用于强反射表面形貌测量的投影栅相位法

为了实现强反射表面三维形貌的光学非接触测量,提出一种改进的投影栅相位法。分析了强反射表面的反射光特点及其对相位解算的影响,指出了反射光亮度范围与相机动态范围的不一致是导致传统投影栅相位法测量失效的主要原因;提出了亮暗条纹投射、多曝光时间采集图像和图像合成等技术,使相机亮度测量范围与强反射表面的反射光亮度范围相一致,并分析了此方法的可行性和适应范围。最后,给出了改进投影栅相位法的条纹投射与图像采集步骤。实验结果表明,改进的投影栅相位法克服了强反射表面引起的条纹图像饱和或过暗问题,能够成功测量出99.6%以上的三维点云,有效解决了测量点云缺失问题,能够实现强反射表面三维形貌光学非接触测量。     

可测量大陡峭度物体的傅立叶变换轮廓法(MFTP)

本文在简要地分析了傅立叶变换轮廓法(FTP)和改进型傅立叶变换轮廓法(IFTP)测量三维物体形状轮廓的可测陡峭度限制后,提出了一种可测量大陡峭度物体的傅立叶变换轮廓法(MFTP),给出了详细的测量方法和理论分析。利用FTP自身的特点,消除了IFTP引入的人为误差,提高了FTP的能测陡峭度。     

傅立叶变换轮廓法用于测量大型三维曲面

叙述了一种用傅立叶变换轮廓法(FTP)来实现的大型三维曲面形状测量系统,并讨论了FTP所能达到的最大测量范围及其在大型三维测量中的优势。     

FAST IMPLEMENTATION OF ORTHOGONAL EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION AND ITS APPLICATION INTO HARMONIC DETECTION

Since the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） lacks strict orthogonality, the method of orthogonal empirical mode decomposition （OEMD） is innovationally proposed. The primary thought of this method is to obtain the intrinsic mode function （IMF） and the residual function by auto-adaptive band-pass filtering. OEMD is proved to preserve strict orthogonality and completeness theoretically, and the orthogonal basis function of OEMD is generated, then an algorithm to implement OEMD fast, IMF binary searching algorithm is built based on the point that the analytical band-pass filtering preserves perfect band-pass feature in the frequency domain. The application into harmonic detection shows that OEMD successfully conquers mode aliasing, avoids the occurrence of false mode, and is featured by fast computing speed. Furthermore, it can achieve harmonic detection accurately combined with the least square method.     

基于双频彩色光栅投影测量不连续物体三维形貌

为减少多频条纹相移法进行三维形貌测量时的投影条纹数量,提高测量速度, 提出了采用双频四步相移彩色条纹投影技术来准确测量具有台阶状不连续或孤立物体表面三维形貌的方法。利用计算机将高低两种不同频率的正弦条纹分别输入彩色图像的红色和蓝色通道合成为彩色条纹,由数字视频投影仪将四步相移彩色条纹投影到被测物体,然后利用彩色CCD或CMOS相机采集4幅彩色条纹图并存储于计算机中。基于色彩分离技术得到8幅两种不同频率的四步相移条纹图并由图像灰度算法获得1幅反映背景的灰度图像;由低频条纹确定台阶状的物体边缘,高频条纹计算物体的形貌,并通过背景图像的二值化定位阴影和不连续区域。提出的方法仅用4幅彩色图像完成了台阶状不连续或孤立物体三维形貌的准确测量。与现有的多频4步相移条纹投影形貌测量技术需要8~12幅图像相比,该方法有效地减少了条纹投影与图像采集的数量。     

A new method for multicomponent signal decomposition based on self-adaptive filtering

Since the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) lacks strict orthogonality, a new method for multicomponent signal decomposition, orthogonal empirical mode decomposition (OEMD), is proposed by this paper. The essential principle of this method is to obtain the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and the residue by self-adaptive band-pass filtering. Firstly, the feasibility of OEMD is theoretically analyzed, then its strict orthogonality and completeness is proved, and the orthogonal basis used in OEMD is generated. Secondly, the method of analytical band-pass filtering which preserves perfect band-pass feature in the frequency domain is presented, then two fast algorithms to implement OEMD are proposed, i.e. IMF sequential searching (ISS) algorithm and IMF binary searching (IBS) algorithm. The speed of IBS is faster than that of ISS, whereas IBS algorithm may obtain much more false IMFs than ISS when signals are of complex spectral constitutions. Finally, OEMD is applied to both synthetic signals and mechanical vibration signals, the results show that compared with EMD, OEMD better solves mode aliasing, avoids the occurrence of false mode, is free of end extension, and can be effectively applied to mechanical fault diagnosis.     

互补格雷码双 N 步相移的彩色编码光栅投影轮廓术

在三维轮廓测量领域,互补格雷码相移法能够得到连续的展开相位,然而,单组相移条纹导致其测量精度极易受到周围环境变化的影响,且传统投影方式增加了干扰的引入。针对此问题,本文提出了一种基于彩色编码光栅投影的互补格雷码双N步相移法。首先将双N步相移条纹和互补格雷码条纹混合编码成彩色条纹,然后依次投射到目标表面,最后从采集的彩色条纹中提取相位信息分别进行相位解算、融合后求得表面三维形貌。为了验证本文所提方法,将该方法与传统互补格雷码N步相移法以及三频外差法进行了对比实验。实验结果证明,本文方法能够获得高精度表面形貌信息,有效降低测量误差,同时检测效率提高50%。     

基于三维傅里叶变换的胸腹表面测量

鉴于人体胸腹表面三维运动测量在精确放疗等医学领域中的重要应用背景,提出一种三维傅里叶条纹分析与三频时间相位展开相结合的三维傅里叶变换胸腹表面测量方法。投射一幅不同频率三原色余弦条纹组成的图案,每采集一幅图像就能实现相应时刻胸腹表面的三维形状测量;将动态条纹图像序列作为一个三维序列整体,通过三维傅里叶变换并结合三维高斯滤波器提取折叠相位。无干扰时其均方根误差不超过0.005rad,峰谷值误差不超过0.015rad,其抗干扰能力高于二维傅里叶条纹分析和其他胸腹表面三维傅里叶条纹分析方法;通过三频时间相位展开方法进行折叠相位展开,在限定条件下绝对相位的误差不超过折叠相位的误差。理论分析和实验结果表明,本文方法能实现人体胸腹表面的三维动态测量。     

基于傅里叶变换轮廓术的磨痕形貌测量

往复冲击条件下,由磨损引起的接触表面磨痕的三维形貌的改变对接触润滑效应的研究具有非常重要的影响。在传统傅里叶变换轮廓术(Fourier transform profilometry,FTP)测量系统中引入正弦光强产生装置以及图像实时采集处理系统,利用单幅条纹图像,快速、准确地重构出磨痕表面三维形貌。利用该测量系统对施加PB2400型润滑油方式下快速冲击一万次后的磨痕形貌进行了测量,利用FTP对采集的条纹图进行处理,获得该磨痕的三维形貌。将测量结果与粗糙度轮廓测量仪所得结果进行对比分析,验证该方法的可行性和有效性。将该测量方法与高速摄像机相结合,可以实现连续冲击过程中磨痕的瞬时三维形貌测量,为进一步研究接触润滑效应提出一种新的试验依据和方法。     

金刚石复合片与硬质合金的钎焊研究

通过聚晶金刚石复合片与YG8硬质合金的高频感应钎焊试验,研究了不同钎料钎剂搭配对高频感应钎焊接头抗剪强度、焊缝厚度的影响,并用扫描电镜和电子探针观察、分析了焊缝的微观结构。结果表明,690℃钎焊温度下含Mn的1号钎料和活性温度较高的QJ102钎剂是最佳搭配方案。探讨了聚晶金刚石复合片的特殊钎焊工艺,认为采用复焊方法可以大幅提高钎焊接头的抗剪强度。     

傅里叶变换在莫尔测偏法中的应用

本文针对非球面莫尔测偏法提出了采用相移技术结合傅里叶变换进行数据处理的新方法,在对莫尔条纹图作二维傅里叶变换后可获取相应于被测表面高度的相位信息,然后用相移来确定该位信息的正负号,以最终正确重构测表面的三维形貌,对有限宽莫尔条纹图因栅线夹角引起的倾斜项误差要用最小二乘法加以剔除,用该法进行了非球面测量。     

相位法曲面三维全场无接触检测的研究

采用光学函数分析法和傅里叶频谱分析技术，研究了相位法曲面三维全场无接触检测的基本原理和本质特点。在分析条纹类测量图象的幅频待性的基础上，实现了被测曲面调制栅线图象的精确解相和三维信息的求解，从而建立了计算机曲面三维自动检测系统，并应用于汽车覆盖件的检测，获得较好的测量精度。     

基于Mexican Hat小波变换和区域生长的光学轮廓术的研究

提出了一种新的基于结构光投影的光学轮廓术的测量算法.该算法利用Hilbert变换和Mexican Hat小波变换进行相位提取,利用小波变换的平滑功能实现初步滤噪和消除高次谐波.然后利用基于截断相位差统计分布和区域生长算法进行解包,并通过对无效点的判断和解包后的邻域平滑实现了准确的相位解包.文中通过仿真计算证明了该方法较...     

正交调制复合光栅投影的三维测量机理及仿真

介绍了采用复合光栅来进行快速测量获取物体三维信息的方法。该方法通过投影由载频光栅携带与其正交的相移光栅而形成的复合光栅来进行三维面形测量。建立了基于复合光栅方法的三维测量理论模型,运用复合光栅完整模拟物体恢复的过程,模拟结果证明了该方法的可行性。该方法具有祛噪功能,由于只需投影一幅复合光栅图像和采集一幅变形光栅图像就实现了物体的重建,因此适用于物体三维面形的快速实时测量。     

鲤鱼尾鳍瞬时三维形态测量

提出了鱼在自由游动状态下尾鳍实时三维形貌的测量方法。将影栅云纹投射在鲤鱼尾鳍表面,产生包含三维形态信息的云纹,由高速摄像机采集瞬时序列变形条纹,运用傅立叶变换轮廓术对序列图像进行处理,并将相位解包裹方法用于动态过程瞬时三维相位场的相位展开中,重建了鲤鱼尾鳍自由游动的瞬时三维形态,再现了尾鳍的连续摆动过程。     

Development of a dynamic surface shape measurement for magnetic fluid

Traditional measurement techniques such as fringe and stereo projection can hardly measure the black surface shape of magnetic liquid in revolving container which has a cover to prevent the liquid spilling out. To solve this problem, a multi-step measurement method based on linear laser projection is proposed. Modulated laser by synchronous revolving chopper is introduced to obtain the steady projection light curve on the measured location of the magnetic fluid surface. In order to capture the instantaneous reflected light of the projection light curve, a camera used a long exposure time of shooting is used. Taking the advantages of multiple exposure luminance enhancement effect of long exposure time, pictures with high brightness and contrast projection light are obtained. The overall surface shape of the fluid can be reconstructed by many laser projection lines extracted from the pictures captured at different angles of revolving container. A high transparency acrylic cover is adopted to provide good sealing performance and light transmission quality in the experiment. On the base of correction of influence of refractive index of the acrylic cover, the height formula of magnetic fluid surface is derived. The camera installation angle and distance between the camera and the container are not required as the size of container are utilized to calibrate the camera. The relationship between image coordinates and world coordinates is also obtained. According to the height curves of the projection lines and their measuring angles on the container, 3-D surface shape of magnetic fluid is reconstructed. The surface shape is verified indirectly by using the imbalance of the container, and the relative unbalance errors between the measurement results and the results by Shenk dynamic balancing machine under different conditions are between 0.8% and 11%. Another performance experiment on measuring the surface shape of an rubber block indicates that the measurement range of the proposed method is that the slope of the measured surface must be less than 3.94, and the sensitivity is 0.18 mm. All performance of the proposed method is acceptable, so such a complex industrial problem is solved only by a daily digital camera.     

用于傅里叶变换轮廓术的多频光栅设计方法的研究

针对傅里叶变换轮廓术(Fourier transform profilometry,FTP)的实际应用,在介绍FTP的基本原理基础之上,提出了几种多频光栅的设计和实现方法,通过多频光栅的设计,旨在提高FTP的测量精度和速度。     

基于dbN小波变换和自适应高斯滤波的齿面干涉图像相位滤波方法

齿轮齿面形貌的激光干涉测量中，由于齿面高度差较大，采集到的干涉图像中难以避免存在条纹密集区域，容易出现局部条纹粘连、错切等现象，增加了相位噪声和解包裹难度。分析了包裹相位图中条纹密度分布规律，提出了一种基于dbN小波变换和自适应高斯滤波的齿面干涉图像相位去噪方法。首先，利用小波变换分解出包裹相位图中常表现为高频信号的噪声，采用软阈值去噪滤除部分高频噪声；其次，根据包裹相位图频域特征，结合自适应高斯滤波进一步对高频噪声进行迭代滤波处理；最后，设计了相关实验，通过与经典的滤波方法进行对比，所提方法不仅能够有效滤除条纹较为密集的包裹相位图中的相位噪声，而且更大限度地保留了图像细节信息，证明了所提方法的有效性和正确性。     

基于像散原理的并行共焦检测的微形貌参数的可视化测量

为实现对微结构表面轮廓参数的精确测量,用基于像散原理的并行共焦检测系统获取微结构表面的三维信息,进而实现对微结构表面参数的可视化测量。考虑到微结构表面特点,采用累加弦长双三次样条插值曲面对其表面进行重构。并选择高的插值细分倍率获得连续光顺廓形表面,通过拾取拟合曲面上的点而不是廓形局部三角面片上的点实现三维廓形参数评定。由重构曲面模拟结果显示:累加弦长双三次样条重构微结构表面可以有效地实现对微结构表面参数的精确测量。     

Bridge vibration logarithmic decrement estimation at the presence of amplitude beat

Logarithmic decrement is one of the key dynamic parameters characterizing bridge status. It is usually estimated from vibration records applying digital signal processing. Among the processing procedures band-pass filtering is commonly used to extract spectral components of interest. We analyze the case when two very close spectral components are present in the acceleration records. We show that construction of the filter is non-trivial in such a situation and failing to choose optimal filter’s parameters leads to significant logarithmic decrement estimation errors. Therefore we propose a method that does not require band-pass filtering but utilizes knowledge of amplitude beat presence. Simulation of the method indicated errors by an order less than using filtering.