Triton X-100/正构醇/石油醚/水反相微乳液性质的研究

通过测定微乳液的电导率值,确定配制W/O型Triton X-100/正构醇/石油醚/水微乳液的最大增溶水量;根据微乳液含水量与电导率关系曲线及体系的拟三元相图,讨论了正构醇种类、正构醇含量、乳化剂与油相质量比对W/O型微乳液的结构、电导率、增溶水量的影响。结果表明:乳化剂与油相质量比大于1时,正戊醇、正己醇和正庚醇为助剂配制的Triton X-100/正构醇/石油醚/水体系微乳液有较大的增溶水量,而乳化剂与油相质量比大于1.5时,以正丁醇为助剂配制的Triton X-100/正构醇/石油醚/水体系微乳液才有较大的增溶水量;正构醇的链长及加入量影响微液滴界面膜的强度,从而影响微乳液的增溶水量、电导率及微乳液形成区域的大小;对于Triton X-100/正构醇/石油醚/水体系,正戊醇是形成W/O型微乳液的较好助剂,当正戊醇与Triton X-100的质量比为0.5时,W/O型微乳液的形成区域最大。     

微乳-沉淀法制备纳米尖晶石型MgFe_2O_4及表征

首先对油包水 (W/O)型微乳液进行了制备研究 ,探明了一定条件下W/O型微乳液中的最大增溶水量。进而利用W /O型微乳液作为“微反应器”并用沉淀法制备Mg(OH) 2 Fe(OH) 3 复合氢氧化物 ,最后将此复合氢氧化物进行高温固相反应、晶化制得了纳米尖晶石型MgFe2 O4 。通过XRD、TEM及颜色测量 ,对纳米MgFe2 O4 进行了表征 ,探讨了纳米粒子的量子尺寸效应     

不饱和聚酯树脂微乳液的研究(Ⅰ)不饱和聚酯树脂的微乳化

合成了不同磺酸盐含量的三种不饱和聚酯，通过拟三元相图分析磺酸盐含量、苯乙烯、不同正构醇和水组成的体系对微乳区域的影响。研究结果表明，磺酸盐不饱和聚酯同苯乙烯互溶的前提下，磺酸盐含量越大，其微乳液增溶的水量越大；磺酸盐含量一定时，苯乙烯含量越小，其微乳液增溶的水量越大；正构醇质量分数为在2％～10％范围内，其微乳液增溶的水量最多；三种醇相比较，正丁醇体系的微乳区是W／O型向O／W型过渡的连续区域，正丙醇体系的O／W型微乳液区明显不同于正丁醇体系，正戊醇体系不能形成水包油型的微乳区。     

胰岛素W/O型微乳液的制备及体外释药性能

制备了包封胰岛素(INS)的Tween 80-Span 80/乙醇/丁酸乙酯/水体系的W/O型微乳液。以最大增溶水量为指标,选择了合适的微乳液组分包封INS。考察了温度、盐度和pH对微乳液区域的影响。电导率法区分了微乳液的O/W、W/O和B.C.区域。动态光散射测定了微乳液的粒径和多分散度。125I同位素示踪法测定了INS微乳液体外释放效果。结果表明,微乳体系在水/乙醇(质量比为1.8∶1)的质量分数小于41%时形成W/O型微乳液,温度、盐度升高和pH降低使微乳区稍有减小。微乳液粒径和多分散度分别为35~45 nm和0.29~0.37。pH的降低对微乳液粒径影响不大,而药物的加入使微乳液粒径略有减小。载药微乳液粒径在制备3 d后突降,以后的27 d内保持在37 nm左右。该载药微乳液在7.5 h后进入缓释阶段,40 h时INS的释放率为66.20%。     

含离子液体的复配表面活性剂微乳液的电导性质

研究了CTAB和TritionX-100复配表面活性剂在氯仿作为溶剂时,增溶离子液体bmimBF(IL)时所形成非水微乳液的电导性质,并且与含水体系的微乳液作了比较,发现两者存在较大的差别.在非水微乳液中,随着离子液体质量分数的增加,体系经历了IL/O型微乳液、双连续相、O/IL微乳液三种状态,并且采用循环伏安法对此结论进行了验证.两种表面活性剂复配后,在IL/O型微乳液阶段电导率随着CTAB的摩尔分数(α)增大而增大,在双连续相和O/IL微乳液阶段,体系的电导率随着α增大而减小.在含水微乳液中,只出现O/W型微乳液,而且随着增溶水质量分数的增加电导率下降.增溶水量一定的情况下,电导率随着α值增大而增大.     

水基性透明液体剂型的加工、性能和差异(Ⅱ)

4 微乳剂 早在20世纪40年代,Hoar和Schulman等人发现油-水混合物借助表面活性剂可以自发地形成透明的分散体系,由于所形成的液滴粒径非常小,后来将这种体系命名为微乳液.此后证明,它是一个热力学上稳定的、均相的水包油型乳液可溶体系,加工的微乳液剂型即为微乳剂. 微乳液存在3种结构类型,即O/W型、W/O型和双连续相结构(也称为中间相微乳型).这3种类型可以在一定条件下互相转变[10].农药上的微乳剂大都为以水为连续相的O/W型乳液.     

十二烷基硫酸钠/正丁醇/正庚烷/水微乳液性质研究

25℃时,绘制十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/正丁醇/正庚烷/水体系在不同R值(水和SDS的摩尔比)时的相图,得出该体系能形成W/O微乳液的配比为:正丁醇的质量分数在25%~60%,正庚烷的质量分数在0~80%。该体系在室温下能够形成较大范围的W/O单相微乳液区,R值对微乳区的面积和所在的位置无太大的影响。采用电导率曲线讨论了加水稀释过程中,体系由W/O型→双连续型→棒状液晶→层状液晶→双连续型→O/W型的微观结构转变。采用稀释法求得其W/O型微乳液体系的结构参数,结果表明:体系的水内核半径Rw在讨论的范围内随VH2O、R值的增加而增大。含水量增加,自由能-ΔGcO→i降低,对微乳液体系的稳定不利;含水量越低,越有利于微乳液的形成和稳定。     

微乳—沉淀法制备纳米尖晶石型MgFe2O4及表征

首先对油包水（W／O)型微乳液进行了制备研究,探明了一定条件下W／O型微乳液中的最大增溶水量。进而利用W／O型微乳液作为“微反应器”并用沉淀法制备Mg(OH)2-Fe(OH)3复合氢氧化物,最后将此复合氢氧化物进行高温固相反应、晶化制得了纳米尖晶石型MgFe2O4。通过XRD、TEM及颜色测量,对纳米MgFe2O4进行了表征,探讨了纳米粒子的量子尺寸效应。     

维生素M的微乳化研究

制备了维生素M微乳液和胶束;电导率法区分了微乳液的O/W、W/O和B.C.区域;研究了微乳和胶束对维生素M增溶及温度对维生素M稳定性的影响;还研究了微乳液体外缓释效果。结果表明,微乳体系及胶束都对维生素M有增溶作用;维生素M对高温比较敏感,但在O/W型微乳液中较稳定。微乳液粒径和多分散度分别为6.481 nm和0.107。     

微乳液的微观结构与稳定理论（第二讲）

一、微乳液的微观结构1．W/O型结构根据微乳液的假相模型（1），W/O型微乳液由油连续相、水核及表面活性剂与助表面活性剂组成的界面膜三相构成。W/O型微乳液微观结构示意图（2），见图1a。半径为Rw的水核内仅含水及少量溶于水的醇（助表     

Nanofiltration membranes prepared by direct microemulsion copolymerization using poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer as a polymerizable surfactant

A novel polymer membrane with nanosized pore structures has been prepared from the direct copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) with a polymerizable nonionic surfactant in water‐in‐oil (w/o) or bicontinuous microemulsions. This polymerizable surfactant is ω‐methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)₄₀ undecyl‐α‐methacrylate macromonomer [CH₃O (CH₂CH₂O)₄₀ (CH₂)₁₁ OCO(CH₃)CCH₂, abbreviated: C₁‐PEO‐C₁₁‐MA‐40]. Besides PEO macromonomer, AN, and crosslinker ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, the microemulsion system contained varying amount of water that formed w/o microemulsions having water droplet structures and bicontinuous microemulsions consisting of interconnected water channel. The polymerized membranes prepared in this study have pore radii ranging from 0.38 to 2.4 nm as evaluated by PEG filtration. The pore size appears to vary linearly with water content in precursor microemulsions. But a sharp change in the gradient of the linear relationship is observed around 25 wt % water content. Membranes made from bicontinuous (>25 wt % water) microemulsion polymerization have a larger and interconnected (open‐cell) nanostructures. In contrast, much smaller closed‐cell (disinterconnected) nanostructures were obtained from w/o (<25 wt % water) microemulsion polymerization and the membrane exhibited a permselectivity toward water in pervaporation separation of high ethanol (>50 wt %) aqueous solutions. The separation factor (α) for 95% ethanol aqueous solution by the membrane derived from the microemulsion containing 10 wt % water is about 20. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2785–2794, 2000     

Preparation of SiO2/epoxy nanocomposite via reverse microemulsion in situ polymerization

Reverse water/oil (w/o) microemulsions composed of epoxy resin (EP) (the oil phase) and nonionic surfactant and ammonia aqueous solutions (the water phase) were used in the synthesis of SiO2/EP nanocomposites. The stability of reverse microemulsion was evaluated by measuring water solubilization of the microemulsion. Effects of surfactant type and content, ammonia concentration and temperature on the water solubilization were systematically investigated. Higher water solubilization capacity was obtained by nonionic surfactant TX‐100 compared with other two surfactants, Span‐80 and Tween‐80. Ammonia concentration of 5 wt% and preparation temperature at 35°C were favorable for forming a stable microemulsion and enabling the subsequent hydrolysis and condensation reaction of inorganic precursor tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). SiO2/ epoxy nanocomposites were prepared via in situ polymerization of TEOS within the nanoscale reverse microemulsion “water pool”. FTIR, SEM, and universal testing machine were used to characterize the structural and mechanical properties of the composite. The results revealed that the optimal mechanical properties were obtained at 3 wt% TEOS content. Compared with neat epoxy resin, the tensile and flexural strength of the composite were 40% and 12% higher, respectively. The formation of the silica structure in the hybrid was investigated with FTIR. The SEM and optical observations showed a ductile fracture morphology and good miscibility between inorganic and organic phases. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1388–1394, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Microemulsion polymerization of 1,3-butadiene

One-phase microemulsion regions at 25 and 60 °C and the polymerization at 60 °C in o/w microemulsion formed by 1,3-butadiene, water, and a mixture of the surfactants, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and didodecyldimethylamonium bromide (3/1 w/w), are reported. The polybutadienes obtained here have similar characteristics to those of their homologous obtained by emulsion polymerization, with the only difference that the average particle size of the former (25–30 nm) was smaller by an order of magnitude. The obtained polymer had high average molecular weights, but the gel content at high conversion is lower than the value for a conventional emulsion polymerization. The DSC measurements showed that the polymer has a single glass transition temperature at −72.5 ± 1.5 °C.     

桉叶油微乳用于经皮给药的研究与评价

研究与评价了桉叶油作为油相在经皮给药微乳中的有效性。试验以非洛地平作为模型药物。分别以油酸、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯（IPM）和桉叶油为油相制备了9个水包油微乳处方,通过测定各处方物理化学参数和大鼠体外透皮试验研究,通过对比载药量、透皮速率、滞后时间等参数,得到最适宜的处方：w(桉叶油)为5%,、w(吐温-80)为27.5%、w(乙醇)为27.5%和w(水)为40%。最后对该处方进行了兔子在体皮肤刺激性研究。结果表明桉叶油有着显著的优点：乳化能力强、对亲脂药物溶解度大、透皮促进效果明显、稳定性好。但是桉叶油也有一定皮肤刺激性,不宜用量过大。     

吐温-80/正丁醇/环己烷/水系微乳液性能及对木材的渗透能力

考察了吐温-80/正丁醇/环己烷/水系微乳液各组分及其质量比对其形成的影响,通过电导率、表面张力和动态光散射(DLS)表征体系的物化性质。结果表明,以吐温-80为表面活性剂,正丁醇为助表面活性剂,环己烷为油相形成的微乳区较大。微乳体系的电导率随含水量的增加呈现规律性变化,可以判断微乳液的3种类型(油包水型、双连续型和水包油型);不同类型的微乳液均具有较低的表面张力(约24.6 mN/m)和粒径(小于100nm),且粒径随体系含水量的增加而增大。此外,采用液体吸收法考察了微乳液对木材的渗透能力,与普通溶剂相比,微乳液具有很强的渗透能力,特别是对于双连续型微乳液,10 min时,对马尾松和桉木的渗透能力分别达70%和50%。     

Phase inversion temperatures of triton X-100/1-butanol/hydrocarbon/water systems

The formation of a water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion in Triton X-100/1-butanol/alkane/water systems was investigated at 25.0±0.1°C. Phase inversion temperatures in hydrocarbon-water microemulsions stabilized with Triton X-100 were determined for different hydrocarbons. It was found that the more soluble the alkane (oil), functioning as a nonionic emulsifier, the lower was the phase inversion temperature, above which oil-in-water type microemulsions invert to w/o type. The effect of the presence of cosurfactant was studied. No phase inversion was observed in the absence of cosurfactant. The effect on phase inversion temperature of decreasing or increasing the temperature was evaluated. By definition, phase inversion was not affected by different temperatures.     

Effect of Hydrophobic Modification on the Properties of Polymer‐Blended Microemulsion Gels

Phase behavior of sodium oleate (NaOl)/isoamyl alcohol‐based lamellar gel phase in cedar oil/water medium in the presence of the nonionic polymer hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and its hydrophobic modified product (HMHEC) is investigated for the development of polymer‐embedded surfactant gels. HMHEC is more soluble in oil‐in‐water (o/w) microemulsions, but nonionic HEC shows limited solubility in the lamellar microemulsion (o/w type). Quantitative estimation of rate of adsorption of the polymer on lamellae bilayers can be easily done by Sudan solubilization and methylene blue complexation methods. Addition of HMHEC to the lamellar gel phase increases the polymer solubilization limit of lamellar gels as well as the viscoelasticity and thermal stability. The polymer‐embedded microemulsion gel acts as a “clean gel” since it exhibits good solubilization in different hydrocarbon media at ambient conditions. Elastic modulus of the polymer‐embedded gel influences directly the suspension performance of gels at high temperature and yields a reasonable sand‐settling velocity acceptable according to fracturing standards. The thermal characteristics and viscoelastic properties of polymer‐embedded gel were found to be suitable for moderate‐temperature reservoir stimulation where the bottom hole temperature is in the range 70–75 °C. Already a large amount of experimental data on pure microemulsions (without polymer) exists. Our studies indicate that the developed polymer‐embedded microemulsion gel has great potential as a model system for the study of polymer–microemulsion interactions.     

U型微乳水相增溶过程微观结构的模拟

利用耗散粒子动力学（DPD）方法对丁酸乙酯/无水乙醇/Tween80/水四组份微乳体系形成过程进行了模拟,其模拟内容包括水相增溶过程中微乳体系的微观结构和微乳液滴的形态特征变化、微乳体系内有效区域与无效区域的分界线等。模拟结果表明：水相增溶过程中,微乳体系能够在含水量为50%和70%时发生相的转变以及微乳液滴形态结构的变化：柱状→球状→柱状→球状。在油相与表面活性剂质量比小于等于5：5时,微乳体系水相可无限增溶;当油相与表面活性剂质量比为10：0,9：1,8：2,7：3,6：4时,微乳体系的最大增溶水量分别为25%,30%,35%,45%和50%,均为油包水型微乳,当水容量大于最大增溶水量时,微乳体系被破坏,分层。试验结果也发现：当含水量小于55%时,微乳体系电导率表明,微乳体系为油包水型;当含水量为55%-70%时,微乳体系为双连续型;当含水量大于70%时,微乳体系为水包油型。微乳体系的三相图也显示出微乳的有效区域。试验结果很好的吻合了模拟结果。     

Sulfur Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization from H2S Gas, Using Novel Biodegradable Iron Chelates in W/O Microemulsion

Sulfur nanoparticles were synthesized from hazardous H₂S gas using novel biodegradable iron chelates in w/o microemulsion system. Fe³⁺–malic acid chelate (0.05 M aqueous solution) was studied in w/o microemulsion containing cyclohexane, Triton X-100 and n-hexanol as oil phase, surfactant, co-surfactant, respectively, for catalytic oxidation of H₂S gas at ambient conditions of temperature, pressure, and neutral pH. The structural features of sulfur nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), diffused reflectance infra-red Fourier transform technique, and BET surface area measurements. XRD analysis indicates the presence of α-sulfur. TEM analysis shows that the morphology of sulfur nanoparticles synthesized in w/o microemulsion system is nearly uniform in size (average particle size 10 nm) and narrow particle size distribution (in range of 5–15 nm) as compared to that in aqueous surfactant systems. The EDS analysis indicated high purity of sulfur (>99%). Moreover, sulfur nanoparticles synthesized in w/o microemulsion system exhibit higher antimicrobial activity (against bacteria, yeast, and fungi) than that of colloidal sulfur.     

Phase diagram, viscosity and conductivity of α-sulfonate methyl esters derived from palm stearin/1-butanol/alkane/water systems

Phase diagrams of sodium salt α-sulfonate methyl esters derived from palm stearin (α-SMEPS)/1-butanol/alkane/water systems were constructed at 30.0±0.1°C. The presence and changes in the isotropic region of the quaternary mixtures of surfactant, co-surfactant, alkane (oil) and water were mapped with different oil compound (different hydrocarbon chain lengths). An attempt to elucidate the self-association behavior of α-SMEPS in the presence of butanol as co-surfactant and the effect of different alkane chain lengths was conducted by studying the viscosity and electrical conductivity behavior. Preliminary investigation suggested that the formation of oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion, bicontinuous structure and water-in-oil microemulsion were based on the composition of mixtures in the isotropic region.