用表面活化技术提高金刚石与镀层的结合性能

分别用活化处理和未活化处理的金刚石磨粒制备了电镀金刚石工具,通过扫描电子显微镜观察金刚石与镀层的结合状况。对氧化铝陶瓷材料进行钻削加工,对比电镀金刚石钻头在耐用度期间的陶瓷材料去除体积。结果表明,经活化处理的金刚石表面沉积分散的钯质点,工具电镀过程中,在金刚石与镀层间的结合面上形成分散的连接点。应用表面活化技术制作电镀金刚石工具,可使金刚石与镀层形成牢固连接,改善镀层与金刚石的结合性能,其氧化铝陶瓷材料去除体积是未经活化处理金刚石电镀钻头的1.5倍,明显提高了电镀金刚石工具的磨削性能和使用寿命。     

影响CVD金刚石涂层硬质合金界面结合强度的因素及其改善方法

化学气相沉积法制备金刚石涂层硬质合金刀具综合了金刚石与硬质合金的优异性能,被广泛应用于切削难加工材料.金刚石与基体界面结合强度是评价金刚石涂层的一个主要性能指标.本文主要介绍了影响CVD金刚石涂层刀具界面结合强度的主要因素,并对如何提高其界面结合强度的方法进行了较深入的探讨,这对解决刀具基体与金刚石涂层之间的界面结合强度问题具有一定的实际意义.     

Approach for Polishing Diamond Coated Complicated Cutting Tool: Abrasive Flow Machining(AFM)

Lower surface roughness and sharper cutting edge are beneficial for improving the machining quality of the cut?ting tool, while coatings often deteriorate them. Focusing on the diamond coated WC?Co milling cutter, the abrasive flow machining(AFM) is selected for reducing the surface roughness and sharpening the cutting edge. Comparative cutting tests are conducted on di erent types of coated cutters before and after AFM, as well as uncoated WC?Co one, demonstrating that the boron?doped microcrystalline and undoped fine?grained composite diamond coated cutter after the AFM(AFM?BDM?UFGCD) is a good choice for the finish milling of the 6063 Al alloy in the present case, because it shows favorable machining quality close to the uncoated one, but much prolonged tool lifetime. Besides, compared with the micro?sized diamond films, it is much more convenient and e cient to finish the BDM?UFGCD coated cutter covered by nano?sized diamond grains, and resharpen its cutting edge by the AFM, owing to the lower initial surface roughness and hardness. Moreover, the boron incorporation and micro?sized grains in the underly?ing layer can enhance the film?substrate adhesion, avoid the rapid film removal in the machining process, and thus maximize the tool life(1040 m, four times more than the uncoated one). In general, the AFM is firstly proposed and discussed for post?processing the diamond coated complicated cutting tools, which is proved to be feasible for improving the cutting performance     

旋转超声磨削加工中刀具结合剂类型与加工性能的关系

实验分析了硬脆材料旋转超声磨削过程中刀具结合剂类型对加工性能的影响以便提高加工精度和加工表面的完整性.首先,采用能谱分析研究了铁基、陶瓷基和青铜基3种超声振动刀具中结合剂与金刚石颗粒的把持形式,并根据相同加工工艺条件下刀具磨损形式确定了把持力大小.然后,结合超声振动刀具特性,通过旋转超声磨削加工实验研究刀具结合剂类型与切削力、刀具磨损量、加工表面完整性的关系,并对实验结果进行了分析.实验结果表明:相对于陶瓷基和青铜基结合剂超声振动刀具,铁基结合剂超声振动刀具把持力最大,Z轴切削力平均值最小(为46.8 N);加工18 000 mm3材料后,刀具轴向磨损量最小(为0.1 mm);而陶瓷基结合剂超声振动刀具加工表面质量最好,表面粗糙度最大值为21.79 μm.结果证实铁基超声振动刀具适用于粗加工,陶瓷基超声振动刀具则适用于精加工.     

Microgrooving on electroless nickel plated materials using a single crystal diamond tool

Diamond tools are used in ultra precision machining for their outstanding hardness and crystalline structure, which enable the fabrication of very sharp cutting edges. Single crystal diamond tools are thus extremely useful to machine electroless nickel-plated dies which are generally used for making molds for optical components. This paper deals with the objective to evaluate the performance and suitability of a single crystal diamond tool during microgrooving on electroless nickel plated workpieces. Effects of different machining parameters on overall machining performance were also investigated. The experimental results revealed that long distance (50 km) machining of microgrooves on electroless nickel is possible with a single crystal diamond tool without any significant tool wear. Some groove wear on the rake face were found after machining 28.5 km. No evidence of chipping or wear had been observed on the flank face during the total machining length. The surface roughness range of the machined workpieces was found to be 4–6 nm. Both thrust and cutting components of the machining forces showed an increasing trend with increasing machining distance, though magnitude of the thrust forces were found to increase more than the cutting forces.     

超声波对电镀金刚石工具制备过程的影响

应用超声波制备了镀层和电镀金刚石工具，测试镀层硬度和金刚石工具的上砂密度，研究结果表明：当电流密度一定时．金刚石工具镀层硬度随超声波功率增强而增加。在金刚石工具制备过程，超声波不适用上砂的全过程。只要金刚石磨粒埋入镀层厚度合适，超声波可以用于金刚石工具的加厚过程，提高工具的制备效率。     

Drilling characteristics of SiCp/Al composites with electroplated diamond drills

SiCp/Al composites are extensively used in aerospace, automotive, and civil applications, and the machining characteristic of SiCp/Al composites is an issue of great economic impact. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the drilling characteristics during machining of SiCp/Al composites with electroplated diamond drills; the drilling characteristics were evaluated in terms of drilling forces, tool wear, surface roughness, and entrance edge quality. Due to the very different machining properties between the SiC particles and Al alloy matrix, in a broader sense, the edge defect is defined as an undesirable effect generated at the edge of a workpiece after the machining process. The results demonstrate that with the increase of the drilling speed, both the thrust force and torques have no significant increase, while the surface roughness increased quickly. In addition, it is found that the formation of the entrance edge defects was associated with the varying of the drilling force and the electroplated diamond drills were subjected to an extremely rapid flank wear. The primary wear mechanism includes abrasive and adhesive wear of the flank face.     

Improvements in the thread cutting torque for a 6082-T6 aluminum-based alloy with tapping tools utilizing diamond coating

The use of thin film diamond as a hard tool coating offers a significant wear protection in numerous machining operations and increases considerably tool's lifetime. The extreme hardness of the diamond is especially needed in machining highly abrasive materials such as aluminum-silicon alloys. Tapping is widely used for thread fabrication and it is often a time consuming process causing a delay on an automated production line. This study investigated diamond coatings in thread cutting and the aim was to gain knowledge about the performance of diamond-coated taps. PVD diamond coatings were deposited using ultra short pulsed laser deposition (USPLD) techniques. Another type of nanodiamond coating was a chrome-nanodiamond (CND) coating deposited by a two-phase electrochemical process to produce a metal matrix with embedded detonation nanodiamond (DND) particles. The main points were the analysis of tool torques of the thread machining data, sticking of aluminum alloy and wear behavior and mechanism of tested tapping tools. The tested tools were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) regarding tool wear and sticking of aluminum on tool surface caused by mechanical interaction. Coating approaches turned out to provide 13–30% improvements in cutting and 37–51% improvements in reversing for overall mean torques compared to uncoated reference tools.     

Tailoring of diamond machinable coating materials

Microturning with diamond tools is a promising technique to produce surfaces with highest precision. But only some workpiece materials are suitable for this technique, e.g., copper, aluminum, germanium, PMMA, some compounds, and organic materials. Diamond machining of most transition metal alloys like steel leads to a rapid tool wear which is believed to originate from chemical reactions in the contact zone between tool and workpiece. NiP_x>0.2 coatings are widely used as diamond machinable coating material used for optical applications. In contrast to diamond machining of pure nickel, these coatings do not wear diamond tools rapidly. The chemical reactivity of the coatings with single crystal diamond was investigated with a thermal contact test. It is shown that a sufficient amount of phosphorus suppresses reaction with diamond. Quantum mechanical cluster calculations reveal that this is mainly explained by a strong hybridization of electronic valence orbitals, i.e., covalent bonding. We also investigated magnetron sputtered TiN_x coatings. The reactivity test shows that an amount of approximately 10 at.% nitrogen can reduce the reactivity with diamond significantly. Cluster calculations reveal that this is due to covalent bonding between titanium and interstitial nitrogen atoms. Calculations and reactivity tests for NiSi_x and NiTi_x coatings were also performed. The latter case shows that also alloying of two transition metals may provide enough covalent bonding to inhibit chemical reaction with diamond. We conclude that a sufficient amount of covalent bonding in transition metal containing materials is necessary for machinability with diamond tools. On the basis of these investigations a generalized requirement profile for diamond machinable coating materials is derived.     

Study of surface quality in high speed turning of Inconel 718 with uncoated and coated CBN tools

Inconel 718 is known to be among the most difficult-to-machine materials due to its special properties which cause the short tool life and severe surface damages. The properties, which are responsible for poor machinability, include rapid work hardening during machining; tendency to weld with the tool material at high temperature generated during machining; the tendency to form a built-up edge during machining; and the presence of hard carbides, such as titanium carbide and niobium carbide, in their microstructure. Conventional method of machining Inconel 718 with cemented carbide tool restricts the cutting speed to a maximum 30?m/min due to the lower hot hardness of carbide tool, high temperature strength and low thermal conductivity of Inconel 718. The introduction of new coated carbide tools has increased cutting speed to 100?m/min; nevertheless, the time required to machine this alloy is still considerably high. High speed machining using advanced tool material, such as CBN, is one possible alternative for improving the productivity of this material due to its higher hot hardness in comparison with carbide tool. This paper specifically deals with surface quality generated under high speed finishing turning conditions on age-hardened Inconel 718 with focus on surface roughness, metallographic analysis of surface layer and surface damages produced by machining. Both coated and uncoated CBN tools were used in the tests, and a comparison between surfaces generated by both tools was also discussed.     

Elliptical vibration cutting of hardened die steel with coated carbide tools

Elliptical vibration cutting of hardened die steel with coated carbide tools is examined in this research in order to achieve low-cost high-precision machining. Diamond coated tools are applied because of superior hardness of their polycrystalline diamond coating and its low manufacturing cost. TiN coated tools are also tested, since they are widely used for conventional machining of steels. Machinability of hardened die steel by the elliptical vibration cutting with coated carbide tools is discussed in three aspects in this study, i.e. transferability of cutting edge profile to cut surface, cutting force, and tool life. The transferability is evaluated quantitatively by calculating correlation coefficients of measured roughness profiles. It is clarified that the diamond coated tools have high transferability which leads to diffraction of light on the surface machined at micro-scale pick feed. Total cutting forces including ploughing components are measured at various feed rates, and then shearing components and ploughing components are separated utilizing linear regression. The measured results indicate, for example, that the all forces become considerably smaller only when elliptical vibration is applied to the TiN coated tool without cutting fluid. It is also found that this considerable reduction of forces interestingly corresponds to higher friction coefficient, which is identified from the ploughing components. Tool life tests are carried out by various machining methods, i.e. elliptical vibration/ordinary wet/dry cutting with diamond/TiN coated tools. The result shows, for example, that the flank wear is smallest in the wet elliptical vibration cutting with the diamond coated tool.     

Development and performance of monolayer brazed CBN grinding tools

CBN grinding tools have been broadly utilized in machining difficult-to-cut materials in recent years. Grains of the conventional grinding tools, however, are held in the tool matrix just through the mechanical incrustation effect induced by the electroplated or sintered metal, which results in the stochastic grain distribution and limited grain protrusion, in addition to the easy grain pullout and premature tool failure by the strong impact forces generated during machining. These properties and shortcomings of the electroplated or sintered tools have restricted the potential of CBN superabrasive grains. Therefore, a new technology has been developed and introduced in this paper to fabricate successfully monolayer CBN grinding tools, in which the highly protruding grains could be planted in the required uniform pattern through the brazing effect among CBN grains, filler alloy and tool substrate at elevated temperature. Finally, comparative grinding tests performed with the conventional electroplated and newly-developed brazed CBN tools have indicated that highly increased efficiency and prolonged tool lives, as well as low fabrication and use cost could be achieved by applying the brazed CBN grinding tools.     

金刚石工具中金刚石与金属结合剂之间的界面

金属基金刚石工具中的金刚石与结合剂之间的界面微观结构对结合剂与金刚石的粘结强度、金刚石的出刃状态以及金刚石工具的使用性能和寿命都有重要的影响。本文综述了多层和单层金属基金刚石工具中的碳化物形成元素、稀土元素等在结合剂与金刚石的界面上的作用机理和界面特征的研究进展,其中重点对钎焊单层金刚石工具中金刚石—钎料之间界面的微观结构进行了分析。     

应用CVD金刚石涂层工具研磨单晶蓝宝石

通过热丝化学气相沉积(HFCVD)法制备了具有球状晶结构、棱锥形晶结构和棱柱形晶结构等3种不同表面特征的化学气相沉积(CVD)金刚石涂层工具,以提高其研磨效率。通过正交实验法研究了金刚石涂层晶粒形态、载荷、工作台转速、研磨时间等4个工艺参数对蓝宝石材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:金刚石涂层的晶粒形态对材料去除率和表面粗糙度影响较大;球状晶结构金刚石涂层切向力较小,棱柱形晶结构金刚石涂层切向力较大;选择棱柱形晶CVD金刚石涂层工具研磨蓝宝石,在研磨加工参数为载荷0.15 MPa、转速100 r/min、研磨时间3 min时,其材料去除率为0.397μm/min,表面粗糙度为0.354μm。结果表明:提出的CVD金刚石涂层工具可用于进一步加工、研磨蓝宝石切片,去除其表面划痕,从而改善工件表面质量。     

金刚石刀具材料粒度、磨削砂轮粒度与刃口质量的关系

聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具由于其自身的高硬度、高耐磨性的特征,使得刃磨加工极易出现崩刃——呈锯齿状刃口的典型缺陷,因此其机械磨削加工较其它刀具材料来看难度更大。本文针对金刚石刀具常用的加工方式——金刚石砂轮机械刃磨展开试验,主要针对金刚石刀片自身材料颗粒度与磨削砂轮粒度这两方面进行研究。通过收集数据,分析对比,研究金刚石材料颗粒度、磨削砂轮粒度对刀具最终刃口质量的影响。     

Mirror surface machining of high-alloy steels by elliptical vibration cutting with single-crystalline diamond tools: Influence of alloy elements on diamond tool damage

Elliptical vibration cutting with single-crystalline diamond tools is applied to mirror surface machining of high-alloy steels such as cold work die steels and high-speed tool steels with a hardness of more than 60 HRC. Although practical mirror surface machining of hardened die steels such as Stavax (modified AISI 420) with a hardness of 53 HRC has been realized with the elliptical vibration cutting, lives of single-crystalline diamond tools are not sufficiently long in machining of some high-alloy steels, that may be caused by a large amount of alloy elements. In order to clarify the influence of the alloy elements on the diamond tool damage, the elliptical vibration cutting experiments are conducted on six kinds of high-alloy steels and four kinds of pure metals which are the same as the alloy elements. Mechanical properties of the alloy steels, i.e. difference in hardness between carbides and matrices, and the number of small carbides, are measured, and their influence on the micro-chippings are investigated. The chemical states of the alloy elements in high-alloy steels are analyzed using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), and their influence on the tool wear is discussed. Based on the investigation, a mirror surface machining of DC53, which has a high hardness of 62.2 HRC and the best machinability in the tested high-alloy steels, is demonstrated, and a mirror surface with a roughness of Rt 0.05 μm is obtained successfully.     

ZrN/TiN复合涂层刀具的制备及其磨损性能研究

采用中频磁控溅射和电弧离子镀两种方法组合在硬质合金基体上沉积ZrN／TiN复合涂层，采用切削试验来研究ZrN／TiN涂层对硬质合金刀具切削性能的影响。结果表明：ZrN／TiN复合涂层提高了硬质合金刀具的硬度，涂层刀具的显微硬度受基体硬度的影响，基体YG6、YT14涂层后的显微硬度分别可达2300HV，2500HV；使涂层刀具切削力的降低了20％；提高了涂层刀具的耐磨损能力。     

Nano-scale multilayered-composite coatings for the cutting tools

In machining, the tool life is one of the limiting criteria in the process; therefore, the development of wear-resistant material for the cutting tools is imperative. This paper presents a methodological approach to the design of nano-scale multilayered-composite coatings for cutting tools. A plasma-enhanced technology of filtered cathodic vacuum-arc deposition is used to coat the tools, which significantly extends the operational life of the cutting tools. Here, a three-layered architecture of coatings is proposed and each layer has a specific function. The engineered structural layers allowed for optimum combination of a high adhesion strength with the tool substrate and a minimum adhesion of the work material to the tool surface. The coating process is presented here alongside with the technological role of the layers. A study of the effect of the developed nano-scale multilayer composite coatings on the rates of tool wear was undertaken, and results were compared with the wear rates of uncoated and standard coatings. The results of a wide range experimental work are given in terms of flank wear and tool life for various machining conditions.     

Cutting performance of Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript> based SiC ceramic cutting tools

Composites of Si₃N₄-SiC containing up to 30 wt% of dispersed SiC particles were fabricated via hot-pressing with an oxynitride glass. To determine the effect of sintering time and SiC content on the mechanical properties and the cutting performance, the composites with fixed 8 hr-sintering time and 20 wt% SiC content were fabricated and tested. Fracture toughness of the composites increased with increasing sintering time, while the hardness increased as the SiC content increased up to 20 wt%. The hardness of the composites was relatively independent of the grain size and the sintered density. For machining heat-treated AISI4140, the insert with 20 wt% SiC sintered for 8 hr showed the longest tool life while the insert with 20 wt% SiC sintered for 12 hr showed the longest tool life for machining gray cast iron. An effort was made to relate the mechanical properties, such as hardness, fracture toughness and wear resistance coefficient with the tool life. However, no apparent relationship was found between them. It may be stated that tool life is affected by not only the mechanical properties but also other properties such as surface roughness, density, grian size and the number of the inherent defects in the inserts.     

硬脆及黑色金属材料的单点金刚石车削加工技术综述

单点金刚石车削技术是产生纳米特征表面的光学元件重要制造工艺之一。此加工技术在空间科学、生物医学工程、军事、国防和光学等领域有着广泛的应用。然而,金刚石刀具在切削硬脆和黑色金属材料时受到限制,如刀具磨损加剧、刀具寿命缩短以及工件表面加工质量降低等。为了减少刀具磨损和提高工件表面加工质量,相关学者提出了不同的解决方案,将从单点金刚石车削辅助工艺、工件改性、刀具性能改善和超硬材料及刀具方面梳理面向提高硬脆和黑色金属材料加工质量的单点金刚石车削加工技术相关研究,分析当前各种加工技术的优势与局限,提出未来将多种能场辅助的单点金刚石车削技术和基于聚焦离子束改性的金刚石刀具技术作为研究的重点。