磷钼酸铵的制备及性能

对新型阻燃抑烟剂——磷钼酸铵的制备和性能进行了研究;利用XRD、IR、DSC和TG对所制备的磷钼酸铵进行了表征,为磷钼酸铵的应用提供了理论基础。将磷钼酸铵加入PVC中,并与常用的阻燃抑烟剂Sb2O3、MoO3、Al(OH)3等进行对比,通过对阻燃材料氧指数和烟密度的测试表明,磷钼酸铵具有良好的阻燃抑烟性能;力学性能测试表明,磷钼酸铵与高分子材料具有良好相容性,是一种性能出众的新型阻燃抑烟剂,具有广阔的应用前景。     

环氧树脂-聚氨酯阻燃改性研究

以端异氰酸酯基聚氨酯为预聚体,环氧树脂CYD-011为原料,以氢氧化镁为阻燃剂对环氧树脂-聚氨酯进行了阻燃抑烟改性研究。测试结果表明,随着氢氧化镁的逐渐加入,环氧树脂-聚氨酯的热分解温度上升,氧指数提高。同时,燃烧过程中,氢氧化镁促使环氧树脂-聚氨酯表面形成致密薄膜,延缓热量和氧气的传递,提升了环氧树脂-聚氨酯的阻燃抑烟性能。     

纳米阻燃抑烟PVC的研究进展

PVC是一种应用广泛的高分子材料,但因其具有热稳定性差、易燃烧、发烟量大的缺点而限制了发展,因此PVC的阻燃与抑烟成为阻燃科学研究领域的关键问题之一。纳米型阻燃抑烟剂克服了传统型阻燃抑烟剂添加量大、阻燃抑烟效果不明显的缺点,为研究和解决PVC阻燃抑烟提供了一个新途径。本文介绍了PVC纳米阻燃抑烟剂的制备方法、表征手段及其在PVC中的应用以及PVC降解、阻燃与抑烟的表征,最后简要论述PVC阻燃抑烟的发展趋势。     

型阻燃环氧树脂复合材料的阻燃及燃烧特性

合成新型树状单分子磷-溴阻燃剂1,3,5-三(5,5-二溴甲基-1,3-二氧杂已内磷酰氧基)苯(FR),制备阻燃环氧树脂(EP)复合材料,利用极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、锥形量热(CONE)等方法研究FR对环氧树脂的阻燃性能及燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:当FR添加量为30%时,阻燃EP的LOI达到29.4%,垂直燃烧通过V-O级,其av-HRR,av-EHC,av-SEA及av-MLR较未阻燃EP分别降低87.5%、92.8%、90.8%和58.5%,呈现出良好地阻燃效果和抑烟性能;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测发现:阻燃EP燃烧后形成了均匀闭孔炭层.     

阻燃抑烟剂锡酸锌和羟基锡酸锌的研究进展

简要介绍了阻燃抑烟剂锡酸锌和羟基锡酸锌的性质,综述了它们的制备方法、应用范围及阻燃和抑烟机理的研究进展.作为两种无毒绿色阻燃抑烟剂,它们有很好的发展前景.最后对它们的研究与开发提出了建议.     

无卤阻燃聚合物抑烟的研究进展

综述了近10年来国内外关于无卤阻燃聚合物抑烟的研究进展。主要阐述了聚烯烃、环氧树脂、乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物、聚酯、聚氨酯及橡胶等聚合物在抑烟研究方面的最新进展。着重论述了膨胀阻燃剂、金属氢氧化物阻燃剂、实验室合成的新型抑烟剂、膨胀阻燃剂与金属氢氧化物协效阻燃体系,蒙脱土与膨胀阻燃剂协效阻燃体系,金属氧化物与膨胀阻燃剂协效阻燃体系等各组分用量及配比对聚合物烟密度的影响规律,并对它们的抑烟机理进行了讨论。结合目前研究中存在的问题,对无卤阻燃聚合物的抑烟研究方向进行了展望。     

锡系化合物在高分子材料中的阻燃抑烟研究进展

目前国内外对锡系化合物在高分子材料中的阻燃、抑烟剂的研究很多，通过文献分析详细综述了近期研究进展，并对锡系阻燃抑烟剂未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

低烟聚醚聚氨酯弹性体材料研究

以聚醚多元醇（N220等）、甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）、三羟甲基丙烷及阻燃抑烟型填料为原料,制备了低烟雾聚氨酯弹性体。对聚醚及阻燃剂作了选择试验。测试了试样在高温状态下产生的烟雾信号的透过率以及常温力学性能。测试结果表明,材料烟雾信号的大小与受热温度有关,选择600℃作为测试温度较能区别烟雾性能的好坏;不同结构的聚醚型聚氨酯与不同种类的阻燃抑烟剂对材料产生的烟雾信号都有影响。选择聚氧化丙烯二醇N220作为聚醚原料,三聚氰胺或联二脲作为阻燃抑烟剂,可以得到低烟和符合使用要求的聚醚型聚氨酯弹性体材料。     

聚氯乙烯阻燃抑烟技术研究进展

介绍了聚氯乙烯阻燃抑烟机制及其分类,阻燃抑烟剂按组分不同分为无机、有机和复合型阻燃抑烟剂,综述了阻燃抑烟剂反应机制和性能的研究进展,展望了未来的发展和应用趋势。     

新型增韧阻燃环氧树脂胶黏剂的研究

采用以聚氨酯（PU）增韧改性环氧树脂为基体,在其中添加两次包覆红磷作为阻燃剂,从而制备出一种新型增韧阻燃环氧树脂胶黏剂。通过对所制得胶黏剂进行力学性能测试、热失重测试（TG）以及阻燃性能测试,从而研究了聚氨酯和两次包覆红磷用量对改性环氧树脂胶黏剂性能的影响。结果表明,采用100份环氧树脂、30份聚酯型聚氨酯预聚体、15份阻燃剂,可制备出综合性能较好的增韧阻燃环氧树脂胶黏剂,剪切强度为23．2MPa,氧指数可达到30％。     

溴化环氧树脂协同三氧化二锑阻燃PBT的性能研究

采用溴化环氧树脂协同不同粒径的三氧化二锑(Sb2O3)复配制备了阻燃聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT),研究了阻燃PBT的物理力学性能、垂直燃烧性能、阻燃性能和烟气释放情况。结果表明:溴化环氧树脂协同Sb2O3阻燃体系的加入,使得阻燃PBT的熔体流动速率、邵D硬度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量提高,注塑成型收缩率略有增加,维卡软化点略有下降,缺口冲击强度和断裂伸长率明显下降。锥形量热仪的测试结果表明:溴化环氧树脂协同Sb2O3阻燃PBT的燃烧性能显著减低,阻燃级别均可以由UL94HB级提高到UL94V—0级;且Sb2O3粒径越小,阻燃效果越好,当Sb2O3的粒径为0.4μm时,阻燃PBT的综合性能最佳;溴化环氧树脂协同Sb2O3体系在PBT中的阻燃作用明显,但不能抑制烟毒的产生。     

Synthesis of a novel cross‐linked organophosphorus‐nitrogen containing polymer and its application in flame retardant epoxy resins

A novel cross‐linked organophosphorus–nitrogen polymetric flame retardant additive poly(urea tetramethylene phosphonium sulfate) defined as PUTMPS was synthesized by the condensation polymerization between urea and tetrahydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate. Its chemical structure was well characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ¹³C and ³¹P solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance. The synthesized PUTMPS and curing agent m‐phenylenediamine were blended into epoxy resins to prepare flame retardant epoxy resin thermosets. The effects of PUTMPS on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of EP/PUTMPS thermosets were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), cone calorimeter measurement, and thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. The surface morphologies and chemical compositions of char residues for cured epoxy resins were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Water resistant properties of epoxy resin thermosets were evaluated by putting the samples into distilled water at 70°C for 168 h. The results demonstrated that the EP/12 wt% PUTMPS thermosets successfully passed UL‐94 V‐0 flammability rating and the LOI value reached 31.3%. The TGA results indicated that the incorporation of PUTMPS promoted epoxy resin matrix decomposed and char forming ahead of time, which led to a higher char yield and thermal stability for epoxy resin thermosets at high temperature. The morphological structures and analysis of XPS for the char residues of the epoxy resin thermosets shown that PUTMPS benefited to the formation of a sufficient, more compact, and homogeneous char layer with rich flame retardant elements on the materials surface during burning, which prevented the heat transmission and diffusion, limited the production of combustible gases, inhibited the emission of smoke, and then led to the reduction of the heat release rate and smoke produce rate. After water resistance tests, EP/12 wt% PUTMPS thermosets still remained excellent flame retardancy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A DOPO-based reactive flame retardant containing benzimidazole groups: Synthesis and its flame-retardation on epoxy resin

DOPO based flame retardants demonstrate exceptional flame retardancy efficiency when applied to epoxy resins. However, the crosslinking degree of epoxy resin may decrease due to the addition of DOPO, leading to a deterioration in flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Herein, a reactive DOPO derivative flame retardant 6-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) amino) dibenzo oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (BADO) was successfully synthesized, which contains multiple reactive sites, thus ensuring a higher degree of crosslinking in the system. As a result, the modified epoxy resin exhibits excellent flame retardancy. The limiting oxygen index value of the modified epoxy resins increased from 19.8% to 29.7% by adding 7.5 wt% BADO, and its UL-94 test passed V-0. Flame retardancy mechanism analysis reveals that BADO exhibits both gas-phase and condensed-phase flame retardant effects. In particular, the formation of a porous inside-char layer is a significant factor in reducing smoke release. The 7.5% BADO/EP composite exhibited a 43.2% reduction in total smoke production and a 43.6% reduction in total smoke rate compared to neat epoxy resins (EP). Furthermore, the addition of BADO slightly deteriorates the mechanical properties of the modified epoxy resin.     

环氧多聚磷酸铵的合成及其对环氧树脂固化物性能的影响

将环氧树脂和多聚磷酸直接反应后用氨水中和,制得了含磷18.5%且与环氧树脂相容性较好的新型环氧多聚磷酸铵(EPPA)阻燃剂。用极限氧指数、冲击强度、硬度、热失重等测试方法研究了EPPA对环氧树脂二乙烯三胺固化物阻燃性以及其它各种性能的影响。实验结果表明该阻燃剂对环氧树脂固化物有较好的阻燃作用,适量添加EPPA可大幅提高固化物的韧性,并且对固化物的硬度以及热稳定性影响不大。     

Loading the polyol carbonization agent into clay nanotubes for the preparation of environmentally stable UV‐cured epoxy materials

The halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were loaded with pentaerythritol (PER). The as‐prepared composite (HNT‐P) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was subsequently added to the UV‐curable epoxy resins, giving a new flame‐resistant system. Loading of the hydrophilic PER into HNT can reduce the moisture absorption in the UV‐curable epoxy resins. The flame retardancy was evaluated by means of the cone calorimeter and limit oxygen index test. The results showed that the flame retardancy of the modified epoxy resin was greatly improved with an obvious decrease in both the heat release and smoke release. Moreover, it was revealed that HNT could catalyze the reaction of APP and PER, and the burning surface of the epoxy resin should be covered by the polyphosphoric‐HNT intumescent char layer. We have measured the moisture sorption and dynamic mechanical properties of the UV‐cured epoxy resins. As compared to the use of the simple mixture of PER and HNT, the use of the HNT‐P nearly kept the storage modulus at about 1809 Mpa and reduced the moisture absorption by 58.2 wt % at 40 °C. The results proved that the addition of the HNT‐P obtained lower moisture absorption and higher stability of the mechanical properties than adding the simple mixture. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45045.     

Charing polymer wrapped carbon nanotubes for simultaneously improving the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Molybdenum-phenolic resin (Mo-PR) was grafted onto the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to obtain modified MWCNTs (CNT-PR). Compared to epoxy resin, epoxy resin/CNT-PR nanocomposites showed the improvements in flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Structural characterization showed that the grafted Mo-PR improved the dispersion of MWCNTs in epoxy resin and enhanced the interfacial interaction between CNT-PR and epoxy resin. On the other hand, the grafted Mo-PR could show high char yield during the process of combustion. Thus the flame retardancy of nanocomposites was improved, especially for the heat release rate and total smoke production. Furthermore, the combination of CNT-PR with melamine dramatically promoted the LOI value and the level of UL-94 rating.     

Preparation of thermally stable and flame-retardant sugarcane bagasse-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate/epoxy composites and their performance

Epoxy resin was often applied in fiber-reinforced composite materials, adhesives, and encapsulation materials. However, epoxy was easily flammable and limited its usage in certain applications. The study recycled and reused agricultural waste sugarcane bagasse to prepare a halogen-free bio-based intumescent flame retardant and then mixed with epoxy resin to prepare a composite containing polymer with improved thermal properties and flame retardancy of the materials. The work followed the concept of circular economy and sustainability. Bagasse-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) flame retardant was added to an epoxy resin to prepare epoxy/bagasse-ADP composites, an effective flame-retarding composite material through hydrothermal method. Adding bagasse-ADP increased the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composite materials compared with that of pure epoxy. For the material with 30 wt% added bagasse-ADP, the char yield was 32.3 wt%, which was 18.2 wt% higher than that of pure epoxy (14.1 wt%) through thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the limiting oxygen index increased from 21% to 30%, and the UL-94 classification improved from “Fail” to “V-0.” This performance was attributed to the nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon content of the flame retardant.     

2,4,6-三溴苯胺对环氧固化物阻燃耐热性的影响

用氧指数(LOI)、TG法研究了2,4,6 三溴苯胺(TBA)对环氧树脂酸酐固化物阻燃耐热性的影响,结果表明TBA有较好的阻燃效果,其与Sb2O3和磷酸三苯酯(TPP)配用时具有协同阻燃效应,且对环氧树脂酸酐固化物的热稳定性影响较小。     

微胶囊红磷在软质PVC电缆料的应用研究

研究了微胶囊红磷不同包覆、用量、粒径及与其他阻燃剂的协效作用等因素对软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）电缆料的阻燃性能、力学性能及抑烟性能的影响。蜜胺树脂／硼酸锌双层囊材包覆微胶囊红磷在PVC中的阻燃性最好；6份的微胶囊红磷添加量即可使材料的阻燃性能达UL94 V-0级。随着微胶囊红磷颗粒粒径减小，材料氧指数增大，阻燃性提高，拉伸强度和断裂伸长率有所提高。二元体系中，微胶囊红磷／氢氧化铝、微胶囊红磷／氢氧化镁和微胶囊红磷／硼酸锌复配具有良好的阻燃协效作用。微胶囊红磷／三氧化钼、微胶囊红磷／二茂铁二元复合体系对PVC有明显的抑烟作用，最大烟密度（有焰）分别下降为62．9和144．9。微胶囊红磷／硼酸锌二元复合体系有良好的抑烟协效作用。微胶囊红磷／硼酸锌／十溴联苯醚和微胶囊红磷／氢氧化铝／氢氧化镁三元复合体系有很好的阻燃和抑烟协效作用。     

Synthesis and properties of a phosphate ester as curing agent in an epoxy resin system

Phosphate ester compounds display good flame retardancy effect in epoxy resin systems. In this paper, several novel phosphate esters, used as curing agents for epoxy resins, were synthesized based on P₂O₅, phosphoric acid, and different types of alcohol. The structures of phosphate esters were characterized by ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (³¹P NMR). Then, a series of flame retardant epoxy composites were prepared by curing the epoxy resins (E-44) with the phosphate esters. The flame retardancy and thermal degradation behaviors of flame retardant epoxy composites were investigated by cone calorimeter test (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results of CCT indicated that phosphate esters can significantly decrease heat release rate, total heat release (THR), and smoke production rate. The sample cured by butyl phosphate ester from phosphorus pentoxide, phosphoric acid and butanol showed the best flame retardant performance among all samples. The TGA results showed that phosphate esters could enhance char residues of flame retardant epoxy composites when compared with those of a composite using T31 as a curing agent at high temperature. It may be concluded that good flame retardant properties of flame retardant epoxy composites are related to the formation of a protective phosphorus-rich char layer. These phosphate esters have a good future on flame retardant epoxy composites.