分形表面的微织构对动压润滑性能的影响

在分析分形表面形貌和人工织构对弹流润滑影响的基础上,建立关联表面分形特性的织构润滑模型。通过数值计算方法分析润滑模型中压力流量因子与表面分形维数及表面织构参数之间关系。计算结果表明:在一定分形维数下,平均流量模型结果适用于没有织构的各向同性分形表面;在同一分形维数下,压力流量因子随着织构参数凹腔深度的增加而增大,随着凹腔半径的增加而减小;在同一织构参数下,压力流量因子随分形维数的增加先增加后趋于稳定。     

微机电系统(MEMS)磨损的分形分析

基于M-B分形磨损模型,建立微机电系统(MEMS)表面磨损率与分形维数之间的关系,对MEMS表面的磨损规律与表面特性进行相关分析.结果表明,分形维数对MEMS表面磨损率的影响具有一定的规律性,当分形维数在某一范围时,磨损率随着分形维数的减小而迅速增大;当分形维数为1.5时,磨损率达到最小值.当分形维数一定时,磨损率随着尺度系数、磨损概率常数的增大而增加,随着MEMS材料性能参数的增大而减小.当其它影响参数保持一定时,磨损率随着MEMS表面接触面积的增大而增加.     

顺排H型翅片圆管的传热与流动分析

通过模拟计算并比较数据得出结果：随着迎面风速增大,Re 数增大,Nu 数增大,摩擦系数f 减小,传热热阻R 也减小;随着翅片间距增大, Nu 数减小,摩擦系数f 减小,对传热热阻R 的影响较小;随着翅片厚度增大,Nu 数增大,摩擦系数f 明显减小,传热热阻R 也显著减小;随着翅片高度增加,Nu 数增加,摩擦系数f 也增加,而传热热阻R减小,在本文中研究的影响因素中优先考虑的因素为：翅片间距、翅片厚度及翅片高度。     

水平管束低压降膜蒸发换热特性研究

本文主要对水平管在较低压力的降膜蒸发进行研究,设计了滴淋降膜蒸发试验台,以去离子水为工质,在不同的喷淋流量、温度和压力下,对水平管束进行降膜蒸发传热实验。试验结果表明,在较低过冷度下,管外换热系数和总传热系数随着喷淋流量的增大变化不明显。当过冷度增加时,管外换热系数和总传热系数变小,但随着喷淋流量的增大而明显增大。换热系数随过冷度下降而增加,过冷度为零时,换热系数最大。此外,蒸发器水流量对换热几乎没有影响。     

类似荷叶表面分形结构的润湿性研究

依据荷叶表面具有不规则自相似微纳双重结构,引入分形几何学构造类似荷叶的Koch分形结构,并建立相应的Cassie、Wenzel模型接触角方程,分析分形维数和结构参数对其润湿性的影响。研究表明:对于分形结构表面,随着分形维数的增大,结构越致密,接触角越大;同时,分形结构中微/纳尺度参数之比越大,接触角也越大。对于荷叶分形结构表面,当分形维数为2.261 8时,对应2种模型的接触角均为160°,Wenzel模型的微米乳突与纳米结构尺寸之比约为140,Cassie模型的微米乳突与纳米结构尺寸之比约为50;而且当Wenzel模型分形维数为2.273 5、Cassie模型分形维数为2.345 5时,接触角可达到180°。     

切向车铣加工表面分形特征的研究

通过对切向车铣加工工件表面相关参数的测量与计算,得到了不同进给量与不同转速比时工件表面的分形维数。结果表明:分形特征能够较准确的表达工件表面纹理的信息;随着进给量的增加,工件表面分形维数减小,工件表面纹理结构越稀疏;随着转速比增加,工件表面维数增大,工件表面工件表面纹理结构越密集,表面纹理高度越低。     

重力热管两相传热特性影响参数的数值研究

重力热管以其极佳的传热能力广泛应用于工程领域，而对于单根热管传热性能的提升则能够更好地提高换热设备的效率。本文通过数值模拟方法，分析了重力热管参数变化对其传热特性的影响。结果表明：VOF (Volume of Fluid)模型能够捕捉重力热管内部的蒸发冷凝现象；热管热阻随着充液率或加热功率的增大而减小；在一定范围内，热管热阻随热管内径增大而减小，随冷凝段长度增大而先增大后减小，但冷凝段长度过小会导致气液循环效果变差，因此，在实际设计中应考虑热管传热极限及安全长度比，保证热管的安全运行。     

基于分形理论的磨合磨损建模

为了求解在粗糙表面上磨合磨损的磨损率,将分形接触模型和传统磨损公式相结合,推导了基于分形参数的磨损率模型,并对该模型进行了分析。建立了磨损率与分形维数、材料性能常数之间的关系,从而得出材料的磨损规律。分析结果表明:当分形维数在某一范围内时,磨损率随分形维数的增大先减小后增大;当分形维数一定时,磨损率随着尺度常数的增大而增大,随着材料性能常数的增大而减小;当其它各参数保持一定值时,磨损率与接触面积的变化趋于一致。     

横管蒸发纵管冷凝式热管充液量、倾角对传热的影响

通过搭建试验台对横管蒸发纵管冷凝式热管进行试验研究,分析该型热管在不同充液量和不同的倾角的情况下传热性能的变化。经分析发现,充液量和倾角两个因素都对该型热管的传热性能有很大影响。当倾角变化时,其热阻随倾角增加而不断增加且存在临界角。倾角在到达临界角之前热阻上升缓慢,倾角大于临界角后其热阻急剧增大。当充液量变化时,随充液量增大热管热阻先减小后增大;且在60%充液量时热阻最小,传热性能最佳。     

不同材料的准分子激光修饰表面形貌的分形表征

采用准分子激光加工方法,在相同的工艺参数下加工了脆性材料（A1203陶瓷）和塑性材料（不锈钢、Q235钢）试件.采用分形理论研究了准分子激光加工的不同材料表面的分形特征,通过结构函数法计算了表面微观形貌的分形维数.结果表明：准分子激光加工的不同材料的表面形貌具有不同的分形特性,在相同的加工条件下A1203陶瓷材料表面的分形维数大于不锈钢、Q235钢等塑性材料表面的分形维数,表明脆性材料和塑性材料具有不同的准分子激光加工属性;准分子激光加工表面的分形维数随着激光扫描速度的增大而减小,随放大器电压和脉冲频率的增大而增大,表明可以通过改变加工参数得到不同的分形维数表面.     

Film-wise and drop-wise condensation of steam on short inclined plates

Film-wise and drop-wise condensation experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure varying the condensing plates, their inclinations and orientations (upward or downward facing), and the air concentrations. As expected, dropwise condensation showed much higher heat transfer rates than corresponding film-wise condensation in the pure steam cases. However, with the presence of air, both modes of condensation showed similar heat transfer rates due to the high thermal resistance of the air-rich layer. Both modes of condensation showed systematic decreases in heat transfer as the angle of the plate to the horizontal decreased and as the concentration of air increased. A noteworthy observation made during the tests on the plate orientation showed that condensation heat transfer rates on the upward facing plate were slightly higher than those beneath the downward facing plate in the pure steam cases but that the trends were reversed in the steam and air mixture cases.     

Heat transfer of a spray droplet in a PWR pressurizer

Heat transfer rates to spray droplets under conditions corresponding to those of spray transients in a pressurizer of pressurized water reactor (PWR) have been predicted by a simple droplet model with internal thermal resistance and partial internal mixing. In those processes, the temperature distributions in the droplet have been obtained using the integral method, and the physical properties of the saturated steam-hydrogen gas mixture surrounding the droplets are estimated applying the concept of compressibility factor and using appropriate correlations. Results have been provided for the temporal variations of total heat flux with its convection and condensation heat transfer components, dimensionless droplet bulk temperature and droplet flight distance. The effects of ambient pressure, initial droplet size, concentration of hydrogen gas in the mixture, initial injection velocity, and spray angle on the heat transfer of spray droplets have been discussed.     

Fractal prediction model of thermal contact conductance of rough surfaces

The thermal contact conductance problem is an important issue in studying the heat transfer of engineering surfaces,which has been widely studied since last few decades,and for predicting which many theoretical models have been established.However,the models which have been existed are lack of objectivity due to that they are mostly studied based on the statistical methodology characterization for rough surfaces and simple partition for the deformation formats of contact asperity.In this paper,a fractal prediction model is developed for the thermal contact conductance between two rough surfaces based on the rough surface being described by three-dimensional Weierstrass and Mandelbrot fractal function and assuming that there are three kinds of asperity deformation modes:elastic,elastoplastic and fully plastic.Influences of contact load and contact area as well as fractal parameters and material properties on the thermal contact conductance are investigated by using the presented model.The investigation results show that the thermal contact conductance increases with the increasing of the contact load and contact area.The larger the fractal dimension,or the smaller the fractal roughness,the larger the thermal contact conductance is.The thermal contact conductance increases with decreasing the ratio of Young’s elastic modulus to the microhardness.The results obtained indicate that the proposed model can effectively predict the thermal contact conductance at the interface,which provide certain reference to the further study on the issue of heat transfer between contact surfaces.     

Effects of heat flux on dropwise condensation on a superhydrophobic surface

The condensation heat transfer efficiencies of superhydrophobic surfaces that have ∼160° contact angle under atmospheric conditions were investigated experimentally. The departing diameter and the contact angle hysteresis of droplets were measured by capturing front and tilted side views of condensation phenomena with a high speed camera and an endoscope, respectively. Condensation behaviors on the surface were observed at the micro-scale using an Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Apparently-spherical droplets formed at very low heat flux q″ ∼20 kW/m² but hemispherical droplets formed at high q″ ∼440 kW/m². At high q″, heat transfer coefficients were lower on the superhydrophobic surface than on a hydrophobic surface although the superhydrophobic surface is water repellent so droplets roll off. The results of contact angle hysteresis and ESEM image revealed that the reduced heat transfer of the surface can be attributed to the large size of departing droplets caused by adhesive condensed droplets at nucleation sites. The results suggest that the effect of q″ or degree of sub-cooling of a condensation wall determine the droplet shape, which is closely related to removal rates of condensates and finally to the heat transfer coefficient.

     

基于分形理论的圆弧齿轮滑动摩擦接触力学模型

考虑到圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮传动接触之间的滑动摩擦与微凸体的连续性变形,结合分形理论和Hertz接触理论建立圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮的滑动摩擦接触力学模型,通过模型数值分析与ANSYS WORKBENCH分析的最大接触应力结果对比,证明该模型所反映圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮接触应力状态的正确性。该模型中,载荷与真实接触面积之间关系不仅与分形维数和特征尺度系数有关,还与齿轮节点曲率和齿轮齿线半径有关。同时,理论计算表明,分形维数一定时,真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大;载荷一定时,真实接触面积随着分形维数的增大先增大后减小,随着特征尺度系数的增大而减小;摩擦因数对真实接触面积的影响不大。该模型的建立为圆弧齿线圆柱齿轮工作状态的研究及强度分析提供了理论依据。     

Thermoelastic stability of duplex heat exchanger tubes

When duplex tubes are used for heat exchange purposes, thermal distortion affects the contact pressure and, hence, the thermal contact resistance at the interface. The resulting coupling between the thermal and thermoelastic fields for the system can lead to instability and non-uniqueness of the steady-state solution and, hence, to erratic heat transfer performance.Stability of the system is investigated by determining the conditions under which a small (axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric) perturbation on the steady state can grow exponentially in time. Substitution into the governing heat conduction and thermoelastic equations enables the unknown functions to be determined except for a set of arbitrary constants, which are then determined from the thermal and mechanical boundary conditions, including a statement of the relation between thermal contact resistance and pressure, linearized for small perturbations about the steady state.Results are presented for a range of material combinations and for both directions of steady state heat flux. It is shown that unstable axisymmetric perturbations can only occur for inward heat flow and, hence, the stability boundary for outward heat flow is always associated with a non-axisymmetric mode. In the latter case, the circumferential wavelength of the critical mode is generally about twice the tube thickness and a good approximation to the stability boundary can be obtained using previously published results for the stability of two plane layers in thermoelastic contact.For inward heat flow, the critical heat flux for axisymmetric perturbations is independent of the mean contact resistance, whereas that for non-axisymmetric modes increases with contact resistance. Thus, the stability boundary in this case is determined by non-axisymmetric modes for small values of contact resistance and by axisymmetric modes for large contact resistance.     

计及摩擦的摆线轮齿与针齿的分形接触模型

为综合体现摆线轮齿与针齿的宏观特征和微观特征对接触特性的影响,应用Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数和矢量函数构建了摆线轮齿与针齿的表面形貌模型,应用MATLAB绘制了各向同性的粗糙针齿以及单个摆线轮齿的二维截面图,提出了摆线轮齿与针齿的接触比例系数,该接触比例系数始终小于1,且随啮合点的变化而变化,针齿与摆线轮齿的内凹部分接触时的接触比例系数远大于针齿与摆线轮齿外凸部分接触时的值。计及摩擦因素的影响,构建了单对摆线轮齿与针齿的分形接触模型,分析了摩擦因子、结合面的微观特征和宏观特征对接触特性的影响。研究结果表明,相同载荷下,接触面积随摩擦因子的增大而增大,随结合面粗糙度的增大先增大后减小,随针齿半径的增大而减小,随中心距的增大而减小,随针轮中心圆半径的增大而增大,随针轮齿数的增加而减小。     

机械密封端面黏着磨损分形模型

在机械密封端面接触分形模型基础上,依据Archard磨损理论,通过引入分形磨损系数及求解塑性和弹塑性变形微凸体的体积,建立了机械密封端面黏着磨损分形模型。得到了机械密封软质环端面磨损率与端面轮廓分形参数、真实接触面积、材料性能参数以及工作参数之间的关系式。对B104a-70型机械密封软质环端面的磨损率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,端面磨损率随着端面比压、转速及端面特征尺度系数的增大而增大;随着端面分形维数的增大先迅速减小后逐渐增大,即存在一个使磨损率最小的最优分形维数。