A performance comparison of full- and half-bridge series resonantinverters in high-frequency high-power applications

Load-commutated full- and half-bridge series resonant inverters are dual at lower operating frequencies where the di/dt inductance L_s has negligible effect on their performance. At higher frequencies, however, the effect of inductor L_s dominates the ratings of components, and their performance is significantly different. The difference in their performance is a function of the operating frequency and is more pronounced at higher frequencies. To study the behavior of inverters at higher frequencies, a detailed analysis is presented which includes the effect of the di/dt inductance. Finally, the performance of two inverters is compared in terms of inverter kVA rating, and the kVA rating of the compensating capacitor     

Destruction of living cells by pulsed high-voltage application

Destruction of living cells in liquid has been formed by pulsed high-voltage application to the liquid. S. cerevsaie (yeast cell) or Bacillus natto, dispersed in deionized water and one- and three-percent NaCl solution, were used in this experiment. Four different electrodes (plate-plate, needle-plate wire-cylinder, and rod-rod electrode) were tested. The survival rate of cells was measured against peak electric field E_p pulsewidth T _W, and pulse application number N. The experimental results indicate that the survivability roughly follows Weilbull distribution. Yeast cells dispersed in deionized water could be almost completely destroyed when the wire-cylinder electrode was used with E_p=20 kV/cm, T_W=100 μs, and N=200. The energy input to a unit volume of the liquid to complete the cell destruction, however, differed significantly with the electrode type. The wire-cylinder electrode required above 10-30 cal/cm ³ to destroy the yeast cell in deionized water to 10^-6 survivability. This value was less than that required more than 70 cal/cm³. Using the rod-rod electrode contained in a pressure vessel, an arc discharge was generated to produce an intensive shock wave, which also destroyed the cells by its mechanical force. In this case, 5-10 cal/cm³ of energy was required to decrease the survivability of yeast cells in deionized water to 10^-6. Though further studies are necessary, this results indicate a possibility of the cell destruction by pulsed high voltage to be used as an energy-efficient sterilization process     

ELFSL4-2型断路器灭弧室气流场分布计算及分析

根据热力学和等熵流理论,开发出相应的数值计算方法和程序,对ELFSL4—2型断路器灭弧室开断过程中上游气缸压力,温度和喷口气流量进行了计算,同时还计算出电流过零时气压、流速、温度等参数沿喷口轴向的空间分布值。结果显示,该灭弧室较好地利用了电弧阻塞效应,因此具有良好的灭弧能力。     

On the definition of power factor and apparent power in unbalancedpolyphase circuits with sinusoidal voltage and currents

Definition for the apparent power S and for the power factor PF in unbalanced polyphase circuits with sinusoidal waveforms are presented. It is proved that the definition S²=(V_a²+V _b²+V_c²) (I _a²+I_b²+I _c²) has a definite physical meaning, leading itself to a convenient resolution in positive, negative and zero sequence, nonactive and active power. It is suggested that the power factor be represented with the help of the ratio P⁺/ S, where P⁺ is the positive sequence active powers     

Influence of an insulating spacer on the V-tcharacteristics of a coaxial gas-insulated cable. II. Tests on EHV buses

For pt.I see ibid., vol.3, no.1, p.16-25 (1988). The V- t characteristics of EHV buses were evaluated for two configurations with rated voltages of 550 and 800 kV. The bus dimensions were 6 m in length and 17.8/53.3 cm and 20.3-61 cm in diameter, respectively. They were each fitted with two tripod-type epoxy spacers. The results show a pronounced influence of the supporting spacers on the V-t characteristic, corresponding to a reduced withstand voltage and less dispersion in the measured breakdown voltages. A statistical method is presented for deriving the V- t characteristics of a gas-insulated system from those of the individual components     

A stator flux-oriented voltage source variable-speed drive based onDC link measurement

The authors present a new control strategy for variable speed drives, which is aimed at improving or even replacing existing volts per hertz (V/f) open loop variable-speed drives. This strategy uses only the DC link current and voltage, which are readily available in a V/f drive for protection purposes, to implement closed loop flux and torque control. Stator flux and electromagnetic torque feedback signals are derived from the DC link voltage, the DC link current, and inverter switching states. Digital implementation is seen to be possible with slight modification on existing V/f drives. Practical considerations in implementing such a system are emphasized, and experimental results are presented to show the feasibility of the scheme     

Contribution to the discussion of `1987 ampacitytables-demystifying the myths'

The author discusses J. Nasilowski's remarks (see ibid., vol.26, no.4, p.605, 1990) on a paper by D.W. Zipse (see ibid., vol.25, no.5, pp.910-17, 1989). Nasilowski claimed that in M=(hS/R)^1/2, where M is the current coefficient of heating, h is the heat transfer coefficient, including both convection and radiation, S is the surface area of the conductor, and R is the resistance, M is constant for a specific material for a range of currents and for temperature rises up to about 60 K. The author argues that M is approximately constant only for a specific conductor and for restricted ranges of temperature rise and ambient temperature. In his reply, Nasilowski stresses the utility of the assumption that M =constant for calculations of steady state temperature rise of the conductors in a quiet air     

Investigation of alternative residual current compensation forimproving series compensated line distance protection

The effect of the residual compensation factor on the measuring accuracy of distance protection measurements when an earth fault occurs on a series compensated line is investigated. It is shown that, when conventional residual compensation is used, there will be an error in the impedance measurement which depends on the ratio I_sa (I_sa+K_cI_res ) where I_sa is the faulted phase current at the relaying point, K_c is the conventional residual compensation factor, and I_res is the residual current. It is also shown that this expression depends on load current and source conditions at the line ends. In consequence, errors of measurement and concomitant overreaching/underreaching can occur when conventional residual compensation methods, as applied to plain feeders, are used in series compensated applications. An alternative method of compensation has therefore been developed. This has been found to improve accuracy of measurement at the boundary and relay measurement integrity for other fault positions in series compensated line applications     

Basic mechanisms of generation and flow of harmonic signals inbalanced and unbalanced three-phase power systems

The basic mechanisms of generation and flow of harmonic signals in electric power networks are discussed. With regard to generation, the unbalanced operating condition of a six-pulse converter is studied. Guidelines which are applicable in the general case are obtained. With regard to flow of harmonic signals, a new relationship between distortion voltamperes and total harmonic distortion is derived. This relationship is very similar to the P/δ and Q/| V| relations which are well known in electric power flow studies     

Increased operating flexibility for superconducting magnetic energystorage systems through the use of self-commutation

In a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system, it is convenient to use a twelve-pulse converter as the electrical interface between the high-voltage transmission systems and the superconducting coil. The authors present a technique for the construction of a circular PQ diagram to analyze power flow for a converter and SMES. The method indicates that, if self-commutation is used, any operating state in the PQ plane may be attained. This flexibility in operating state implies that all operating conditions, from unity power factor to zero power factor lagging, are attainable in the rectifier as well as the inverter modes. The implications of this flexibility, including harmonic impact, are discussed     

Theory for finite-phase traveling-wave boundary-guided transport oftriboelectrified particles

Numerical simulations are used to picture synchronous and asynchronous domains of traveling-wave pumping of charge-conserving particles (having mass m, charge q, radius a, and mobility b) in terms of the dimensionless frequency Ω=(ω/k)/(bE₀), mass M=(m/q) (kb) (bE₀), and gravitational acceleration G=mg/qE₀, where k and ω are the wavenumber and angular frequency of the imposed wave and E₀=kV, where V is the peak voltage. The effects of having a finite number of phases consisting of discrete electrodes covered by a semi-insulating layer are highlighted. The time-average velocity in the direction of wave travel is found to be synchronous (have velocity ω/k) for 0<Ω<Ω*<1, where Ω* is reduced by having finite phases. Because the discrete electrodes result in hops of higher magnitude, they tend to result in a conversion to asynchronous hopping and `certain' modes at a lower frequency than with a sinusoidal wave. At low M, they can also result in the stalling of particle pumping as the frequency is raised. Predicted effects of image forces, dielectric layer thickness, bulk conductivity, and surface conductivity as well as particle sticking and slipping are discussed     

PTFE蒸气对电弧特性影响的数值分析

在喷口电弧动态数学模型中 ,考虑了喷口烧蚀产生的PTFE蒸气的作用。应用有限元方法模拟了SF6 自能膨胀式断路器开断短路电流的过程。通过与不考虑PTFE蒸气影响的开断过程的模拟结果相比较 ,得到了PTFE蒸气对喷口电弧特性影响的结果。表明 :PTFE蒸气使喷口电弧的压力明显增高 ;使电流较高时的电弧温度降低 ;使电弧电流过零时的弧区温度升高 ;在电弧电流下降时 ,电弧的温度下降速度变慢 ;使电弧的半径增大。     

大电流真空电弧磁流体动力学模型与仿真

为了对大电流真空电弧进行深入研究,以真空电弧双温度磁流体动力学模型为基础,通过计算流体动力学软件FLUENT,采用控制容积法,对大电流真空电弧特性进行了仿真研究。对于大电流真空电弧而言,等离子体的流动处于亚音速状态,因此,在阴极和阳极边界条件的选择上将区别于超音速流动的真空电弧。同时对等离子体密度、轴向电流密度、等离子体速度、马赫数、离子温度、电子温度、离子压力、等离子体压力以及注入阳极的能流密度分布的形成机理进行了分析。从仿真结果可以发现,大电流真空电弧等离子体压力的最大值出现在阴极附近,等离子体将在压力梯度的作用下从阴极到阳极做加速运动,这一点明显区别于超音速流动的真空电弧。另外,仿真结果与高速CCD照片也是吻合的。     

On the calculation of breakdown voltages for uniform electricfields in compressed air and SF6

A novel method is described for calculating the breakdown voltage of uniform field gaps in compressed air and SF₆ without the need for experiments. This method is based on the criterion of self-recurring single-electron avalanches developed in the gap. It is shown that the results computed by this method for pd values to the right of Paschen's minimum (up to 15 kPa·m in air and up to 5 kPa·M in SF₆) are in good agreement with those measured experimentally. It is also shown that the use of the streamer criterion overestimates the breakdown voltage when applied for pd values where Townsend's mechanism is valid. In addition, it is shown that the size of the avalanche (and hence the parameter K) at breakdown is not constant as adopted in the literature; it depends upon the gap length and gas pressure     

Fully digital, vector-controlled PWM VSI-fed AC drives with aninverter dead-time compensation strategy

A dead-time compensation method in vector-controlled pulse width modulator (PWM) voltage source inverters (VSIs) is proposed. The method is based on a feedforward approach that produces compensating signals obtained from the I_d-I_q current and inverter output angular frequency references in the rotating reference (d-q) frame. It provides excellent inverter output voltage distortion correction for both fundamental and harmonic components. The correction is not affected by the magnitude of the inverter output voltage or current distortions. Since this dead-time compensation method allows current loop calculations in the d- q frame at a slower sampling rate, with a conventional microprocessor than calculations in the stationary reference frame, a fully digital. vector-controlled speed regulator with just a component current control loop is realized for PWM VSIs. Simulations and test results obtained for the compensation method are also described     

The relationship between virtual time and quality factor forheavy-current test circuits

The use of deviations in virtual time for plotting the time-current characteristics and evaluating the thermal effect of the DC component of a fault current is discussed. The relationship between the virtual-time deviation, the initial EMF phase making angle and the Q factor is used as the basis of a newly developed method for evaluation of the Q factor. This method is particularly useful in the range of higher values of Q, where other methods are not as efficient. For example, the most common DC component damping method is very vulnerable to even small errors in the estimation of the value of this component. In the method presented here, the main contributing factor is that the evaluation of Q is based on measuring the constant component of the virtual-time deviation, which in turn is directly proportional to the time constant of the circuit. The only major shortcoming of the method is the need to maintain the test current until the quasi-steady state is reached     

压气式气吹灭弧室的气动计算

本文主要计算了气吹断路器中喷口内一维非定常气流流动参数分布。在上游压气室气压变化条件下计算了喷口内气流流动速度和压力分布特性。从理论上分析计算了空载及开断电流为４０ｋＡ条件下电弧热效应对分闸速度及喷口内焓流特性的影响。     

High harmonic currents in fluorescent lamp circuits

Some formulae associated with the percentage of high harmonics in the current in fluorescent lamp fixtures are derived for the cases of L and LC ballasts. The third harmonic is analyzed most carefully, and the theoretically predicted values are compared with those found experimentally. The agreement appears to be quite satisfactory. To meet the requirement of a standard, the power factor of the system, which appears to be a nontrivial point, was taken into account     

Characterization of an insulated SCL non-relativistic electron-beamdiode operating at 300 kV/cm

High current density (>100 A/cm²) electron beam diodes operating beyond 250 kV/cm in a 1 cm gap configuration are described. The principal features of the electron source are the high current density and high field without the onset of vacuum arcs or arc collapse prior to gap closure. The electron beam diode was controlled by a variable pulse-width output Marx generator. Fields to 600 kV/cm were applied for 25 to 30 ns, and to 300 kV/cm during space-charge limited current conduction at pulse lengths of 100 to 120 ns. Evidence of the transition to space-charge limited unipolar flow and transition to bipolar space-charge limited flow was obtained. Traces of the typical behavior and the different transitions are shown. Beam uniformity was measured by using a set of Faraday cups. The Faraday cup setup was then used to demonstrate suppression of electron emission from surfaces coated with a dielectric film