循环氨水管道泄漏原因分析及防漏措施

环氨水中含有H2S等多种腐蚀性介质,对普通的循环氨水管道有一定的腐蚀作用,循环氨水管道在制作和安装过程产生的各种残余应力和介质腐蚀的联合作用诱发了管道的应力开裂,H2S等应力腐蚀和氢损伤是造成氨水管道的泄漏主要原因。焊接时的焊接缺陷或应力腐蚀而在管道内壁形成的微小裂纹,诱发氨水管道的缝隙腐蚀。因此管道的焊接质量和焊接后的消除应力处理显得尤为重要。     

316L不锈钢饱和器焊接性探讨

焦化厂的硫酸铵饱和器,常常由于检修焊接不当加之强腐蚀工艺介质剧烈腐蚀之下,造成焊接接头的腐蚀破坏,形成晶间腐蚀、裂纹、穿孔等焊接接头缺陷和危害。因而,本文从316L不锈钢的焊接性入手,分析其晶间腐蚀,焊接热裂纹,应力腐蚀开裂,接头的σ相脆化等该材质的焊接特点,并详述了其防止的具体措施。结合实际有针对性的阐述了其该母材的焊接工艺及要点,有效的降低316L不锈钢的晶间腐蚀及其他焊接缺陷,提高了其焊接性。     

焊后热处理对7003铝合金焊接接头抗腐蚀性能的影响

采用金相检测、慢应变拉伸试验和扫描电镜(SEM)对7003铝合金焊接接头经不同焊后热处理的晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明:焊后热处理有助于提高焊接接头抗腐蚀晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀能力。焊后120℃/24h时效时,晶间腐蚀敏感性的大小为:未热处理450℃/1h490℃/1h470℃/1h。应力腐蚀敏感性指数ISSRT在470℃/1h最小,为0.096,抗应力腐蚀性能最好,且在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的应力腐蚀敏感性明显大于在干燥空气中的。     

铁素体——马氏体双相钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀

在慢应变速率条件下，研究了Ｆｅ－Ｓｉ－Ｃ系铁素体－－马氏体双相钢焊接接头在人造海水中的应力腐蚀开裂行为，用单边预裂纹拉伸试样测定了焊接接头各部位的应力强度因子ＫＩ值。结果表明，焊接接头各部位在人造海水中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性有很大差异，其中热影响区（ＨＡＺ）对ＳＣＣ最敏感，Ｋ１值最低；随着阴极电位朝负方向增加，ＳＣＣ敏感性增大；除氢处理可以改善焊接接头的ＳＣＣ抗力。     

304L与XM27不锈钢焊接接头腐蚀性研究

针对XM27与304L异种不锈钢焊缝在纯碱设备中的耐应力腐蚀能力以及引起scc裂纹的原因进行研究,通过应力腐蚀试验分别模拟了苛刻环境(高氯离子浓度、沸腾温度高应力)和温和环境(弱介质、常温、无应力)以及包括无腐蚀的去离子水以便对比。通过对接头进行腐蚀和微观组织分析得出了XM27与304L异种不锈钢焊接接头腐蚀原因:焊缝产生应力腐蚀是在Cl-与拘束同时存在的情况下产生的;焊缝产生应力腐蚀与Cl-浓度无关。     

降低铝合金焊缝表面残余应力的方法研究

5A06铝合金焊接舱体在海水中搁置4个月后,其表面出现被腐蚀的现象,针对该腐蚀问题进行分析,对每一个工艺环节进行梳理,并对可能造成表面腐蚀的工艺环节进行改进。分析发现,主要改进的工艺内容包括降低焊缝的残余拉应力、降低表面的残余机加应力及提高表面的油漆附着力。采用多种去应力的工艺方法消除焊缝的残余应力,并对相关数据进行分析。经实物验证,采用新工艺生产的焊接壳体表面耐腐蚀性得到了明显的改善。     

低焊接裂纹敏感性WDL系列钢的焊接性能,应力腐蚀性能及应用

介绍了低焊接裂纹敏感性０７ＭｎＣｒＭｏＶ系列钢（简称ＷＤＬ钢）的焊接性能、应力腐蚀性能及应用情况。     

Ti35合金焊接接头在高温硝酸中的腐蚀性能研究

以沸腾的核乏燃料后处理模拟料液及空白硝酸溶液为腐蚀液,研究了Ti35合金焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能。在模拟料液中对Ti35合金熔敷金属及焊接热模拟样进行全浸腐蚀实验,间接评价了焊接接头熔区及热影响区的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:Ti35合金焊接接头在沸腾空白硝酸溶液及模拟料液中均具有良好的均匀腐蚀性能,焊缝熔区及热影响区的腐蚀速率大于焊接接头的腐蚀速率,焊接接头的腐蚀对焊接应力的敏感性不高;在沸腾空白硝酸介质中,硝酸浓度对焊接接头的耐蚀性能有较大的影响,随硝酸浓度的提高,焊接接头的耐蚀性能有所下降;硝酸溶液中氧化性金属阳离子对Ti35合金的焊接接头具有缓蚀作用。     

焊接耐候钢和碳钢在模拟酸雨环境中的应力腐蚀裂纹和氢脆裂纹

在充气的酸性氯化物溶解中研究了焊接耐候钢和碳钢的应力腐蚀裂纹(SCC)和氢脆裂纹(HEC)特性。通过极化和镀锌腐蚀测试研究了焊接钢的电化学性能。耐候钢和碳钢两者在此酸性的氯化物溶液中都未显现出钝化行为，许多结果表明耐候钢的腐蚀抗性比碳钢好。     

管线钢管焊接接头腐蚀环境失效与安全评价研究现状

在酸性腐蚀介质环境服役的钢管,腐蚀介质与力学载荷耦合后将加速焊接接头失效.介绍了管线钢管焊接接头在酸性腐蚀介质环境下的失效模式,主要包括应力腐蚀开裂、氢致开裂以及考虑裂纹尖端H+扩散聚集的腐蚀断裂与腐蚀疲劳,并介绍了在酸性腐蚀介质环境服役管线管接头工程临界评估(ECA)的常规处理技术,以期能为今后该领域技术的发展提供参考.     

Stress Corrosion of X80 Pipeline Steel Welded Joints by Slow Strain Test in NACE H2S Solutions

The X80 pipeline steel was welded with the way of submerged arc welding. The SST (slow strain test) of the welded joint samples in the air, NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) solution (no H2S), NACE solution (saturated H2S) was performed to research the sensibility index of SCC (stress corrosion cracking) Iscc. The morphologies of the welded joint fractures and the fracture modes were observed with SEM (scanning electron microscope), and the fracture chemical compositions were analyzed with EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer), respectively. The fracture mechanisms of the welded joints were discussed. The results show that sensibility index of SCC in the air is not obvious, the fracture is dimple, and the mode of fracture is ductile fracture. The sensibility index of SCC in NACE solution (no H2S) is 13.21%, the stress corrosion is not obvious. The sample fracture shows quasi cleavage+dimple, and the fracture mode is toughness+brittle rupture. The sensibility index of SCC in NACE solution (saturated H2S) is 56.94%, the plastic loss is the most serious, appearing an obvious stress corrosion tendency, and there is no obvious necking phenomenon. The fracture mode is brittle fracture, and the sample fracture has a high sulfur concentration, prompting S to a aliquation of crisp crystal in the welded zone, and making its mechanical properties worsen.     

Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Multipass TIG-Welded AA2219 Aluminum Alloy in 3.5?wt?pct NaCl Solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of the AA2219 aluminum alloy in the single-pass (SP) and multipass (MP) welded conditions was examined and compared with that of the base metal (BM) in 3.5?wt?pct NaCl solution using a slow-strain-rate technique (SSRT). The reduction in ductility was used as a parameter to evaluate the SCC susceptibility of both the BM and welded joints. The results showed that the ductility ratio (?? _NaCl/(?? _air) was 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, for the BM and MP welded joint, and the same was marginally reduced to 0.9 for the SP welded joint. The fractographic examination of the failed samples revealed a typical ductile cracking morphology for all the base and welded joints, indicating the good environmental cracking resistance of this alloy under all welded conditions. To understand the decrease in the ductility of the SP welded joint, preexposure SSRT followed by microstructural observations were made, which showed that the decrease in ductility ratio of the SP welded joint was caused by the electrochemical pitting that assisted the nucleation of cracks in the form of corrosion induced mechanical cracking rather than true SCC failure of the alloy. The microstructural examination and polarization tests demonstrated a clear grain boundary (GB) sensitization of the PMZ, resulting in severe galvanic corrosion of the SP weld joint, which initiated the necessary conditions for the localized corrosion and cracking along the PMZ. The absence of PMZ and a refined fusion zone (FZ) structure because of the lesser heat input and postweld heating effect improved the galvanic corrosion resistance of the MP welded joint greatly, and thus, failure occurred along the FZ.     

Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Plastically Prestrained X70 Steel Weldment

The application of strain-based design for pipelines requires comprehensive understanding of the postyield mechanical behavior of materials. In this article, the impact of plastic prestrain on near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of welded X70 steel was investigated with a slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test. Generally, plastic prestrain reduces the SCC resistance in various welded zones. The SCC susceptibility of the test materials can be put in the following order: heat-affected zone (HAZ) > weld metal (WM) > base metal (BM). Fractographic analysis indicates that there are two cracking modes, mode I and mode II, during SSRT tests. Mode I cracks propagate along the direction perpendicular to the maximum tensile stress, and mode II cracks lie in planes roughly parallel to the plane where the maximum shear exists. The SCC of the BM is governed by mode I cracking and fracture of the HAZ, and the WM is dominated by mode II cracking. Damage analysis shows that the detrimental impact of plastic prestrain on the residual SCC resistance cannot be evaluated with the linear superposition model. A plastic prestrain sensitivity, a material constant independent of plastic prestrain, is proposed to characterize the susceptibility of SCC resistance to plastic prestrain, and it increases with the SCC susceptibility of the steels. The enhanced SCC susceptibility caused by plastic prestrain may be related to an increase in yield strength. The correlation of the ratio of the reduction in area in NS4 solution to that in air (RA _SCC/RA _air) with the yield strength is microstructure dependent.     

Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of stainless steels with respect to their use in architecture,part 1: corrosion in the active state

Unexpected failures on 18/8 CrNi and 17/12/2 CrNiMo steels in indoor swimming pool atmospheres made it necessary to reinvestigate chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC). SCC in the active state was investigated on stainless steels 1.3974, 1.4301, 1.4303, 1.4439, 1.4462, 1.4522, 1.4539 and 1.4571 by testing under constant load at temperatures up to 50°C. Selected tests were performed on the material with the highest SCC susceptibility, 1.4301, in solutions with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. SCC was only observed in critical ranges of hydrogen-ion concentration and only in conjunction with pronounced general corrosion. In a solution with c(HCl) = 1.0 mol/l and c(NaCl) = 0.5 mol/l, which had proved to be highly SCC-inducing, the effects of different parameters on SCC behaviour were studied. Temperature, stress level and degree of cold deformation exerted only a secondary influence, in contrast to alloy composition: austenitic steels containing about 10% nickel (1.4301, 1.4303, 1.4571) exhibited very pronounced SCC. The other materials with nickel contents distinctively higher or lower proved, respectively, to be less susceptible or resistant to SCC. Thus, the same effect of nickel content was observed as is known for resistance to chloride induced SCC in the passive state. All materials were prone to pronounced general corrosion. The corrosion phenomena observed were completely different from the swimming pool failures reported.     

Effect of Nitrogen Content on the Tensile and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of AISI Type 316LN Stainless Steels

This paper deals with the effect of nitrogen on the tensile and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of type 316LN stainless steel. Yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) increased while the ductility [% total elongation (% TE)] decreased with increasing nitrogen content. Evaluation by conventional assessment parameters, such as ratios of UTS, % TE and SCC susceptibility index, derived by SCC testing using the slow strain rate testing (SSRT) technique indicated an improvement in SCC resistance on increasing the nitrogen content. However, crack growth rates, calculated from ratios of fracture stress from the SSRT tests in liquid paraffin and boiling 45 % magnesium chloride in SSRT tests, and the constant load tests at loads corresponding to 20 % YS in boiling 45 % magnesium chloride conclusively established that the SCC resistance of type 316LN stainless steel decreased with increasing nitrogen content.     

Ascorbic acid stimulates chloride transport in the amphibian cornea

The cornea of the toad, Bufo marinus, actively transports chloride from the endothelial to the epithelial surface. This transport process has been related to the maintenance of the normal transparency of the cornea. Ion transport, as evidenced by the short-circuit current (SCC), is markedly stimulated by physiologic concentrations of ascorbic acid. Measurement of the unidirectional fluxes of 36Cl and 22Na shows that the increase in SCC is due primarily to a stimulation of the active transport of chloride.     

The role of hydrogen in stress-corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel in hot MgCl2 solution

The role of hydrogen in stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel was investigated in boiling chloride solution. The tests in the mixed melted salt verified that hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) could occur at 160 °C if sufficient hydrogen could be supplied continuously. It was found that the threshold SCC intensity factors of both 321 and 310 steels were lower than those of HIC during dynamic charging at high fugacity at 40 °C and 160 °C. In addition, anodic polarization decreased hydrogen concentration and promoted SCC in hot LiCl solution, while cathodic polarization increased hydrogen concentration and restrained SCC. Hydrogen could be introduced into the specimen and be concentrated at the crack tip during SCC. It could promote anodic dissolution and SCC remarkably, although it was not enough to produce cracking.     

Effect of Repair Welding on Electrochemical Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of TIG Welded AA2219 Aluminum Alloy in 3.5 Wt Pct NaCl Solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of AA2219 aluminum alloy in the as-welded (AW) and repair-welded (RW) conditions was examined and compared with that of the base metal (BM) in 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution using the slow strain rate technique (SSRT). The reduction in ductility was used as a parameter to evaluate the SCC susceptibility of both BM and welded joints. The results show that the ductility ratio (ε _NaCl/(ε _air)) of the BM was close to one (0.97) and reduced to 0.9 for the AW joint. This value further reduced to 0.77 after carrying out one repair welding operation. However, the RW specimen exhibited higher ductility than the single-weld specimens even in 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution. SSRT results obtained using pre-exposed samples followed by post-test metallographic observations clearly showed localized pitting corrosion along the partially melted zone (PMZ), signifying that the reduction in ductility ratio of both the AW and RW joints was more due to mechanical overload failure, caused by the localized corrosion and a consequent reduction in specimen thickness, than due to SCC. Also, the RW joint exhibited higher ductility than the AW joint both in air and the environment, although SCC index (SI) for the former is lower than that of the latter. Fractographic examination of the failed samples, in general, revealed a typical ductile cracking morphology for all the base and welded joints, indicating the good environmental cracking resistance of this alloy. Microstructural examination and polarization tests further demonstrate grain boundary melting along the PMZ, and that provided the necessary electrochemical condition for the preferential cracking on that zone of the weldment.     

Improvement of the resistance to stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels by cyclic prestraining

Austenitic stainless steels are known to be sensitive to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in hot chloride solutions. The aim of the present study is to find improvements in the SCC behavior of 316L-type austenitic stainless steels in 117°C MgCl₂ solutions. Previously, the authors have proposed the “corrosion-enhanced plasticity model” (CEPM) to describe the discontinuous cracking process which occurs in SCC. This model is based on localized corrosion (anodic dissolution, and hydrogen absorption)-deformation (dislocations) interactions (CDI). From the framework of this model, it is proposed that a prestraining in fatigue at saturation decreases the SCC sensitivity. This idea is experimentally confirmed for both crack initiation and crack propagation, through the analysis of the SCC behavior by slow-strain-rate tests of single and polycrystals after different prestraining conditions.