TRIP钢中残余奥氏体相变与断裂机制研究

文章以CR600TRIP工业成品钢为研究对象,利用彩色金相和EBSD等技术手段,在详细考察TRIP钢的微观组织,特别是残余奥氏体分布规律的基础上,进一步利用定量变形和SEM原位拉伸试验,对钢中残余奥氏体的相变行为和钢的断裂机制进行了考察分析。研究发现,钢中残余奥氏体的相变顺序表现出显著的选择性,而其断裂机制主要为微孔聚集型断裂。     

一种C-Mn-Al-Si-Nb钢在不同工艺下的组织及力学性能

采用三种不同热加工工艺进行了一种C-Mn-Al-Si-Nb钢的轧制,借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射及拉伸实验研究了它的组织及力学行为。结果表明:在控制冷却TRIP(相变诱发塑性)钢工艺、动态相变TRIP钢工艺及贝氏体等温处理工艺下,实验钢分别获得了以较粗大铁素体、细晶铁素体和板条贝氏体为基体,并含有一定残余奥氏体的多相组织。控制冷却TRIP钢强度最低,但同时残余奥氏体稳定性较低,变形过程中转变最多,加工硬化能力较强,延伸率也最高。动态相变TRIP钢中细晶铁素体提高了基体强度,残余奥氏体稳定性较高,变形初期加工硬化能力不足。贝氏体钢基体强度最高,但残余奥氏体稳定性也较高,变形过程中转变量最少,对塑性提升作用有限。     

配分温度对Q&P钢中残余奥氏体及性能的影响研究

对碳-锰-硅钢淬火后在不同温度下进行配分处理,采用SEM结合EBSD技术对实验钢显微组织、残余奥氏体含量及力学性能进行表征。结果表明:随配分温度的升高,实验钢的抗拉强度降低,主要因为马氏体脱碳软化所致。残余奥氏体含量与伸长率变化趋势相同,由于在拉伸变形过程中残余奥氏体发生马氏体相变即TRIP效应,从而提高塑性。因此在300℃配分处理后的性能优异,抗拉强度为1328 MPa,伸长率为13%,残余奥氏体含量达到4.78%。     

残留奥氏体转变行为对冷轧TRIP钢力学性能的影响

通过基于同步辐射技术的高能X射线衍射实验,对具有相同组织特征的低合金冷轧TRIP钢进行了室温和低温(-40℃)下的原位拉伸,观察拉伸变形过程中其残留奥氏体相的转变行为。结果表明:低温情况下TRIP钢组织中的残留奥氏体相稳定性降低,在弹性变形阶段以及塑性变形的前期便有大量残留奥氏体相发生马氏体转变,试样表现出较高的加工硬化能力。随着组织中残留奥氏体相的大量提前消耗,当变形进入高应变阶段时,TRIP钢组织因缺乏足够的马氏体转变,加工硬化能力快速下降,造成颈缩的提早出现,伸长率的降低。室温变形TRIP钢组织中残留奥氏体相的转变在整个变形过程中呈较平稳的趋势,TRIP效应能够持续发挥作用,特别是在变形的中后期仍能使组织保持较高的加工硬化能力,从而获得了较好的综合力学性能。     

残余奥氏体形态对TRIP690钢组织转变的影响

对高Si和高Al的冷轧TRIP690钢进行400℃等温退火处理,并对等温后的微观组织分别进行SEM和TEM观察。结果显示,等温后高Al钢较高Si钢中的残余奥氏体含量更高,且拉伸形变后,相对于高Si钢,高Al钢拉伸断口附近有更多的残余奥氏体转变成了马氏体,提高了延伸率,TRIP效应更显著,这与高Al的TRIP钢等温处理后形成的大量块状亚稳态奥氏体有关。而高Si的TRIP钢等温后,组织中形成了少量的稳定性过高的条形奥氏体,拉伸过程中不易诱发马氏体相变,TRIP效应相对较弱。     

变形速度对TRIP钢冲压成形性的影响

在TRIP钢相变动力学模型的基础上,推导了残余奥氏体体积比变化速率与变形速度的关系,详细分析了变形模式和变形速度对残余奥氏体转变的影响规律,讨论了相变诱发塑性效应对TRIP钢冲压成形性的作用机理,并通过圆筒件拉深成形试验,验证了不同变形速度下TRIP钢的成形性。结果表明,残余奥氏体体积比变化速率随变形速度的增加而增加;变形速度和变形模式对相变诱发塑性效应的发挥影响较大,变形过快导致后续变形所需塑性补充不足;TRIP钢良好塑性得以发挥,必须具有合适的变形条件。     

过时效温度对TRIP590钢等温转变的影响

TRIP钢是新一代汽车用高强钢的研究热点。制定合理的TRIP钢过时效温度是保证连续退火TRIP钢组织中的残余奥氏体含量并使其具有一定稳定性的关键。文章利用连续退火模拟机、金相显微镜及拉伸实验机,系统地分析了过时效温度对TRIP590钢的组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着过时效温度的上升,TRIP590钢残余奥氏体含量先上升后下降,在400℃时达到最大值;抗拉强度先下降后上升,在400℃有最小值;伸长率先上升后下降,在425℃达到最大值;伸长率变化趋势与残余奥氏体含量一致。     

热处理工艺对冷轧TRIP800钢组织与性能的影响

利用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)技术分析了两种不同热处理工艺下的TRIP800钢板取向分布、晶粒角度、显微织构与残余奥氏体的分布及其稳定性,并结合试验钢的力学性能进行了讨论.研究表明:两类试验退火钢的晶粒没有优势的取向分布,呈现较弱的织构;面心立方晶粒中的取向以{001}<100>与{011}<100>较多;残余奥氏体大多以分布在晶界上为主,但拉伸断裂后基本上消失,即产生了相变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应,而体心立方晶粒内部的残余奥氏体相对稳定,断裂后还有部分稳定的存在.     

淬火-碳分配-回火钢的低温组织和性能

Fe-0.25C-1.5Mn-1.2Si-1.5Ni-0.05Nb(质量分数,%)钢通过淬火-碳分配-回火(Q-P-T)工艺抗拉强度可达1250 MPa以上兼具良好塑性(大于17%),显微组织为位错型板条马氏体、微合金碳化物和薄片状残留奥氏体。通过低温拉伸试验分析了Q-P-T钢在-85～25℃下的力学性能并采用透射电镜观察了试样在25℃和-85℃时拉伸前后的显微组织。结果表明,Q-P-T钢在-70～25℃时显示了良好的低温力学性能,仅当拉伸温度低于-70℃时试样塑性开始出现大幅下降;残留奥氏体在未变形前具有良好的低温稳定性,但在变形过程中会发生马氏体相变,产生相变诱发塑性(TRIP)效应,这是Q-P-T钢具有高强度和良好塑性的主要原因。     

TRIP钢单双向应力状态下的材料行为

TRIP钢中残余奥氏体的马氏体相变是TRIP钢相变增塑的重要基础,与材料的宏观应力应变状态密切相关。为探索这一微观材料行为与宏观变形条件间的对应关系,该文对低碳Si-Mn TRIP600钢杯突变形顶部与过渡区的材料行为进行研究。研究结果表明,杯突过程中变形区顶部为等双拉平面应力状态,过渡区为单拉平面应力状态;TRIP钢的马氏体相变对应变条件非常敏感,随变形量的增加,无论变形区顶部还是过渡区的残余奥氏体体积分数,均呈近线性降低趋势,但随应变的增加则呈逐渐饱和趋势;与底部相比,顶部等双拉平面应力状态更利于残余奥氏体的马氏体相变,在近相同应变条件下,等双拉平面应力状态下的残余奥氏体含量明显低于单拉平面应力状态。Si-Mn TRIP600钢在6%应变条件下,等双拉平面应力状态与单拉平面应力状态的残余奥氏体含量相差约7%。     

Dependency of Deformation Behavior of Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels on Microstructural and Chemical Homogeneity

The room-temperature stability of the retained austenite against strain-induced martensitic transformation, its deformation behavior, the response to the bainitic isothermal treatment, the appearance of yield point elongation and other peculiarities of plastic flow, and the mechanical properties of transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steel were tailored based on the chemical homogeneity and the relative distribution of the retained austenite, bainite, and ferrite in the microstructure. The presence of ferritic-pearlitic banded structure in the initial microstructure resulted in an inhomogeneous TRIP microstructure, in which the retained austenite and bainite were confined to some bands and it was found to be responsible for the resultant inferior mechanical properties. The appearance of discontinuous yielding for the chemically inhomogeneous material was related to the martensitic transformation of unstable retained austenite at the initial stage of tensile deformation. These results are essential for better understanding of the behavior of advanced high-strength steels and their applications.     

In situ neutron diffraction investigation of the collaborative deformation–transformation mechanism in TRIP-assisted steels at room and elevated temperatures

The deformation behaviour of two transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted steels with slightly different microstructures due to different thermo-mechanically controlled processing (TMCP) was investigated by the in situ neutron diffraction technique during tensile straining at room temperature and two elevated (50 and 100 °C) temperatures. The essential feature of the TRIP deformation mechanism was found to be significant stress redistribution at the yield point. The applied tensile load is redistributed within the complex TRIP-steel microstructure in such a way that the retained austenite bears a significantly larger load than the ferrite–bainite α-matrix. The macroscopic yielding of the steel then takes place through the simultaneous cooperative activity of the austenite-to-martensite transformation in the austenite phase and plastic deformation in the α-matrix. It is concluded that, although its volume fraction is small, the martensitically transforming retained austenite phase dispersed within the α-matrix governs the plastic deformation of TRIP-assisted steels.     

低硅无铝中碳TRIP钢中残留奥氏体的机械稳定性

在GLEEBLE3500热模拟试验机上对两种TRIP( TRansformation Induced Plasticity)钢分别进行不同贝氏体温度的热处理,通过拉伸试验和X射线衍射研究钢板的性能及残留奥氏体转变.结果表明:高的原始残留奥氏体量和残奥中碳含量,可使得钢获得良好的综合性能.另外,建立起残留奥氏体随真应变的转变模型,该模型能较好的预测实验结果.     

两相区退火对不同硅含量TRIP钢残留奥氏体和力学性能的影响

研究了硅含量分别为1．5wt％和1．0wt％的冷轧低碳硅锰TRIP钢两相区退火温度对残留奥氏体量和力学性能的影响。结果表明，随两相区退火温度的升高，两种钢的残留奥氏体量和残留奥氏体中的含碳量以及其屈服强度和抗拉强度都上升。当硅含量降至1．0％时，对钢的残留奥氏体量没有影响，但是降低了残留奥氏体中的碳含量，同时降低了钢的抗拉强度。两种钢的最大强塑积值相近，约为22000MPa%。     

Nb微合金化CMnSi、CMnAl热轧TRIP钢组织性能研究

研究了在相同的控轧控冷工艺条件下,N b微合金化CMnSi系与CMnAl系热轧TRIP钢的显微组织和力学性能。结果显示,由于Si的固溶强化作用和残余奥氏体在形变过程中的相变强化作用,使CMnSi系热轧TPIP钢的强度与塑性良好结合,抗拉强度为829Mpa,断裂总伸长率为25.44%,残余奥氏体晶粒间距小,充分弥散,可以得到较高的n值。     

Effect of strain rate on deformation behavior of TRIP steels

Tensile deformation behavior of Si–Mn TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steel with vanadium and without vanadium and the DP (Dual Phase) steel of the same composition were studied in a large range of strain rate (0.001–2000 s^?1) by routine material testing machine, rotation disk bar–bar tensile impact apparatus and high-speed material testing machine of servo-hydraulic type. In situ measurement of the transformation of retained austenite was performed by means of X-ray stress apparatus in order to have detailed knowledge about the transformation of retained austenite at quasi-static tensile. Microstructure of steels before and after tensile were observed by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is shown that there is no yield plateau observed on the stress–strain curve at quasi-static condition for TRIP steel containing vanadium because the vanadium carbide suppress the formation of Cottrell atmosphere in matrix. Retained austenite of Si–Mn TRIP steel containing vanadium transforms to martensite at loading stress of 502 MPa (its yielding strength is 486 MPa), while the transformation of retained austenite in matrix of Si–Mn TRIP steel without vanadium happens when its yielding process is finished at quasi-static tensile. It is confirmed that phase transformation of retained austenite in TRIP steel is strain induced phase transformation. It is noted that tensile elongation of TRIP steel at dynamic tensile is always lower than that at quasi-static tensile. That is because gradually strain induced phase transformation of retained austenite in TRIP steel is suppressed by deformation localization at dynamic tensile.     

等温温度对低硅含铝热轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

以低Si含Al热轧TRIP钢为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜、拉伸试验、X射线衍射仪和电子探针等试验方法,研究了不同等温温度对试验钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组成,随着等温温度的升高,残余奥氏体分解为新生成铁素体和碳化物;当等温温度为450 ℃时,试验钢的力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度为732.25 MPa,断后伸长率为36%,强塑积为26.36 GPa·%;残余奥氏体的体积分数先升高后降低,而C含量逐渐降低,等温温度为450 ℃时试验钢表现出较强的加工硬化行为。     

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利用Gleeble-1500热应力/应变模拟机对TRIP钢进行热模拟试验研究,发现试验钢的最终组织主要由铁素体(F)、贝氏体(B)和残余奥氏体组成。结果表明:加热温度为800℃时,试样的显微组织较为理想;贝氏体等温温度为400℃且等温时间为3 min时,试样的显微组织较为理想,工艺制度最佳。为TRIP钢工艺制定提供了重要指导。     

基于过冷奥氏体动态相变的热轧TRIP钢组织控制 Ⅱ.动态相变后冷却速率

通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了铁素体相变前的奥氏体晶粒尺寸对基于动态相变的热轧C-Mn-Al-Si系TRIP钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,减小原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸,可促进动态相变时的铁素体相变动力学,有利于铁素体、贝氏体及残余奥氏体等相分布更为均匀,获得的贝氏体束及贝氏铁素体尺寸较小,残余奥氏体的体积分数及C含量均较高,细小的颗粒状残余奥氏体数量较多且弥散分布,因此可获得具有较高强度和优良塑性的热轧TRIP钢。     

Multi-phase microstructure design of a low-alloy TRIP-assisted steel through a combined computational and experimental methodology

The multiphase constitution of a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted steel with a nominal composition of Fe–1.5Mn–1.5Si–0.3C (wt.%) was designed, utilizing a combination of computational methods and experimental validation, in order to achieve significant improvements in both strength and ductility. In this study, it was hypothesized that a microstructure with maximized ferrite and retained austenite volume fractions would optimize the strain hardening and ductility of multiphase TRIP-assisted steels. Computational thermodynamics and kinetics calculations were used to develop a predictive methodology to determine the processing parameters in order to reach maximum possible ferrite and retained austenite fractions during conventional two-stage heat treatment, i.e. intercritical annealing followed by bainitic isothermal transformation. Experiments were utilized to validate and refine the design methodology. Equal channel angular pressing was employed at a high temperature (950 °C) on the as-cast ingots as the initial processing step in order to form a homogenized microstructure with uniform grain/phase size. Using the predicted heat treatment parameters, a multiphase microstructure including ferrite, bainite, martensite and retained austenite was successfully obtained. The resulting material demonstrated a significant improvement in the true ultimate tensile strength (～1300 MPa) with good uniform elongation (～23%), as compared to conventional TRIP steels. This provided a mechanical property combination that has not been exhibited before by low-alloy first-generation high-strength steels. The developed computational framework for the selection of heat treatment parameters can also be utilized for other TRIP-assisted steels and help design new microstructures for advanced high-strength steels, minimizing the need for cumbersome experimental optimization.