Effect of light intensity and frequency of flashing light from blue light emitting diodes on astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis

Flashing light from blue light emitting diodes is an effective method for the reduction of energy consumption in the bioproduction of astaxanthin by Haematococcus pluvialis. We investigated the effects of light intensity and frequency on the final astaxanthin concentration in bioproduction by H. pluvialis grown mixotrophically. The final astaxanthin concentration under illumination with flashing light, with frequencies ranging from 25 to 200 Hz, was dependent on the light intensity and on the duty cycle and was equivalent, or higher, in comparison with that under illumination with continuous light at the same incident intensity. The light intensity determined the maximum attainable concentration of astaxanthin under continuous illumination. Under illumination with flashing light, the ratio of the final astaxanthin concentration to the maximum concentration at a specific light intensity was correlated to the duty cycle in the frequency range from 25 to 200 Hz. The effect of lower frequencies on enhanced astaxanthin production under flashing light was also studied; at levels as low as 1 Hz, higher final astaxanthin concentrations were observed under flashing light compared to concentrations attained under continuous light.     

Fed-batch culture under illumination with blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) for astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis

To increase the cell concentration and the accumulation of astaxanthin, the effects of the fed-batch addition of 10-fold-concentrated medium to supply nutrients, as well as illumination with blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), on cell growth and accumulation of astaxanthin were studied for the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis. Using the fed-batch addition method, the cell concentration increased above 1 mg-dry cell/cm3, and under illumination with blue LEDs, the astaxanthin concentration reached approximately 70 microg/cm3. This method was much simpler to operate than the medium replacement method in operation and enabled us to attain a higher total yield of astaxanthin.     

Effects of nutrient supply methods and illumination with blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) on astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis

In order to increase the cell concentration and the accumulation of astaxanthin, the effects of nutrient concentration, pH, illumination and methods of supplying nutrients were studied for the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis. The replacement of media to avoid the deficiency of nutrients increased the cell concentration above 1 mg-dry cell cm(-3) without induction of astaxanthin accumulation. Illumination with blue light emitting diode lamps and nutrient starvation induced accumulation of astaxanthin, and the interactive effects of these two increased the astaxanthin concentration to 76 mug cm(-3).     

Simulation of the daily sunlight illumination pattern for bacterial photo-hydrogen production

Methods of illumination to simulate the daily sunlight irradiation pattern were studied in relation to photohydrogen production using the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV. Three illumination patterns were compared, in which the light intensity was changed in 1, 3, or 6 steps. As a control, outdoor experiments were also carried out over a 3-d period in Tsukuba, August 1996. Outdoors, hydrogen production by Rba. sphaeroides RV was dependent on the sunlight intensity: the total volume of hydrogen produced per day varied from 14 to 28 l.m(-2), while the total light energy ranged from 5.5 to 6.4 kWh.m(-2). d(-1). The maximum hydrogen production rate was 2.8 l.m(-2).h(-1) under a 4.5-cm light path and the average light energy conversion efficiency was 1.1%. Indoors, the hydrogen production rate was found to be independent of the mode of illumination among the three patterns employed. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 3.3 l.m(-2).h(-1) with a light energy conversion efficiency of 1.0%, and it was concluded that the single-step illumination method provides an appropriate simulation of sunlight. Saturation of hydrogen production occurs during high light intensity around noon and this plays a key role in the simulation.     

Treatment of coliphage MS2 with palladium-modified nitrogen-doped titanium oxide photocatalyst illuminated by visible light

A palladium-modified nitrogen-doped titanium oxide (TiON/-PdO) photocatalytic fiber was synthesized on a mesoporous activated carbon fiber template by a sol-gel process. Calcination of the coated fibers resulted in a macroporous interfiber structure and mesoporous photocatalyst coating. Atomic ratios of major photocatalyst constituents determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses were N/Ti approximately equal to 0.1 and Pd/-Ti approximately equal to 0.03. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the photocatalyst had an anatase structure and palladium additive was present as PdO. Triplicate batch experiments performed with MS2 phage (average initial concentration of 3 x 10(8) plaque forming units/mL) and TiON/PdO photocatalyst at a dose of 0.1 g/L under dark conditions revealed the occurrence of virus adsorption on the photocatalyst fibers at a rate that resulted in equilibrium within 1 h of contact time with corresponding virion removals of 95.4-96.7%. Subsequent illumination of the dark-equilibrated samples with visible light (wavelengths greater than 400 nm and average intensity of 40 mW/cm2) resulted in additional virus removal of 94.5-98.2% within 1 h of additional contact time. By combining adsorption and visible-light photocatalysis, TiON/PdO fibers reached final virus removal rates of 99.75-99.94%. Spin trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirmed the production of *OH radicals by TiON/PdO under visible light illumination, which provided indirect evidence about MS2 phage being potentially inactivated.     

Reduction in carbon dioxide emission, and enhancement of cell yield by control of light intensity in photomixotrophic batch culture of Marchantia polymorpha

Photomixotrophic cultures of Marchantia polymorpha were examined under light irradiation using glucose as an organic carbon source. The activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in the cells was found to be maximum at an absorbed light energy of E(c) = 8.7 x 10(2)W/kg and the respiration rate of the cells remained at a low level in the range of E(c) = 1.7 x 10(2) to 1.5 x 10(3) W/kg. Batch culture of M. polymorpha was carried out in a bioreactor while keeping the E(c) value at about 3.5 x 10(2) W/kg by regulating incident light intensity between 19 and 220 W/m2. During the culture conducted under controlled light, CO2 evolution from the reactor was effectively suppressed and the obtained cell yield was 0.88 kg dry cells/kg glucose, whereas the yield was 0.62 kg dry cells/kg glucose throughout the culture conducted at the constant incident light intensity of 50 W/m2.     

The influence of light/dark cycle at low light frequency on the desulfurization by a photosynthetic microorganism

H2S dissolved in water can be converted to elementary sulfur or sulfate by the photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. The effects of the light/dark cycle on cell growth and the rate of sulfide removal were investigated to develop an appropriate fermentation strategy. Dark fermentation was also studied without addition of H2S and CO2 as electron and carbon sources. Average specific growth rates of bacterial cultures with a continuous supply of H2S and CO2 both in light and dark conditions were occurred in the range of 0.008 to 0.009 h(-1), indicating little dependence on the light/dark cycle, but about 25% of the growth rate that was occurred only in the presence of light. Average H2S removal capacities for cultures grown under the light/dark cycles of 14/10 , 12/12 , and 9/15 h, respectively, with a continuous supply of feed gases, were 0.08, 0.07, and 0.04 micromol H2S.min(-1)/mg protein.l(-1) in the dark, and was slightly less than those in the light. H2S removal capacity with variation of the light/dark cycle was about 30-60% of that obtained in the continuously illuminated cultures. ATP concentration in the dark decreased from 0.43 to 0.37 mg ATP.mg protein(-1) as the daily dark duration decreased from 15 to 10 h. The production rate for lactic acid from a culture grown without a supply of mixtures of H2S and CO2 gases was 0.218 g lactic acid.l(-1).h(-1), much more than that grown with a supply of feed gas mixtures. Time-averaged concentrations of lactic acid produced overall during the light and dark periods were 13.7 g lactic acid.l(-1) during the light/dark cycle of 14/10 h without a supply of feed gas, and 3.1 and 2.4 g lactic acid.l(-1) during the cycles of 9/15 and 14/10 h, respectively, with a supply of feed gas.     

混合培养对雨生血球藻虾青素产量的影响

研究了不同光照强度及添加不同葡萄糖量进行混合培养对雨生血球藻虾青素产量的影响.研究表明,单位体积培养液虾青素产量因光照强度和葡萄糖添加量不同而不同,在光照强度为2500lx以及葡萄糖添加量为3g/L时,虾青素产量最高.光照强度和葡萄糖添加浓度对虾青素产量具有交互影响.通过中心组合试验,确定混合培养条件下达到最高虾青素产量所需要的葡萄糖添加量及光照强度分别为3.1616g/L和2605.66lx.此时的虾青素产量为41.06mg/L,是自养培养时的2.02倍.     

Photoautotrophic cultures of the host and transformed cells of Marchantia polymorpha under controlled incident light intensity

Photoautotrophic cultures of the host and transformed cells of the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, were examined. In cultures in flat glass flasks under various light intensities, it was found that the growth rates of both the cells increased with increase in light intensity in the range of 0 to 25 W/m2, but further increase in light intensity caused photoinhibition of the growth of the cells. Cultures of both the types of cells under light-controlled conditions using an externally illuminated bioreactor were carried out taking into consideration the inhibition of cell growth by excessive light and the light intensity distributions in the cell suspensions. In these cultures, 2.1 (transformed cells) and 3.3 (host cells) kg dry cell weight per m3 were harvested at culture times of 9.0 and 10 d, respectively. These values were larger than those obtained in cultures of the respective cells at a fixed incident light intensity of 25 W/m2.     

Anaerobic oxidation of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in continuous culture of the phototrophic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii

The anaerobic oxidation of dissolved H2S to elemental sulfur was studied at 23 degrees C and pH 6.5+/-0.3 in continuous culture of the phototrophic green sulfur bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii. The number of cells formed in the cultures was proportional to the amount of H2S oxidized, and the growth yield was independent of light intensity. The specific growth rate was significantly dependent on the dissolved H2S concentration and light intensity. The kinetic data were analyzed with a rate expression as a function of each rate-limiting factor. Under illumination by white fluorescent lamps, the specific oxidation rate of P. aestuarii reached a maximum of 2.02 x 10(-14) mol-H2S.h(-1).cell(-1) when the dissolved H2S concentration was 2.1 mM at 5000 lx. Simultaneous use of near infrared LED (light-emitting diode) and white fluorescent lamps provided a 35% increase in the maximum specific H2S oxidation rate.     

光质对苜蓿芽苗菜营养品质和抗氧化特性的影响

采用发光二极管精确调制光质和光量,研究光谱能量分布对苜蓿芽苗菜营养品质和抗氧化特性的影响,以黑暗作为对照。结果表明：与对照和其他光质处理相比,蓝光能显著提高苜蓿芽苗菜中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、VC、总酚类物质和总黄酮的含量以及清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基的能力,并显著降低硝酸盐的含量;红光能显著提高鲜质量产量;白光处理更利于提高干质量产量,显著提高类胡萝卜素和硝酸盐的含量;黄光下培养6、8、12 d的苜蓿芽苗菜槲皮素含量显著提高,苯丙氨酸解胺酶（phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL）活性也相应提高,且槲皮素含量与PAL活性呈显著正相关。总体而言,蓝光有利于提高苜蓿芽苗菜的营养品质。     

不同光照条件对啤酒花中黄腐酚异构化影响

目的研究不同光照条件,如光照强度、光照时间、处理光的波长等因素对啤酒花中黄腐酚(xanthohumol,Xn)光异构化的影响。方法啤酒花样品在不同光照强度、光照时间、波长和不同颜色玻璃瓶储藏条件下处理后,于OD_(370)处测量Xn含量。结果相同功率光源的紫外光引起Xn异构化较白光显著(P0.05),白光照射Xn样品随着光照时间和光照强度的增大,Xn光异构化程度提高;相同功率光源及光照时间条件下,红光[(625±5)nm]、黄光[(590±5) nm]、绿光[(555±5)nm]、蓝光[(450±5)nm]处理引起的Xn异构化速度差异极显著(P0.01),其中蓝光最强,其次是绿光、红光、黄光;白光光源光照条件下,深棕色玻璃瓶储存对Xn的稳定性显著优于绿色、蓝色、无色玻璃瓶等(P0.05),并且深棕色玻璃瓶长期储存Xn显著优于绿色玻璃瓶(P0.05)。结论光照时间、波长及储存条件对Xn光异构化有显著的影响,且避光储存利于Xn稳定,这为含有Xn的饮品、食品、保健品等的光照或包装条件的选择提供了依据。     

The influence of photoperiod upon the productivity of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae)

The productivity per female of the Tangmere and Thorne strains of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) was studied at 25 °C, 70% r.h. in continuous dark (DD) and in 12 h cycles of light and dark (LD 12:12), in which the illumination intensity of the photophase was 100-200 lx. Intra- and reciprocal inter-strain crosses indicated that whilst productivity did not differ between the crosses in DD, the productivity of the Thorne females was suppressed in LD 12:12. When the F₁ hybrid progeny, reared under either light condition, were back-crossed with Tangmere in LD 12:12, differences in productivity were not detected, but a heterotic effect was indicated. Whereas photoperiodic conditions did not influence the productivity of the F₁ hybrid progeny, productivity of the Thorne strain was influenced. Adults of this strain cultured under a particular photoperiod were less productive in the alternative photoperiod.An increase in illumination intensity to 700-800 lx suppressed the productivity of additional strains, including the Tangmere strain in LD 12:12. However, an intermediate level of productivity was observed in several of these strains in constant light at this intensity. Therefore, the productivity of the Tangmere and Thorne strains was assessed during the scoto- and photophases at this increased illumination intensity. Preliminary experiments indicated that the disturbance associated with the experimental method also suppressed productivity over a 12-h cycle. Therefore, an artificial photoperiod of LD 24:24 was used to minimise this effect after a 3-week entrainment period. The productivity of both strains was greater in the scotophase than in the photophase and suggests that the suppression of productivity in LD 12:12 was associated with the difference between the phases of this photoperiod.     

Photobleaching of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Quantum-yields dependence of solvent, temperature, and wavelength of irradiation in relation to packaging and storage of carotenoid pigmented salmonoids

The quantum yield for the photobleaching of astaxanthin (the carotenoid of wild salmonoids) and of canthaxanthin (the closely related carotenoid used as a feeding additive for farmed salmonoids) has been determined for monochromatic light at different wavelengths and in different solvents. Astaxanthin is less sensitive to light than canthaxanthin. The photobleaching is strongly wavelength dependent, and the quantum yield for astaxanthin dissolved in chloroform at 22 degrees C is 3.2 x 10(-1) mol.Einstein-1 at 254 nm, 3.1 x 10(-2) at 313 nm, and 1.6 x 10(-6) at 436 nm, respectively. The quantum yields are less dependent on the nature of the solvent and show no simple correlation with oxygen solubility, i.e. for 366 nm excitation of astaxanthin the quantum yields are 6.1 x 10(-5) mol.Einstein-1 in acetone, 1.2 x 10(-4) in saturated vegetable oil, 1.9 x 10(-4) in chloroform, and 3.4 x 10(-4) solubilized in water, respectively. The photobleaching quantum yield provides an objective measure of the light sensitivity of the carotenoids in relation to the discolouration of carotenoid-pigmented salmonoids. The quantum yield was also found to be independent of the carotenoid concentration and, in a homogenous solution, of light intensities. For astaxanthin solubilized in water, the quantum yield increases for low light intensities. Excitation of astaxanthin solubilized in water using visible light shows that the photobleaching quantum yield is independent of temperature, while excitation at 313 nm shows an increase in the quantum yield with increasing temperatures, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28 kJ.mol-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

蓝光诱导拟盘多毛孢菌分生孢子器产生和类胡萝卜素的积累

一种拟盘多毛孢真菌F(Pestalotiopsis sp. F)在黑暗培养以后,挖去培养基表面的菌丝体,再在蓝光照射下培养,可以诱导产生分生孢子器。拟盘多毛孢菌F的菌丝体受蓝光诱导,其菌丝体中有含量较高的类胡萝卜素的积累。当温度为25℃且蓝光光照强度为7.0μmol/m2·s时,类胡萝卜素的积累随时间的增加而增加;此外拟盘多毛孢菌F中类胡萝卜素的积累也受蓝光光照强度的影响。     

佐夫色绿藻高产虾青素的诱导条件及发酵工艺优化

本研究了不同诱导条件及光发酵罐培养工艺对混养佐夫色绿藻的影响,通过参数优化提高了藻细胞生物量和虾青素积累量.本研究首先系统地比较了在摇瓶系统中不同混合碳源和过氧化氢浓度对佐夫色绿藻的生长和虾青素积累的影响,并在光发酵罐中研究了恒定高光强、低光强-高光强以及低光强-高光强-补加过氧化氢三种不同发酵工艺对佐夫色绿藻积累虾青...     

烤烟立体育苗中不同 LED 红蓝光补光组合效果分析

为筛选合理的 LED红蓝光补光组合用于烤烟立体育苗,研究了 6种组合对烟苗的影响并从中选择 2种研究其对烟株田间生长及烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明: 1)随蓝光比例增加光照强度增强;2)红蓝光比 1:1、1:2、1:3和 1:4处理的烟苗成苗率显著高于对照处理,所育烟苗干物质积累较多;补光处理烟苗叶绿素相对含量显著高于对照,而烟苗根系活力则显著低于对照。红蓝光比 1:1和 1:4处理烟苗根系活力明显强于其他红蓝光比组合;3)补光处理烟苗移栽入大田后在伸根期生长要比对照缓慢,但进入旺长期后则生长加速,进入成熟期已与对照处理无明显差异,烟叶经济性状和烟叶化学成分与对照处理无明显差异。综上,红蓝光比1:1和 1:4两种组合均能满足立体育苗补光需要,且能提高育苗成苗率,提高烟苗叶片叶绿素含量,促进烟苗干物质积累。      

ESR Study of the Singlet Oxygen Quenching and Protective Activity of Trolox on the Photodecomposition of Riboflavin and Lumiflavin in Aqueous Buffer Solutions

ABSTRACT:  Singlet oxygen quenching activity of Trolox, a water-soluble derivative of tocopherol, was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in a buffer solution (pH 7.4) containing methylene blue (MB), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone (TMPD) after light illumination for 30 min. Trolox at the concentration of 125 μM quenched 89.1% singlet oxygen in the system. Trolox showed significantly higher singlet oxygen quenching activity than ascorbic acid in the buffer solution ( P  < 0.05). Riboflavin in phosphate buffer solutions was degraded very fast under fluorescent light illumination. The photodegradation rate of riboflavin at pH 8.5 was significantly higher than pHs 4.5 and 6.5 ( P  < 0.05). Lumiflavin was also degraded under the fluorescent light illumination, but its degradation rate was much lower than that of riboflavin under the same light intensity. Unlike riboflavin, the rate of lumiflavin photodegradation was the greatest at pH 4.5 and followed by pHs 6.5 and 8.5, in a decreasing order. Trolox greatly protected the photodegradation of riboflavin and lumiflavin. The protective activities of Trolox against the photodegradation of riboflavin and lumiflavin were also pH dependent. The treatments of 5 mM Trolox in the buffer solutions of pHs 8.5 and 6.5 exhibited 56.1% and 31.7% protection of riboflavin against degradation during 120 min light illumination, respectively. The treatments of Trolox at the concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mM in the buffer of 6.5 exhibited 14.8%, 58.4%, and 81.4% protection of lumiflavin against degradation during 24 h light illumination, respectively.     

虾青素保护视网膜色素上皮细胞免受蓝光发光二极管诱导的氧化应激损伤

目的：探究虾青素对蓝光发光二极管（light-emitting diodes,LED）诱导ARPE-19细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：采用不同浓度的虾青素预处理细胞1 h后,蓝光LED下光氧化损伤诱导24 h。噻唑蓝法测定细胞活力,乳酸脱氢酶检测法分析细胞毒性,2’,7’-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯荧光探针法测定细胞内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的水平,JC-1荧光探针法测定细胞内线粒体膜电位的变化,利用酶学相关试剂盒测定细胞内源性抗氧化酶活力,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法测定细胞内II相解毒基因的转录表达水平,Western blot法测定细胞内核因子E2相关因子2（nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2,Nrf2）的核蛋白表达水平。结果：虾青素（5、10 μmol/L和20 μmol/L）预处理以浓度依赖的方式抑制蓝光LED诱导的ARPE-19细胞活力降低,缓解细胞毒性;虾青素预处理能够减少细胞内ROS的产生,稳定线粒体膜电位,提高内源性抗氧化酶活力。此外,虾青素诱导了Nrf2的核转位,增加了抗氧化酶和II相解毒基因的表达,从而保护ARPE-19细胞免受蓝光LED诱导的氧化应激损伤。结论：虾青素通过诱导Nrf2的核转位,促进抗氧化酶和II相解毒基因的表达水平升高从而保护ARPE-19细胞免受蓝光LED诱导的氧化应激损伤。     

Development and characterization of a photoautotrophic cell line of pak-bung hairy roots

A cell line of photoautotrophic pak-bung hairy roots was established from photomixotrophic ones by acclimation cultivations with a stepwise change of sucrose concentration in a medium with 3.0% CO2-enriched air supplied under continuous light irradiation. The derived photoautotrophic hairy roots had high chlorophyll content and activity of 1,5-ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the values of which were 4.1- and 2.0-fold more than those of the parent photomixotroph, respectively. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the photoautotrophic hairy root cells possessed well-developed chloroplasts. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacoal peroxidase found in the hairy roots were comparable to those found in the leaves and roots of parent plants of pak-bung, respectively. The elongation rate of growing points of the hairy roots was maximum at 5.0% CO2 concentration in gas phase and an incident light intensity of 10 W/m2 under the photoautotrophic conditions examined. Although light was indispensable for ensuring photoautotrophy of the hairy roots, it was found that exposure of the roots to strong light resulted in the reduction in the number of viable growing points governing the overall growth rate of the hairy roots.