An investigation of tube and rod electrode wear in micro EDM drilling

This paper studies the influence of various factors contributing to micro electrode wear during electrical discharge machining (EDM) drilling with micro rod and micro tube electrodes. In this paper, a simple method for calculating volumetric wear ratios is proposed based only on geometrical information obtained from the process. The objective of the research is to investigate the wear behaviour of electrodes and the suitability of electrode wear compensation methods. Electrode shape deformation and random variation of the volumetric wear are studied as the main factors affecting the applicability of wear compensation methods and as an indicator of the accuracy achievable with the micro EDM process.     

Analysis of the effect of vibrations on the micro-EDM process at the workpiece surface

In this study, the effect of vibrations on the electrical discharges in the micro-EDM (electrical discharge machining) process was investigated. The electrical discharge machining of micro bores was chosen to represent a typical application. Using sophisticated measuring equipment to record and analyse current and voltage waveforms as well as electrode feeding during the process, deeper insight into the discharge mechanisms was achieved. It was found, that the micro-EDM boring process can be subdivided into three major parts, the start-up process, the major boring process and the workpiece breakthrough of the tool electrode. Extensive investigations have shown a delayed start-up process on the workpiece surface for conventional micro-EDM; however, this effect can be reduced by inducing vibration on the workpiece. The cause of this reduction was analysed by single discharge analysis which also provides a means to investigate the effect of vibration frequency.     

On the effect of the electrode shape and contraction section on the right-angled electromagnetic flowmeter

Flow measurement is of great importance in many industries, such as the chemical industry, energy and urban drainage. Electromagnetic flowmeter is widely used due to its wide range, high response and suitability for multiphase flow detection. To meet the needs of small-caliber and low-flow applications and wider installation scenarios, this paper proposes a new insertion-type right-angled bent electromagnetic flowmeter. The measurement signal of the electromagnetic flowmeter is closely related to its internal fluid flow state, thus computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to optimize the electrode shape and contraction section shape of the electromagnetic flowmeter. Through comparison experiments of flat electrodes and cone electrodes, a better model is obtained. Furthermore, three new models of the contraction section are proposed: the sharp contraction type, the gradual contraction type, and the Widosinski curve contraction section. The Widosinski curve contraction section is easier to stabilize the flow field inside the flowmeter. The experimental data are in good agreement with the results of the large eddy simulation, and the results show that the measurement performance of the cone electrode is better than that of the flat electrode. When measuring small flow rates, the error of the cone electrode is only 5%, much smaller than the error of the flat electrode. The findings of this study provide a new idea for the development and optimization of the measurement performance of the right-angled electromagnetic flowmeters.     

电极材料对GH4169短电弧铣削加工性能影响的实验研究

采用石墨、钨铜合金电极进行镍基高温合金GH4169短电弧铣削加工实验(SEAM),研究电极材料对短电弧铣削加工性能的影响规律,寻求加工性能最佳的工具电极。分析工件蚀除速率(MRR)、相对电极损耗比(TWR)与电极材料物理特性和放电参数间的相互影响关系。借助SUPRATM55VP扫描电镜观察工件表面形貌,HXD-1000TB视屏显示维氏显微硬度仪测定加工后工件显微硬度,研究工具电极材料对加工后工件表面完整性影响规律。实验结果表明:钨铜合金电极具有较好的放电加工性能,其工件蚀除速率比石墨提高22%,最小相对电极损耗不足1%,工件表面裂纹宽度和显微硬度较低,故钨铜合金电极是适合短电弧铣削加工的良好电极。     

大型机床工作台的动态性能研究及结构优化

设计了用于大型落地镗铣床的新型工作台,利用ANSYS对工作台整体进行结构优化,根据可去除材料的分布云图,得到了工作台内部筋板的布置以及筋板上出砂孔的位置.对基本筋格单元进行变量的动态优化,研究了筋格结构参数对筋格固有频率的影响及筋格相关参数对工作台整体的影响,再次优化后得到理想的工作台筋格结构.优化后的工作台能减轻质量、提高刚性及动态性能.     

氮化硅陶瓷球材料性能参数测试及其相关性分析研究

针对目前氮化硅陶瓷球材料性能评价体系不完善,以及各个厂家生产的陶瓷球质量参差不齐的问题,对3个较著名厂家(记为A、B、C)的陶瓷球的密度、显气孔率、硬度、断裂韧性及压碎载荷等主要性能参数进行了研究,对陶瓷球各性能参数之间的内在联系进行了相关性分析,建立了一种包含上述主要材料性能参数评价指标的评价体系,利用精密天平、硬度测量仪及万能试验机对上述材料性能参数进行了测试。研究结果表明,综合运用以上评价指标可以实现对陶瓷球材料性能的全面测评,B厂生产的陶瓷球综合性能较高,C厂家球体因压碎载荷值偏低而未达到性能评价标准;球体性能参数内在联系表现为断裂韧性与硬度相关性最大且为负相关,压碎载荷与显气孔率相关性最大。     

Numerical simulation and experimental research on the influence of solid-phase characteristics on centrifugal pump performance

The law governing the movement of particles in the centrifugal pump channel is complicated; thus, it is difficult to examine the solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flow in the pump. Consequently, the solid-liquid two-phase pump is designed based only on the unary theory. However, the obvious variety of centrifugal-pump internal flow appears because of the existence of solid phase, thus changing pump performance. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the flow characteristics of the solid-liquid two-phase pump. In the current paper, two-phase numerical simulation and centrifugal pump performance tests are carried out using different solid-particle diameters and two-phase mixture concentration conditions. Inner flow features are revealed by comparing the simulated and experimental results. The comparing results indicate that the influence of the solid-phase characteristics on centrifugal-pump performance is small when the flow rate is low, specifically when it is less than 2 m3/h. The maximum efficiency declines, and the best efficiency point tends toward the low flow-rate direction along with increasing solid-particle diameter and volume fraction, leading to reduced pump steady efficient range. The variation tendency of the pump head is basically consistent with that of the efficiency. The efficiency and head values of the two-phase mixture transportation are even larger than those of pure-water transportation under smaller particle diameter and volume fraction conditions at the low-flow-rate region. The change of the particle volume fraction has a greater effect on the pump performance than the change in the particle diameter. The experimental values are totally smaller than the simulated values. This research provides the theoretical foundation for the optimal design of centrifugal pump.     

虚拟加工中薄壁基本元变形算法及其实验校验的研究

提出了"局部基本元素解析估算 关键点有限元分析"的技术途径.首先从通用性虚拟铣削过程变形量快速分析技术的需求出发,研究了薄壁基本元素的典型类别和相应的变形算法,在此基础上构建了基本元素及变形算法库.为减小快速分析带来的误差,提出对关键点变形量进行有限元和实验校核以获得校正系数的方法.预测变形与实验对比表明提出的技术途径高效可行.     

利用新型工作液和改进电极提高电火花加工性能的试验

针对电火花小孔加工中加工速度低、电极损耗严重、工件产生斜度和棱角变钝等缺陷,提出了改进小孔工具电极、研制新型工作液以提高电火花加工性能的具体措施,并在电火花机床上进行了试验。通过大量的试验研究得出:在相同的电参数下,与传统工艺相比,采用新型工作液作为介质并配有改进的电极进行电火花小孔加工时,其加工速度大幅提高、电极损耗与工件锥度有所降低,从而提高了电火花加工性能。     

影响砂轮切削性能的原因及改善途径

根据磨削加工中砂轮的形貌特征、切削机理及状态变化,分析了砂轮钝化的原因,提出了改善砂轮磨削性能与加工效率的措施。     

CFD based investigation on influence of orifice chamber shapes for the design of aerostatic thrust bearings at ultra-high speed spindles

The influences of six orifice chamber configurations on performance characteristics of aerostatic thrust bearings under various operating conditions are thoroughly studied using the computational fluid dynamics approach. Experiments are carried out to further verify the simulations. The obtained results show that there are many differences in performance behaviors of the aerostatic thrust bearing caused by different orifice chamber shapes. Further analysis represents that the pressure depression, gas vortices, and the turbulent intensity which are all weakened with decreasing air film thickness. The load capacity of the aerostatic thrust bearing slightly decreases with increasing rotational speeds of the spindle.     

Formation of tangential pre-stress as a residual stress and its influence on the tribological performance of nodular cast irons

Since any state of residual stress influences the service behavior of a material, it is of particular interest for engineers and designers to know its benefits to machine parts, and where it can be utilized successfully. From this point of view, mechanical tangential pre-stress as circumferential compressive residual stress has been investigated for wear performance. For this purpose, a thick walled cylinder specimen model was established as a tribo-element, and the force, which will form the desired tangential pre-stress representing residual stress, has been calculated by the rules of elasticity theory. In order to compare the effect of residual stress on the wear performance under dry and lubricated conditions, 0.8 R_e (R_e: unidirectional yield strength) were applied to the nodular cast iron (DDK-40, DDK-60) specimens. Wear test results have been evaluated in terms of two different stress levels, 0 R_e and 0.8 R_e, formed on the specimen.     

基于样条函数的弯叶片生成技术及其在微型风扇中的应用

引入弯度与端壁弯角两个参数,提出一种基于样条函数思想的弯叶片生成方法,并导出弯叶片积迭线的解析表达式.这种弯叶片生成方法能按所选取不同的边界条件与弯度分别形成W型、中心拐点型、C型、自然样条型等多种形式的弯叶片.将这种弯叶片设计方法运用于微型轴流风扇叶片设计,并通过计算流体动力学技术对上述各种弯叶片的气动特性进行数值研究.研究结果表明:W型弯叶片在各工况点均易恶化流动,不利于叶片气动性能的提高;C型弯叶片,特别是作为其特殊形式的自然样条型弯叶片尽管能有效抑制小流量工况流动分离,对扩大稳定工况范围能起到明显作用,但在大、中流量工况下的气动性能则不如相应的直叶片;中心拐点型弯叶片能在扩大稳定工况范围的基础上,同时保证叶轮在大、中流量工况有较好的气动性能,是一种具有实用价值的叶片弯曲形式.     

Experimental study of the influence of flow passage subtle variation on mixed-flow pump performance

In the mixed-flow pump design, the shape of the flow passage can directly affect the flow capacity and the internal flow, thus influencing hydraulic performance, cavitation performance and operation stability of the mixed-flow pump. However, there is currently a lack of experimental research on the influence mechanism. Therefore, in order to analyze the effects of subtle variations of the flow passage on the mixed-flow pump performance, the frustum cone surface of the end part of inlet contraction flow passage of the mixed-flow pump is processed into a cylindrical surface and a test rig is built to carry out the hydraulic performance experiment. In this experiment, parameters, such as the head, the efficiency, and the shaft power, are measured, and the pressure fluctuation and the noise signal are also collected. The research results suggest that after processing the inlet flow passage, the head of the mixed-flow pump significantly goes down; the best efficiency of the mixed-flow pump drops by approximately 1.5%, the efficiency decreases more significantly under the large flow rate; the shaft power slightly increases under the large flow rate, slightly decreases under the small flow rate. In addition, the pressure fluctuation amplitudes on both the impeller inlet and the diffuser outlet increase significantly with more drastic pressure fluctuations and significantly lower stability of the internal flow of the mixed-flow pump. At the same time, the noise dramatically increases. Overall speaking, the subtle variation of the inlet flow passage leads to a significant change of the mixed-flow pump performance, thus suggesting a special attention to the optimization of flow passage. This paper investigates the influence of the flow passage variation on the mixed-flow pump performance by experiment, which will benefit the optimal design of the flow passage of the mixed-flow pump.     

水平轴风力机叶片气动性能计算及影响因素分析

叶片作为风电机组的关键部件之一,其设计和可靠性直接关系到风力发电机组的安全运行,而气动性能的好坏将会直接影响到叶片外形设计及机组效率。因此,对叶片进行气动性能计算和数值模拟成为必要。根据动量叶素理论建立风力机叶片气动计算模型,考虑到叶尖损失,叶根损失,叶片宽度和厚度等因素的影响对该模型进行修正。用MATLAB语言编制计算程序,针对某一具体翼型数据进行了气动性能的计算,分析了风轮实度、安装角、锥角以及偏航等因素对叶片气动性能的影响。     

斗轮机落煤管及煤斗耐磨衬板的选材和性能比较

根据斗轮堆取料机落煤管及煤斗等物料冲刷面较常用的耐磨衬板的材料特点及使用情况,对其优缺点及市场应用情况加以分析,使用户可以有针对性地选择耐磨衬板,并且达到经济耐用的目的。     

气象气球爆破性能与升空性能的相关性研究

通过研究气象气球地面爆破性能与高空爆破性能数据之间的关系,分析不同硫化程度生产工艺、高空的温度和湿度、高空气压对气球高空爆破性能的影响,从而得出气球地面爆破直径和气球施放高度的相互关系。     

Durability and performance evaluation of surface treated worm drives of similar material pair

The present work is concerned with development and analysis on the performance of a similar material pair worm drive. Experiments were carried out on En-353 steel, case hardened worm mating with Sursulf treated wheel made of the same material. A constant value of limiting torque has been established at all tested speeds. It is found that at higher speeds (>1200 rpm) temperature increases progressively without attaining a stable value, leading to thermal instability. Beyond this, lubrication failure has been observed. Efficiency is relatively higher at intermediate torque levels. Reduced efficiency at higher torque level is due to ineffective lubrication. From the wear debris analysis, it was observed that no uncharacteristic mode of wear prevailed at any of the tested conditions. A fairly low value of coefficient of friction based on operating conditions is observed. This can be attributed to the presence of Sursulf treatment. The drive has not exhibited any tendency to scuffing or scoring within the range of tested conditions for continuous duty, largely attributed to Sursulf treatment.     

M50钢与S8Cr4Mo4V钢性能对比分析

针对M50钢在轴承加工过程中一直存在着钢材采购周期长、钢材质量问题不易解决的问题,通过将S8Cr4Mo4V钢与M50钢在材料标准、材料性能及产品性能进行对比分析后,得出S8Cr4Mo4V钢材可以替代M50钢材加工相同轴承零件的结论。     

The effect of cutting parameters and cutting tools on machining performance of carbon graphite material

Abstract

The present study focuses on the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and cutting tool material on the machining performance of carbon graphite material. Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) cutting tools are used in machining experiments and its performance is compared with the tungsten carbide (WC) and Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools. Machining performance criteria such as flank and nose wear and resulting surface topography and roughness of machined parts were studied. This study illustrates that feed rate and cutting tool material play a dominant role in the progressive wear of the cutting tool. The highest feed rate and cutting speed profoundly reduce the tool wear progression. The surface roughness and topography of specimens are remarkably influenced from the tool wear. Major differences are found in the wear mechanisms of PCD and WC and CBN cutting tools.