热等离子束照射工业纯钛快速渗氮制备表面氮化层

以热等离子束作为等离子源,以氮气、氢气混合气体作为工作气体,对工业纯钛进行表面渗氮处理,并利用显微硬度仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、金相显微镜分别对氮化后试样进行显微硬度测定、相结构及断面形貌分析.结果表明:在等离子束对试样进行15 min的照射后即可在工业纯钛(TA2)表面获得具有一定厚度的硬度较高的氮化层.     

文摘辑要

正纯钛空化水喷丸表面强化及空蚀损伤采用空化水喷丸技术对工业纯钛表面进行强化处理,研究表面强化机理及空蚀过程。通过显微硬度仪、光学显微镜对空化水喷丸后试样的表面硬度、显微组织、表面形貌和面粗糙度进行分析。结果表明:具有密排六方结构的纯钛经过水喷丸处理后,试样表面强化层有大量的变形孪晶和次生孪晶。试样表面硬度最大可提高118 HV,而表面粗糙度Ra仅为2.1μm,这说明空化水喷丸对纯钛表面的强化效果显著,而且表面损伤较小。在30 MPa水喷丸压力下,纯钛水喷丸最佳时间为80 min,强化效果最好。水喷丸后试样的强化表面可分为A、B、C 3个区域。A区表面空蚀最严重,空蚀坑小而密集,     

等离子喷涂金属型与钛熔体的界面反应研究

应用等离子喷涂的方法,在板状碳素钢基底上喷涂了ＣａＯ、ＺｒＯ２、不同含量Ｙ２Ｏ３稳定的ＺｒＯ２耐火氧化物涂层,组合成金属型后,进行了铸造工业纯钛的试验研究,借以考察不同的耐火氧化物涂层对纯钛试样的表面污染情况。通过光学显微组织分析、显微硬度分析和电子探针元素分布分析,对等离子喷涂金属型与纯钛的界面反应性进行了研究。分析表明,采用等离子喷涂的金属型浇注纯钛后,其耐火氧化物涂层对铸钛试样表面都产生了一定程度的污染;其表面维氏显微硬度值最大可达ＨＶ６００～７００,表面硬度改变区最大范围可达４００μｍ～５００μｍ。铸钛试样表面层的组织可分为粘砂层、反应层和皮下气孔区。结果表明,由４ｍｏｌ％Ｙ２Ｏ３部分稳定的ＺｒＯ２,对钛试样的污染程度最低。     

纯钛空化水喷丸表面强化及空蚀损伤

采用空化水喷丸技术对工业纯钛表面进行强化处理,研究表面强化机理及空蚀过程。通过显微硬度仪、光学显微镜对空化水喷丸后试样的表面硬度、显微组织、表面形貌和表面粗糙度进行分析。结果表明:具有密排六方结构的纯钛经过水喷丸处理后,试样表面强化层有大量的变形孪晶和次生孪晶。试样表面硬度最大可提高118HV0.2,而表面粗糙度Ra仅为2.1μm,这说明空化水喷丸对纯钛表面的强化效果显著,而且表面损伤较小。在30MPa水喷丸压力下,纯钛水喷丸最佳时间为80min,强化效果最好。水喷丸后试样的强化表面可分为A、B和C 3个区域。A区表面空蚀最严重,空蚀坑小而密集,B区和C区因受到二次射流的作用,空蚀坑具有明显的方向性。     

工业纯钛焊接接头的表面纳米化及其性能

利用表面机械研磨法对工业纯钛焊接接头的表面进行处理，通过X射线衍射及透射电镜分析，表明经处理后的工业纯钛焊接接头表面晶粒尺寸达到了50nm左右，纳米化深度约30～40μm。显微硬度试验结果表明，经处理后样品表面的硬度有很大提高，焊缝和热影响区的硬度趋于一致。腐蚀试验证明工业纯钛焊接接头经表面纳米化处理，其耐盐酸腐蚀性能有所提高。     

搅拌摩擦加工1060纯铝的离子氮化研究

对经表面搅拌摩擦加工的1060纯铝进行不同温度下12h的离子氮化,通过金相分析、显微硬度测量和XRD检测,研究试样表层显微组织和性能的演变规律。结果表明:随离子氮化温度升高,试样不断发生再结晶晶粒长大。180℃离子氮化试样表面检测到较弱的AIN衍射峰,这是由于较低温度下试样未发生再结晶,搅拌摩擦加工形成的缺陷所造成的"快速扩散通道"作用促进离子氮化所致。300℃离子氮化试样表面未检测到AIN衍射峰,这是由于再结晶使"快速扩散通道"作用消失所致。450℃离子氮化试样表面检测到AIN衍射峰,这是由于高温下N离子扩散速度显著增大所致。最终导致试样显微硬度呈先降低后升高的趋势。     

退火工艺对ECAP工业纯钛显微硬度的影响

对TA2工业纯钛进行2道次等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP),对变形后试样进行不同温度及不同保温时间的退火,并分别测量了显微硬度,并分析了400 ℃退火1、2、4、8 h试样横截面的显微硬度分布。结果表明：经过ECAP变形后,材料硬度增加显著;退火后,随着退火温度的升高,硬度逐渐降低;保温时间越长,硬度缓慢降低;600 ℃退火8 h后试样的硬度为1592 MPa,与初始工业纯钛硬度基本相同。另外,随着保温时间的增加,试样横截面硬度分布趋于均匀。     

碳离子注入纯钛表面改性的研究

使用MEVVA强流金属源离子注入机对医用纯钛表面进行C离子注入，注入能量为40和60keV、剂量为（2.0～ 6.0×10^17）ions／cm^2。使用TRIM2003程序模拟计算饱和注入剂量；用XRD和XPS分析注入前后试样表面物相及原子结合状态，并使用SEM观察注入前后磨痕的形貌。研究了C离子注入对医用纯钛腐蚀性能、显微硬度、表面弹性模量和磨损行为的影响。结果表明，C离子注入后医用纯钛表面生成了一层包括TiC强化相和游离态C的表面改性膜，使试样表面显微硬度和弹性模量升高，并使医用纯钛在模拟体液中的耐磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能提高，而磨损程度减轻。     

喷丸处理实现纯钛表面纳米化的研究

利用喷丸处理技术实现了工业纯钛的表面纳米化,利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）对表层组织演变过程和表层晶粒纳米化的细化机理进行了研究,并用显微硬度计对表层硬度进行了测试。研究结果表明,传统表面喷丸处理后可在工业纯钛表面得到一定厚度的纳米层和剧烈塑性变形层。喷丸处理后,工业纯钛表面硬度显著提高。     

工业纯钛室温一道次ECAP加工后的组织和硬度

室温下,分别采用90°模具和120°模具对工业纯钛(CP-Ti)进行一道次等径弯曲通道变形(Equal ChannelAngular Pressing,简称ECAP),研究了其组织和硬度的变化情况.结果表明,工业纯钛经一道次ECAP变形后都形成板条状组织,硬度显著提高.90°模具挤压后试样上、下表面的硬度值稍低于试样中间的硬度值,而120°模具挤压后试样表面硬度分布较均匀.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。