0、FPT1和FPT2进行建模计算,主要分析堆芯过热,包壳氧化,堆内材料熔化、迁移及再定位过程。计算结果表明:不同蒸汽流量、不同加热功率将导致不同堆芯降级进程,在趋势上计算值与实验值吻合;模型的限制导致了部分计算值的偏差,本文讨论了包壳氧化与燃料再定位现象中的模型参数。     

反应堆主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的影响分析

本工作耦合建立了600 MW压水堆核电厂热工水力、裂变产物行为和放射性后果评价的分析模型,选取SB-LOCA、SGTR、SBO和LOFW等4个高压熔堆事故序列,研究了主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的影响,包括主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的缓解效应和其他负面影响。分析表明：实施主回路卸压可缓解高压熔堆事故序列下压力容器外的释放,但卸压工况下事故早期安全壳内的气载放射性活度较基准工况下的大。相关分析结论可作为严重事故管理导则制定的技术基础。     

大型先进压水堆IVR策略评估和裂变产物分布计算

大型先进压水堆通过堆内熔融物滞留(IVR)策略来缓解严重事故后果以降低安全壳失效风险。其中堆腔注水系统(CIS)被引入来实现IVR。本文使用严重事故分析软件计算大型先进压水堆在冷管段双端断裂事故下的事故进程、热工水力行为、堆芯退化过程和下封头熔融池传热行为,评估能动CIS的事故缓解能力。计算结果表明,事故后72 h,下封头外表面热流密度始终低于临界热流密度(CHF),表明IVR策略有效。此外,计算分析了惰性气体、非挥发性和挥发性裂变产物的释放和迁移行为。计算发现,IVR下更多的放射性裂变产物分布在主系统内,壁面核素再悬浮形成气溶胶的行为被消除,安全壳壁面上沉积的核素被大量冷凝水冲刷进入底部水池。总体来说,IVR策略能更好地管理放射性核素分布,减小放射性泄漏威胁。     

快堆严重事故钠燃烧过程裂变产物释放模拟试验研究

钠燃烧过程产生的裂变产物及钠气溶胶迁移是快堆严重事故重要的源项之一。本研究对钠燃烧过程裂变产物随钠蒸汽和钠气溶胶迁移的行为进行分析,针对钠蒸发作用下裂变产物释放、钠燃烧作用下裂变产物释放以及气相空间气溶胶迁移行为分别提出了物理模型,并在确定计算方法的基础上通过CFD软件建模进行了仿真计算,最后通过开展小规模钠燃烧试验,获取了真实钠燃烧过程裂变产物沉降数据,对计算模型进行了修正和补充。试验数据与仿真计算结果表明,气溶胶迁移模型能够较好地表征裂变产物及钠气溶胶迁移行为,钠燃烧作用下裂变产物的释放系数为10-3时计算结果与试验结果较吻合。     

非能动压水堆安全壳晚期失效严重事故源项模拟研究

利用MELCOR程序模拟大型先进非能动压水堆一回路系统热段中破口失水始发严重事故工况,探究安全壳晚期失效裂变产物的释放行为并进行敏感性分析。结果表明,当安全壳破裂后,94.51%的惰性气体快速从破口释放到环境中,一回路中原先积聚的CsI在余热作用下发生了再次气化,进入安全壳和环境中的份额仅为5.02%和1.45%。热段破口尺寸对裂变产物在一回路和环境中的释放份额影响较大,安全壳破口面积对计算结果不敏感。     

基于MELCOR与MCNP程序的安全壳剂量率计算方法

严重事故条件下,评估安全壳内的放射性剂量率水平对核电厂严重事故管理、应急响应等环节具有重要指导意义。本工作利用MELCOR程序模拟严重事故序列,计算不同核素组释放进入安全壳内的质量;利用ORIGEN2程序计算不同核素组的堆芯积存量及核素的γ源强;利用MCNP程序计算每组核素100%释放进入安全壳所产生的剂量率水平;最后根据拟合公式求解安全壳剂量率。中核核电运行管理有限公司30万千瓦机组安全壳剂量率的计算结果说明该方法切实可行。     

严重事故下安全壳内裂变产物碘影响因素敏感性分析

反应堆发生事故最严重的后果是放射性裂变产物弥散到环境中,为了研究严重事故工况下放射性裂变产物碘在安全壳内的分布特点,本研究假设核电厂已经发生严重事故,一回路裂变产物碘释放到安全壳内。使用事故源项评估程序（ASTEC）构建核电厂安全壳结构模型,并设置边界条件,计算了裂变产物碘在不同pH值、有无金属银注入和气相辐照工况下的化学形态、化学特性、分布情况以及不同化合物的变化趋势。研究结果表明,碱性环境下可以降低安全壳内挥发性碘的生成;银的存在可以增加液相中碘的捕获和降低碘的挥发;气相辐照环境可以提高气相CH₃I 和IO_x的形成。本研究可以为严重事故工况下安全壳内放射性碘的去除提供支持。      

Thematic network for a Phebus FPT1 international standard problem (THENPHEBISP)

The THENPHEBISP 2-year thematic network started in December 2001, and was concerned with OECD/CSNI International Standard Problem 46, itself based on the Phebus FPT1 core degradation/source term experiment. The aim was to assess the capability of computer codes to model in an integrated way the physical processes taking place during a severe accident in a pressurised water reactor, from the initial stages of core degradation, the fission product transport through the primary circuit and the behaviour of the released fission products in the containment. ISP-46, coordinated by IRSN/DRS Cadarache, attracted 33 participating organisations, from 23 countries and international bodies, who submitted 47 base case calculations and 21 best-estimate calculations, using 15 different codes.The thermal behaviour of the fuel bundle and the hydrogen production were generally well captured, and good agreement for the core final state could be obtained with a suitable choice of bulk fuel relocation temperature, however this is unlikely to be representative of all plant studies so sensitivity calculations are needed with the modelling in its current state. Total volatile fission product release was simulated, but its kinetics, and the overall modelling of semi-volatile, low-volatile and structural material release (Ag/In/Cd, Sn) needs improvement. Overall retention in the circuit is well predicted, but calculations underestimate deposits in the upper plenum and overestimate those in the steam generator, also the volatility of some elements could be better predicted. Containment thermal hydraulics and depletion rate of aerosols are well calculated, but with difficulties related to partition amongst the deposition mechanisms. Calculation of iodine chemistry in the containment turned out to be more difficult. Its quality strongly depends of the calculation of release and transport in the integral codes. The major difficulties are related to the existence of gaseous iodine in the primary circuit and to the prediction of the amount of organic iodine in the gas phase. This paper summarises the results achieved and the implications for plant calculations.     

压水堆事故工况下放射性裂变产物向环境转移和释放的理论计算

本文建立了分析压水堆事故工况下惰性气体、元素碘、甲基碘和气溶胶粒子等气载裂变产物由安全壳向环境转移和释放的多仓室安全壳模型——FIPREA 模型。此模型考虑了单层、双层和半双层三种型式的安全壳中堆芯源项、自然沉积、过滤器捕集、喷淋液吸附及泄漏等因素对气载裂变产物浓度变化的影响。根据此模型编制了分析裂变产物去除及对环境释放情况的计算程序。本程序可用于核电站设计或安全评审时事故释放量的分析计算。     

大型先进压水堆IVR策略评估和裂变产物分布计算

大型先进压水堆通过堆内熔融物滞留（IVR）策略来缓解严重事故后果以降低安全壳失效风险。其中堆腔注水系统（CIS）被引入来实现IVR。本文使用严重事故分析软件计算大型先进压水堆在冷管段双端断裂事故下的事故进程、热工水力行为、堆芯退化过程和下封头熔融池传热行为,评估能动CIS的事故缓解能力。计算结果表明,事故后72 h,下封头外表面热流密度始终低于临界热流密度（CHF）,表明IVR策略有效。此外,计算分析了惰性气体、非挥发性和挥发性裂变产物的释放和迁移行为。计算发现,IVR下更多的放射性裂变产物分布在主系统内,壁面核素再悬浮形成气溶胶的行为被消除,安全壳壁面上沉积的核素被大量冷凝水冲刷进入底部水池。总体来说,IVR策略能更好地管理放射性核素分布,减小放射性泄漏威胁。     

Post-test calculation and uncertainty analysis of the experiment QUENCH-07 with the system code ATHLET-CD

In the frame of developmental assessment and code validation, a post-test calculation of the test QUENCH-07 was performed with ATHLET-CD. The system code ATHLET-CD is being developed for best-estimate simulation of accidents with core degradation and for evaluation of accident management procedures. It applies the detailed models of the thermal-hydraulic code ATHLET in an efficient coupling with dedicated models for core degradation and fission products behaviour. The first step of the work was the simulation of the test QUENCH-07 applying the modelling options recommended in the code User's Manual (reference calculation). The global results of this calculation showed a good agreement with the measured data. This calculation was complemented by a sensitivity analysis in order to investigate the influence of a combined variation of code input parameters on the simulation of the main phenomena observed experimentally. Results of this sensitivity analysis indicate that the main experimental measurements lay within the uncertainty range of the corresponding calculated values. Among the main contributors to the uncertainty of code results are the heat transfer coefficient due to forced convection to superheated steam–argon mixture, the thermal conductivity of the shroud isolation and the external heater rod resistance. Uncertainties on modelling of B₄C oxidation do not affect significantly the total calculated hydrogen release rates.     

Exact Solutions of Two Point Time Correlations on Point Reactor Kinetics with Gaussian Reactivity Fluctuations

Station blackout is reported to be a sequence that would likely be a significant contributor to the accident risk at a boiling water reactor (BWR). The occurrence frequency of station blackout is evaluated in probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) to be 6×10^?6 per reactor year at Limerick and less than 10^?7 per reactor year at BWR in Japan.

This report describes an analytical study of thermal-hydraulic and radionuclide behavior during a postulated severe accident of station blackout at a reference BWR plant. The analytical approach was shown in both of hand calculation and the THALES/ART code calculation to better understand wide physical and chemical phenomena in the processes of severe accidents.

We evaluated timing of key events, core cooling and core temperature, reactor vessel failure, debris temperature, containment pressure, and release and deposition of radionuclide in the containment. The THALES and CORCON models on the chemical reactions in the core-concrete interaction lead to great differences in the increasing rate of containment pressure and the release rate of fission products from the core debris.     

Modeling the behavior of Xe,I, Cs,Te, Ba,and Sr in solid and liquefied fuel during severe accidents

This paper describes the primary physical/chemical models recently incorporated into a mechanistic code (FASTGRASS) for the estimation of fission product release from fuel, and compares predicted results with test data. The theory of noble gas behavior is discussed in relation to its effect on the release behavior of I, Cs, Te, Ba, and Sr. The behavior of these fission products in the presence of fuel liquefaction/dissolution and grain-growth phenomena is presented, as is the chemistry of Sr, Ba, I, and Cs.Comparison of code predictions with data indicates the following trends. Fission product release behavior from solid fuel strongly depends on fuel microstructure, irradiation history, time at temperature, and internal fuel rod chemistry. Fuel liquefaction/dissolution, fracturing, and oxidation also exert a pronounced effect on release during fuel rod degradation. For low burnup fuel (e.g., TMI-2), appreciable fission product retention in previously liquefied fuel can occur due to the low concentration of fission products, and the limited growth of bubbles in the liquefied material.Many of the calculations described in this paper were made with a version of FASTGRASS developed for use on a personal computer (IBM compatibile).     

弥散型燃料裂变产物释放行为分析研究

为了获得弥散型燃料裂变产物向一回路冷却剂的释放特性,开展了弥散型燃料裂变产物释放行为研究,开发了适用于弥散型燃料的裂变产物源项计算程序,并对裂变产物源项进行了影响分析。结果表明:沾污铀和起泡破损后裂变产物的核素谱存在一定差异;裂变产物的释放与起泡当量直径的平方成正比;对于弥散型燃料而言,起泡破损中通过反冲释放的占比较低;相同破口条件下的弥散型和陶瓷型燃料中裂变产物的释放存在量级的差别。本文开发的程序能够用于分析弥散型燃料的裂变产物源项,为后续相关研究工程设计奠定基础。      

Source term research and prognosis

The work sponsored by EPRI on source term technology is discussed (source terms describe the fission product releases to the environment in a severe hypothetical accident). The experimental programs include (1) fission product release from fuel, (2) fission product transport in the reactor primary circuit, (3) aerosol behavior in reactor containment, (4) aerosol scrubbing by water pools, and (5) hydrogen combustion in the containment. Code development work is also included.     

大破口触发的严重事故分析及缓解措施研究

采用严重事故一体化分析程序MELCOR,对国产先进压水堆核电厂进行系统建模,选取大破口触发的严重事故进行校核计算研究,获得了严重事故工况下核电厂关键参数的瞬态特性和非能动系统响应特性,并与安全分析报告中MAAP的计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:虽然校核计算结果与安全分析报告中的结果存在一定差异,但总体上事故序列和主要参数的变化趋势吻合良好,并且都能够在严重事故情况下保持压力容器和安全壳的完整性,放射性裂变产物释放量极低,缓解措施的设计能够有效缓解事故进程,满足核电厂的安全要求。