浅析拉鲁湿地生态环境需水量及保护对策

针对拉鲁湿地面积锐减、水文和水质状况变差、土壤植被退化、生物多样性减少、生态系统生产力下降等问题,分析了拉鲁湿地的生态环境现状及其主要影响因素,在湿地生态环境需水研究的相关理论指导下,计算了拉鲁湿地生态环境需水量;并提出水资源调控的对策和措施。     

鄱阳湖湿地面临的主要问题及原因分析

根据长系列监测数据和现有研究成果,总结梳理了鄱阳湖湿地生态系统在水文节律、水环境和水生态方面面临的主要问题,并分析了引发这些问题的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖水文节律在过去十几年发生了重大变化,特别是秋季退水期(10-11月)的变化最为明显;江湖关系的变化是导致鄱阳湖秋季水位快速变化的主要原因,鄱阳湖地形结构的变化加剧了鄱阳湖的枯水情势;鄱阳湖水文节律的变化直接影响了湿地植被的分布、生长和演替;受湖泊水文特征变化和入湖污染物负荷的影响,鄱阳湖水环境质量在局部出现了恶化的趋势。研究成果对于系统认识鄱阳湖湿地面临的主要生态环境问题,更好地制定相应的修复措施提供一定的参考意义。     

基于景观指数的高邮湖湿地生态水文连通性分析

为了定量评价水位的变化和人类活动对高邮湖湿地连通性的影响,基于高邮湖湿地不同景观类型及其时空动态性,利用遥感影像数据的分类解译结果,选择连接度指数CONNECT、斑块内聚力指数COHESION、破碎化指数FN以及分离度DIVISION等指标,构建高邮湖湿地生态水文连通度综合指数CECI,分别对比分析了不同水位和相同水位不同年份下高邮湖湿地生态连通性的变化情况。结果表明:生态水文连通度综合指数CECI可以定量表征湿地生态连通性的动态变化;随着水位上升,高邮湖湿地湖泊与河流的CECI分别从2. 79、0增加到9. 21、6. 75,生态水文连通性逐渐提升;该研究区湖泊与河流的水文连通性变化具有很强的相关关系,湖泊水文连通性优于河流;在水位相同的情况下,从2013年到2017年,由于退圩还湖、退圩还湿等人类活动的影响,高邮湖湿地面积增加,湖泊的CECI从6. 27增加到7. 48,河流的CECI从2. 62增加到4. 61,生态水文连通性有所提高。     

鄱阳湖水文情势过程对典型湿地景观动态变化的影响

以鄱阳湖赣江主支口三角洲湿地1973年~2009年16景遥感影像为基础,利用决策树分类分析近40年来赣江主支口三角洲不同湿地景观类型的组成结构及其演变趋势;并结合遥感影像对应的当天水位,探明水情变化与赣江主支口三角洲湿地景观类型面积之间的动态响应关系。结果表明,近40年来鄱阳湖水位变化以及4种特征水位的淹没天数都是呈现下降的趋势;植被面积呈增长趋势,而水体和裸露洲滩的面积均呈现减少趋势,且裸露洲滩的面积下降速率大于水体面积;水位变化与水体面积拟合关系最优,植被次之,与裸露洲滩拟合最差。研究结果能够进一步阐明鄱阳湖水情变化对典型湿地景观类型空间格局的影响,有助于维持鄱阳湖湿地生态系统结构与功能的稳定。     

生态补水下白洋淀湿地水文连通特性研究

水文连通性是维持湿地生态系统健康的关键,雄安新区设立以来,白洋淀湿地接收生态补水呈现出水量大、历时长和补水路径多的特点.为分析植被分布、风场和生态补水影响下白洋淀水动力变化与水文连通特性,将白洋淀湿地划分为植被与非植被区,采用三维水动力模型和地统计学连通性函数为分析方法,以不同水深阈值的最大连通距离表征湿地水文连通性....     

拉萨拉鲁湿地生态恢复与重建对策研究

针对拉鲁湿地面积锐减、水文和水质状况恶化、植被土壤退化、生物多样性减少、生态系统生产力下降等问题,提出优化设计湿地水生植被、加强湿地水环境综合治理、增强保护意识、严格科学管理等5项生态保护与恢复措施。在严格管理和科学保护的基础上,拉鲁湿地恢复与重建效果显著。     

鄱阳湖湿地植被秋冬季变化多源遥感监测分析

近年来,鄱阳湖枯水期水位连创新低,湖区湿地环境有退化的趋势。为了分析鄱阳湖湿地不同类型土地在不同季节的变化情况,通过收集2003~2009年间60多幅景湖区MODIS、Landsat TM清晰无云遥感图片,对湿地植被变化情况进行了监测分析,提出了湿地植被地类的识别和分类计算方法,计算出2009年各月鄱阳湖区植被面积,首次重点分析了2003~2009年汛期过后的秋冬季（10~12月份）湖区湿地植被多年变化规律,并对湖区11月份植被群落进行了分类和初步识别,分析出各群落的变化趋势及其与水位的关系。     

湿地水文连通研究综述

变化环境下湿地水文连通性显著下降,导致湿地面积萎缩和生态水文功能退化乃至流域水环境恶化与水旱灾害风险增大。在定义湿地水文连通性内涵和特征的基础上,系统总结了湿地水文连通的研究历程,可分为萌芽起步阶段(1980-2009年)和研究探索阶段(2010年至今);重点阐述了湿地水文连通的研究热点及进展,主要包括湿地水文连通性的定量评估方法、湿地水文连通功能、湿地水文连通在湿地保护修复和流域水管理中的应用;最后,针对当前湿地水文连通研究存在的问题和薄弱环节,结合新时期湿地保护修复和河湖水系连通等国家重大需求,提出了未来亟需加强研究的重点方向。     

漫滩洪水在西安泾渭滨河湿地水文条件恢复中的作用

利用MODFLOW模型,模拟分析了漫滩洪水对西安泾渭湿地水文条件的影响。研究结果表明：漫滩洪水补给泾渭滨河湿地地下水的作用十分明显,是维持泾渭滨河湿地水文条件的主要水源补给方式;没有漫滩洪水时,渭河河道内水位的涨落对泾渭滨河湿地地下水动态的影响范围很小,仅仅依靠渭河与泾渭滨河湿地的地下水文联系,不足以用来恢复大范围的泾渭滨河湿地。同时,漫滩洪水对距河道300m以外的滨河湿地水文影响最为重要,是其它天然补给途径不能代替的。因此,漫滩洪水是泾渭湿地水文得以维持的主要动力,洪水资源化利用将是恢复该湿地水文条件的     

模拟气候变化对湄公河下游洪水脉冲的影响

洪水脉冲是表征湄公河水文特征,促进湄公河下游包括柬埔寨湿地和越南湄公河三角洲在内的洪泛平原具有高生态生产力的关键因素。就改变的流域水量平衡和海平面上升两个方面,评估了气候变化对湄公河下游洪水脉冲的影响,影响结果由三维水动力学模型模拟生成,模型所使用的边界条件是气候变化影响下设计的海平面变化和湄公河下游主河槽的流量变化。模型模拟结果是预计2010~2049年湄公河下游平均水位和最高水位将提高,以及洪水历时将延长。模拟显示相当一致和变化显著的情况发生在平常水文年和干旱水文年。海平面上升对湄公河三角洲的影响最大,而流域水量平衡的改变对湄公河洪泛平原的上游区影响更加明显一些。预测的影响大多与区域水利基础设施建设造成的结果相对立,因为水位更高,历时更长的洪水会毁坏庄稼、基础设施和行洪区植被,并且会减少肥沃土地的面积。另一方面,洪水还可能会促进生态系统的生产力,增加干旱季节获得水的可能性。     

河北省水文要素演变过程对水生态环境影响分析

根据水文观测资料对河北省降水、径流、水面蒸发等水文要素分析,降水、径流和水面蒸发均呈递减趋势。水文要素的变化,对水生态环境产生一定的影响。河流断流、平原湿地萎缩或消亡、滨海湿地也遭到破坏。水文要素的变化,导致水生态环境的恶化。通过对水环境现状分析,为修定水资源保护规划和水资源优化配置,提供参考依据。     

Analysis of trends in water quality: constructed wetlands in metropolitan Taipei

Meandering through the most densely populated metropolitan areas of Taipei, Taiwan, the Danshui River and its tributaries have undergone the construction of 14 wetlands since 2004, as a means to improve water quality. This study was conducted to examine the functional capabilities associated with treating non-point source pollution through these riparian wetlands. Trend analysis was used to differentiate dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia, and Escherichia coli, among 13 sampling sites using both functions of a Mann-Kendall test and a seasonal Mann-Kendall test. The results show that water quality in Taipei metropolitan rivers has been improving since increasing the number of constructed wetlands and connecting households to the public sewage system. The concentration of pollutants such as those influencing biochemical oxygen demand have gradually declined in drought seasons because riparian wetlands contribute a base flow to dilute riverine pollutants. This paper indicates that the creation of treatment systems influences dissolved oxygen conditions at the municipal scale, suggesting that constructed wetlands could stabilize water quality during extreme hydrological events and improve water quality particularly in times of drought.     

Modeling Anthropogenic Impacts and Hydrological Processes on a Wetland in China

In many rapidly urbanizing countries like China, wetlands are constantly affected by anthropogenic factors such as landscaping, additional abstractions, reduction in catchment perviousness, etc. Thus, modeling of such anthropogenic factors should be explicitly considered when simulating wetlands. In this paper, the wetland module in a distributed hydrological model, SWAT, is modified to simulate the artificial water input to the designated wetlands. Local river runoff is used as the water sources to study the wetland restoration potential and to analyze the effects on local hydrological cycle and sea outflow. The QingDianWa depression, near Tianjin city, China, is used as a case study to study the restoration impact. Results showed that after restoration, the QinDianWa depression can reduce the potential impact of flooding by an average of 61 million m³ per year, increase the annual surface runoff by about 32 million m³ in non-flood seasons, and increase groundwater recharge by 9.4 million m³. This illustrated the importance of wetland restoration on flood control, river flow increase, groundwater recharge, and flood reclamation. But with local water resources is far from meeting the demands of wetland restoration, the actual restored water surface area is only 21.5 and 40.9 km² for the designated surface areas of 60 and 150 km² respectively. Compared with nature wetlands without human disturbance, the anthropogenic effect of reduction of runoff and groundwater recharge may be attributed to large amount of human consumption of local water. However, the results showed that the aims of restoring Tianjin wetlands cannot be achieved fully by relying solely on local water resources. It is necessary to consider a combination of external sources of water and using artificial recharge from reclaimed water.     

The effect of tectonism on deltaic wetland migration: A case study from Bendimahi River Delta System (Lake Van-Eastern Turkey)

Coastal wetlands are in decline globally because of climatic and/or hydrological changes, and anthropogenic activities. Deltaic wetlands are complex environments formed by different water sources, particularly when ionically rich soda water and freshwater and converge and influence the presence and diversity of biological activity. Lake Van is a terminal lake, 1650 meters above the sea level, surrounded by high mountains. Because of its alkaline water, vegetation and biological activity are generally rich in the deltaic areas. In this study, geological evolution of Bendimahi River Delta System, located on northeastern part of the Lake Van, is assessed as to constructive and destructive temporal factors, determined with satellite images and field studies. Bendimahi river channel is significantly deformed by regional tectonic activity and this deformation has caused migration of deltaic wetland. That migration process has resulted in abandoned deltaic area and a new delta formation. Hydrological and biological results of the migration of the Bendimahi River Delta System clearly indicate the importance of wetlands on coastal ecology, especially alkaline lakes.     

Hydrological Evolution of Wetland in Naoli River Basin and its Driving Mechanism

Naoli river basin(NRB), with an area of 24,863 km², is the largest basin and also the largest marsh distribution area in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang, China. The hydrological evolution process of wetland in NRB has made a marked ecological responses for anthropic activities, also reflects the drying trend of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Global climate warming also contributes to the hydrological evolution process. The following key research results are obtained: (1) The monthly average water level of Naoli river at Caizuizi hydrological station in different ages showed a marked decline tendency, the annual mean water level dropped from 96.63 m during 1960–1969 to 95.59 m during 2000–2005, the water level drawdown is 1.04 m; (2) The annual runoff flowing into wetlands in NRB decreased. Duration of Naoli river and its tributaries being thoroughly frozen from riverbed to river-water-surface showed an prolonged trend, and the water level drawdown in frozen seasons increased. The water storage capacities of wetlands in NRB declined. (3) The interactions between ground water and surface water in wetland areas are close. The ground water level variation span is bigger than that of surface water level in wetland areas of NRB. The drawdown of ground water level promotes the surface water level to decline, correspondingly. In recent 20 years, the cultivated area extension of rice field in upstream NRB has made an adverse influence on the hydrological processes of wetlands. (4) The wetland area decrease and farmland area increase significantly contribute to the runoff depth decrease of wetlands in NRB. The runoff depth variability has been mostly posed by anthropic activities. (5) Reservoirs, ditches and dykes in NRB have greatly changed the runoff generation processes. Thickness of the seasonal frozen soil layer becoming thinner and the evaporation potential becoming bigger also contribute to the runoff depth reduction and the water level drawdown of rivers. The present study results will provide a scientific basic for developing an integrated watershed management program for NRB, especially, restoring the wetland hydrological processes, maintaining or improving the wetland structure and enhancing the wetland service functions.     

东江河流生态评价及其修复方略

本文通过对大型无脊椎底栖动物状况的调查对东江河流水生态状况进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了生态修复方略。从上游到河口选12个点采集底栖动物样本,发现东江流域底栖动物生物多样性在上游和中游保持在较高水平,而到下游则迅速降低到零。对增江湾、西枝江牛轭湖等处的取样进行分析并探讨改善东江生态的方法。针对不同生态应力提出了3种生态修复方略:1.创造多样性的生物栖息地,开发和形成一系列类似增江湾那样的缓流滞流区,把已经隔离的牛轭湖和江边湖泊湿地重新与江水连通;2.调整大坝运用方式,采取大坝泄放的流量逐渐增加和减少的方式,给生物发出流速增大和降低的信号,使其得以准备和躲避;3.稳定岸坡、控制侵蚀、保护和发育河边植被。     

Impacts of water resource development on hydrological connectivity of different floodplain habitats in a highly variable system

Floodplains and their associated wetlands are important features of semiarid and arid landscapes, providing habitat and refugia for native species as well as contributing to human needs for freshwater. Globally, floodplain habitats are some of the most modified ecological communities because of water resource development and land‐use changes. However, the hydrological changes that have occurred in highly variable semiarid and arid systems are rarely quantified in a way that helps us understand the consequences for different floodplain habitat types. This study investigated changes in floodplain‐river connectivity that have occurred because of water resource development on four floodplain habitat types in the Lachlan River Catchment, Australia: (a) temporary floodplain lakes, (b) intermittent river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) swamps, (c) intermittent black box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) swamps, and (d) terminal wetlands (wetlands along distributary creeks). Changes to floodplain‐river connectivity characteristics were calculated using their commence to fill thresholds and flow scenarios derived from a river hydrology model, enabling comparison of long‐term data sets (120 years) encompassing a range of climate conditions. Connection regime metrics have changed significantly in all floodplain habitats except intermittent black box swamps. Temporary floodplain lakes have experienced the greatest reduction in number of connection events (60% reduction), followed by intermittent river red gum swamps (55% reduction). Intermittent black box swamps and terminal wetlands have experienced the least change in number of connection events (35% reduction). The nature of the change in connection suggests a change in vegetation communities will occur in response to long‐term hydrological change.     

河岸植被缓冲带生态功能及其过滤机理的研究进展

河岸植被缓冲带作为河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,是控制水土流失和面源污染、改善水环境的关键措施,对河岸生态系统的生态及水文过程具有重要的影响。概述了国内外关于河岸植被缓冲带研究的现状,总结了河岸植被缓冲带的主要功能、影响其功能发挥的主要因素和作用机理,并对河岸植被缓冲带的设计、管理和效益评估进行阐述,提出了我国在未来关于河岸植被缓冲带研究的发展趋势及后续研究中仍需加强和关注的重要方向,为今后河岸植被缓冲带的研究提供参考和借鉴,具有一定的理论价值和实际意义。     

改进的多元方差分析用于黄河水位过程研究

作者从工程应用的角度提出了改进的多元方差分析法。并取黄河下游近年来出现过的三类具突变性洪水的水沙资料，用水沙因子的不同搭配描述其水位过程中的非线性扰动，依据最小均方误差原则得出了高精度的非线性拟合模型。这一模型结构及参数确定方式用于同对断面其它年份水位过程拟合时，精度相同。此外本文还阐明了黄河下游含沙量对水位的影响，及模型参数摆动的物理成因。