包裹型缓／控释肥对冬小麦产量、土壤无机氮和氮肥利用效率的影响

采用超大区田间试验,以不施氮、传统氯素管理方式和优化氮素管理方式为对照,研究冬小麦施用包裹型缓／控释肥（包裹肥料）对产量、土壤无机氮和氮肥利用效率的影响,并对冬小麦施用包裹型缓／控释肥效果进行评价,结果表明：与传统氮素管理方式相比,优化氮素管理方式和包裹肥料处理在分别节省了78％和67％的氮肥的条件下,获得了和传统氮素管理方式相似的冬小麦子粒产量;采用氮素优化管理模式和施用包裹肥料显著降低了土壤无机氮残留和氮素表观损失,从而显著提高了氮肥利用率;与优化氮素管理方式相比,施用包裹肥料可一次性基施,省时省力,提高了经济效益。     

砂姜黑土区控释尿素与普通尿素掺混对小麦/玉米轮作的产量及氮肥利用率的影响

试验结果表明:控释尿素与普通尿素掺混处理的产量在小麦玉米轮作上均以控释尿素掺混30%普通尿素处理最好。小麦产量:新坡村与农科所农场的产量分别为8096kg/hm2,8211kg/hm2;比控释尿素单施处理增产5.4%和7.2%,比普通尿素单施处理增产21.0%和22.6%,比对照(CK)增产40.2%和44.2%,它们之间的差异达5%或1%显著水平。小麦氮肥利用率变化趋势与产量变化趋势基本一致,均以控释尿素掺混30%普通尿素处理最高,新坡村与农科所农场小麦氮肥利用率分别为54.5%和52.7%。玉米产量:新坡村与农科所农场的产量分别为8715kg/hm2,9020kg/hm2,比控释尿素单施处理增产6.1%,6.7%,比普通尿素单施处理增产16.2%,16.1%,比对照增产55.7%,56.6%,它们之间的差异达1%显著水平。     

控释尿素与化肥配施对水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响

通过两地试验研究控释尿素与化肥配施对水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理的产量和氮肥利用率均以控释尿素80%+普通尿素20%处理最好,两点的产量分别为9 989.8、9 995.6 kg/hm~2,较同等氮素用量的普通尿素100%处理分别增产16.2%和16.1%;控释尿素配施普通尿素处理均能提高氮肥利用率,比控释尿素处理提高6.7~1.8个百分点,比普通尿素处理提高12.3~4.1个百分点。     

控释掺混肥在菠萝生产中的应用研究

传统的菠萝施肥技术重氮肥而轻磷肥和钾肥,导致果实发育不良,不仅影响产量和产品品质,而且肥料利用率很低。为了筛选适合菠萝生长的控释掺混肥配方及用量,开展了控释掺混肥在菠萝上应用的田间试验。试验结果表明,控释掺混肥能提高菠萝产量,增产幅度约5. 1%,氮素利用率可提高4. 3%～19. 2%。     

控失尿素对氮素利用率、土壤硝态氮含量及冬小麦增产效果的影响

为探索控失尿素的施用方法,发现控失尿素在施用中存在的问题,以冬小麦为试验对象,开展了田间小区试验,考察了不同施肥处理和施肥方式对冬小麦产量、氮素利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明：施氮处理的冬小麦产量高于不施氮处理的,处理间差异极显著;氮素施用量和施肥方式相同时,控失尿素处理的冬小麦产量高于普通尿素处理的,处理间差异极显著;氮素施用量和肥料品种相同而施肥方式不同时,底施+追施的增产效果优于全底施的,处理间差异显著;控失尿素氮素施用量比普通尿素减少20%的条件下,冬小麦产量无显著性差异;与施用普通尿素的处理相比,施用控失尿素的处理不仅氮素利用率高,且均不同程度地降低了土壤中硝态氮的含量。施用控失尿素可以提高冬小麦的产量和氮素利用率,降低土壤中硝态氮的含量。     

包膜控释氮肥对玉米增产效应的研究

采用包膜控释氮肥在玉米上进行肥效试验研究。结果表明,与普通氮肥(尿素)相比,控释氮肥由于其本身控制释放和缓慢释放的特点,能使耕作层土壤速效氮含量在玉米生育期内维持较高的水平,满足玉米生长对氮素的吸收需求,尤其能满足玉米中后期对养分高强度吸收的需求;显著提高玉米生长中后期植株体内氮素含量,加速氮磷钾向籽粒的转移,从而提高生物产量、经济产量和玉米品质。同等和减半施氮量条件下,玉米产量和氮素利用率都有显著提高。     

植物油包膜控释氮肥在间作玉米-大豆上的施用效果研究

为考察新型植物油包膜控释氮肥对间作玉米-大豆的产量、经济效益、肥料利用率等方面的影响,开展了田间小区试验。试验以不施氮肥(CK)、施用普通尿素(PU)处理为对照;植物油包膜控释氮肥施肥量为全量、减量20%、减量30%等3种,控释氮占总氮量为60%、40%等2种,共设置4个处理。结果表明,在玉米试验中,与PU处理相比,控释氮占总氮量60%的全量、减量20%处理的产量分别显著增产14.70%、7.49%,纯收入分别显著增加3 192.80、2 680.02元/hm²;控释氮肥处理的氮素利用率为50.14%～53.43%,差异显著。在大豆试验中,与PU处理相比,控释氮占总氮量60%的全量处理显著增产16.67%,纯收入显著增加2 725.80元/hm²;控释氮肥处理的氮素利用率为54.12%～57.98%,差异显著。对于玉米-大豆间作栽培,建议全量或减量20%施用控释氮占总氮量60%的植物油包膜控释氮肥。     

南四湖水稻化肥减施对产量及氮素吸收的影响

为寻求南四湖水稻优化施肥模式,根据当地习惯施肥和水稻的需肥特性,设计了7种不同施肥模式,对不同施肥模式下水稻生长因子(水稻地上部干重、植株及籽粒中氮含量)、产量因子(水稻成熟区生物量、产量)、肥料利用率进行对比分析。试验结果显示:控释尿素比普通尿素更符合水稻生长特性,水稻地上部干重优于普通尿素,籽粒氮的吸收量较普通尿素增加15.83%;降低化肥施用量、增施有机肥可提高水稻对养分的吸收和养分向籽粒中的迁移;在等氮磷钾量情况下,控释尿素和20%减量控释尿素配施推荐磷钾肥的水稻产量较普通尿素分别提高8.75%和8.70%;控释尿素配施推荐磷钾肥显著提高了氮磷钾肥的利用率,20%减量控释尿素的氮肥利用率可提高21.40%。从降低施肥成本、提高肥料利用率和控制面源污染角度出发,20%减量控释尿素配施推荐磷钾肥为最优施肥模式。     

不同造粒核芯的包膜控释肥的性能及肥效研究

土柱淋溶试验表明,油冷造粒包膜控释肥16 d时的氮素累积溶出率低于转鼓造粒核芯控释肥大约为21.2%。电镜观察表明,油冷造粒工艺制得的复肥颗粒外表面比转鼓造粒工艺制得的复肥光滑,且前者核芯紧实度优于后者。大田试验结果表明,在等养分条件下,施油冷造粒包膜控释肥处理的花椰菜长势、产量及生物量均优于转鼓造粒包膜控释肥,增产幅度达26%,且前者的氮素利用率和土壤有效氮均高于后者。研究表明,不同核芯造粒工艺对包膜控释肥的控释性能有明显影响。     

控释氮比例不同的缓控释掺混肥对小麦生长和土壤性状的影响

通过在麦田土壤施用控释氮比例（CNR）不同的缓控释掺混肥料,研究其对小麦生长和土壤性状的影响。结果表明,CNR分别为25％、40％的低氮处理（23—11-6）能显著增加小麦生物产量,二者与普通掺混肥处理（添加颗粒有机肥,MF）均能显著降低土壤体积质量,提高土壤持水性;MF处理小麦产量显著高于其他各处理;对照处理小麦植株全磷含量显著高于其他各施肥处理,说明不施肥条件下,能够促进小麦对磷素的吸收。     

不同施肥方式对水稻生长、养分吸收和品质的影响

研究不同施肥方式对田间水稻生长、养分吸收和品质的影响。结果表明,施肥能显著提高水稻产量,增产幅度在7.62%~41.90%,NPK与有机肥配合施用、施用控释肥分别增产31.75%和41.90%,氮磷钾对水稻增产作用NKP。氮肥农学利用率以缓控释肥处理最高,达11.08 kg/kg,氮肥利用率最高与最低相差31.10%;氮磷钾施肥+有机肥处理和控释肥处理田面水中速效氮含量显著低于其他处理,稻米品质最好。     

Synchronizing N Supply from Soil and Fertilizer and N Demand of Winter Wheat by an Improved Nmin Method

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and poor timing of N fertilizer application to winter wheat are common problems on the North China Plain. To study the possibilities of optimizing the timing and rate of N application, a field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2001 in a suburb of Beijing. A control (no nitrogen) and two N fertilization strategies (conventional N application and optimized N fertilization) were designed to compare their effects on wheat growth, N nutrient status, grain yield and N balance. The conventional N fertilization strategy was given a fixed N rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹, which was split, half in autumn and half in spring as a top-dressing. The timing and rate of N and application of the optimized N fertilization strategy were determined by the target value of soil mineral nitrogen demand for three growth periods of wheat, which is related to the target yield, and soil mineral N (N_min) in the effective rooting depth at the beginning of these three periods. Based on the optimized N fertilization strategy, a total of 55 and 65 kg N ha⁻¹ had to be applied to winter wheat in the re-greening and shooting stages of the first and second experimental years, respectively. Compared with the high N rate before sowing in the conventional N fertilization treatment, the optimized N fertilization treatment did not require any N fertilizer before sowing of wheat. Despite a much lower N fertilization rate, no significant difference in N nutrient status, growth during the wheat growing period or grain yield was observed between optimized N and conventional N fertilization treatments. As a consequence of optimizing the rate and timing of the N fertilizer application to match wheat demand, a much lower residual N_min and calculated apparent N loss was found as compared to the conventional N treatment. N recovery for the optimized N fertilization treatment (67% in 1999/2000 and 66% in 2000/2001) was much higher than that of the conventional N fertilization treatment (19% in 1999/2000 and 18% in 2000/2001). In conclusion, the optimized N fertilization strategy can synchronize N demand of wheat and the N supply from soil and fertilizer, and therefore drastically reduce N application rates without any yield losses.     

控释肥料基施及普通尿素不同基追比对夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

研究了控释尿素和控释BB肥一次性基施后的肥料效果,以及普通尿素不同基追比对玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响.研究结果表明:以33.3％普通尿素基施+33.3％大喇叭口期追施+33.3％抽雄期追施的处理最佳,产量最高达8 700 kg/hm2,氮肥利用率为34.3％.控释尿素基施处理和控释BB肥基施处理的氮肥利用率分别为41....     

潮土区氮肥运筹对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的影响

研究了氮肥运筹对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明:以控释BB肥处理最佳,达8070kg/hm2。控释尿素基肥处理和33.3%氮肥基肥+33.3%氮肥拔节+33.3%氮肥抽穗期处理产量分别为7796kg/hm2和7978kg/hm2,三处理之间没有达到1%极显著水平。在施用普通尿素的各个处理中,33.3%氮肥基肥+33.3%氮肥拔节+33.3%氮肥抽穗期处理的氮肥利用率最高,为36.8%,可见适当的施肥方式也能提高氮肥的利用率。控释尿素基肥处理和控释BB肥基肥处理的氮肥利用率分别为45.7%和47.3%,均高于施用普通尿素的各个处理,控释BB肥基肥处理的氮肥利用率高于控释尿素基肥处理的氮肥利用率。     

不同控释氮比例的控释氮掺混肥氮素淋失特征研究

采用模拟灌溉和模拟降雨方法,研究不同控释氮比例的控释氮掺混肥在原状土柱土壤中养分的淋失特征。研究结果表明,控释氮掺混肥显著降低了土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮的淋失,增强了土壤pH值缓冲性,提高了后期土壤溶液电导率;控释氮占59％的控释掺混肥具有“前控后保”的特点,适于推广应用。     

大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥在冬小麦上的施用效果

在河南驻马店砂姜黑土区及延津潮土区对大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥（CRU）在冬小麦上的施用效果进行了研究.结果表明：相同氮素用量时,大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥比普通尿素（BU）增产,即在100％用量、75％用量及50％用量相比时,驻马店试验增产率为5.7％、10.26％、13.5％,延津试验增产率为3.3％、11.7％、10.4％,增产效果显著.大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥的比表面积较小,可以大量节省包膜材料,减少土壤污染.     

包膜控释尿素在湖北中稻上合理施用量的研究

在湖北省中稻上开展了控释尿素不同施用量的田间试验。研究结果表明,施用控释尿素不仅可以提高中稻产量,而且可以提高氮肥的农学效率及表观利用率,控释尿素70%的用量与普通尿素100%的用量效果相当,并随着控释尿素施用年限的增加,控释尿素施用效果越显著,控释尿素至少可以减少氮肥用量30%。     

Fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to wheat under simulated mediterranean environmental conditions

Triticum aestivumThe fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to dryland wheat was studied in the greenhouse under simulated Mediterranian-type climatic conditions. Wheat, L., was grown in 76-cm-deep pots, each containing 50–70 kg of soil, and subjected to different watering regimes. Two calcareous clay soils were used in the experiments, Uvalde clay (Aridic Calciustoll) and Vernon clay (Typic Ustochrept). Fertilizer nitrogen balance studies were conducted using various¹⁵N-labeled nitrogen sources, including ammonium nitrate, urea, and urea amended with urea phosphate, phenyl phosphorodiamidate (a urease inhibitor), and dicyandiamide (a nitrification inhibitor). Wheat yields were most significantly affected by available water. With additional water during the growing period, the recovery of fertilizer nitrogen by wheat increased and the fraction of fertilizer nitrogen remaining in the soil decreased. In the driest regimes, from 40 to 65% of the fertilizer nitrogen remained in the soils. In most experiments the gaseous loss of fertilizer nitrogen, as estimated from unaccounted for¹⁵N, was not significantly affected by water regime. The¹⁵N not accounted for in the plant and the soil at harvest ranged from 12 to 25% for ammonium nitrate and from 12 to 38% for regular urea. Direct measurement of labeled ammonia loss from soil indicated that ammonia volatilization probably was the main N loss mechanism. Low unaccounted-for¹⁵N from nitrate-labeled ammonium nitrate, 4 to 10%, indicated that N losses due to denitrification, gaseous loss from plants, or shedding of anthers and pollen were small or negligible. Amendment of urea with urea phosphate to form a 36% N and 7.3% P product was ineffective in reducing N loss. Dicyandiamide did not reduce N loss from urea presumably because N was not leached from the sealed pots and denitrification was insignificant. Amendment of urea with 2% phenyl phosphorodiamidate reduced N loss significantly. However, band placement of urea at as 2-cm soil depth was more effective in reducing N loss than was amendment of broadcast urea with phenyl phosphorodiamidate.