Quality Control of Recycled Aggregates Derived from Construction and Demolition Wastes

In 2007, over 24 million tons of Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes were generated in Hong Kong. Since the local landfills will be saturated in about 6 years, it is important to find a viable way to reuse these waste materials as to alleviate the demand on public fill capacity. In order to tackle the problem, the Hong Kong government has set up a temporary recycling facility in Hong Kong in 2002 for producing different sizes of recycled aggregate for use in various construction materials. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has been studying the feasible use of recycled aggregates in Hong Kong for a number of years. A substantial amount of experimental results on the properties of recycled aggregates and the effect of recycled aggregates on the properties of concrete and other construction products (e.g. concrete blocks and granular subbase) has been published. In this paper, the experience of Hong Kong in using recycled aggregates are summarized and a set of quality control guidelines proposed for governing the use of recycled aggregates in Hong Kong is introduced. The experience and guidelines may also be useful for the recycling of waste materials derived from the recent Sichuan earthquake in China.     

Processing investigation and optimization for hybrid thermoplastic composites

A thermoplastic based composite material is suitable for automobile and aerospace applications. The recyclability of thermoplastic and clean processing further enhance its use. The only limitation encountered in using this material is its high-melt viscosity. Various techniques have been developed to overcome this problem. Commingled materials are one of such methods adopted for making proper use of thermoplastic. A major problem observed during the use of a commingled material is its de-commingling, wherein, the uniform distribution of fiber and thermoplastic yam gets disturbed and affects the final quality of the composite. The effects of the braiding process on laminate quality were investigated. Flat plaques were produced by braiding the commingled yam, using a 48- carrier braiding machine. The braids （and control woven samples） were subsequently heated and consolidated in a nonisothermal compression molding operation. Prior to the manufacture of the ＇best quality＇ plaques, a series of moldings were produced under different consolidation conditions, to study the dependence of properties on the process variables. This enabled a processing window to be established for each material and helped to separate the respective effects of yam handling, textile processing, and consolidation on laminate properties.     

Improved K-means Algorithm for Manufacturing Process Anomaly Detection and Recognition

Anomaly detection and recognition are of prime importance in process industries.Faults are usually rare,and, therefore,predicting them is difficult.In this paper,a new greedy initialization method for the K-means algorithm is proposed to improve traditional K-means clustering techniques.The new initialization method tries to choose suitable initial points,which are well separated and have the potential to form high-quality clusters.Based on the clustering result of historical disqualification product data in manufacturing process which generated by the Improved-K-means algorithm,a prediction model which is used to detect and recognize the abnormal trend of the quality problems is constructed.This simple and robust alarm-system architecture for predicting incoming faults realizes the transition of quality problems from diagnosis afterward to prevention beforehand indeed.In the end,the alarm model was applied for prediction and avoidance of gear-wheel assembly faults at a gear-plant.     

放射性廃棄物量を低減するための低放射化材料の開発

When nuclear plants will reach to decommission stage, a huge amount of concrete should be disposed as radioactive waste. So design methodology for reinforced concrete of nuclear power plants to reduce radioactive wastes in decommission phase has been developed. To realize this purpose （1）Development of raw materials database of cements, aggregates and steel bars on concentration of radioactive target elements, （2）trial production of low activation cement and steel bars based on the material database, and （3）development of tools for estimation and prediction of the amount of radioactive elements in reactor shielding walls have been carried out.
Manufactu cements, low-a crete. After th ring tests by etivation addi at, we devel mixing together with low-activation aggregate, low-activation tives, etc, have been performed to develop low-activation conoped various types （1/10, 1/20, 1/30, …, 1/1000, 1/3000, and 1/10000） of low activation concrete composed of low activation raw materials as very useful shielding material in a nuclear facility. The term＂1/10 of low-activation concrete＂ denotes that the activity reduction rate to ordinary concrete is designed to be 1/10. By adopting some suitable types of low-activation concrete, most of the shielding concrete around ABWR and APWR are classified below clearance level on decommissioning.
To reduce the radioactive concrete, the most effective methodology is not to use the materials of high radio-nuclide content such as coal ash and blast furnace slag, and to use limestone as additives or aggregate. However, concrete uses Portland cement for hardening, therefore, it is difficult to reduce the amount of radioactive concrete unless radio-nuclide content in cement is reduced. So in this study, we tried to develop the new type of low-activation cement by reducing of radio-nuclide as europium and cobalt.     

Application of modified banker＇ s algorithm in FMS deadlock problem

Presents a method for deadlock avoidance algorithm used in Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). This method is an improvement of the Banker algorithm. The Banker algorithm is commonly used in the Operating System (OS), but some improvements will have to be made on the algorithm if this algorithm is used in FMS. The difference between the process in operating system and the job in the FMS is fully discussed. Based on this difference, the improvement is made. In order to improve the algorithm, formal methods are adopted to the manufacturing systems. The simulation model is translated into a format suitable for model checking. That is, the model is written into PROMELA, the input language of the popular model checker SPIN. After that, SPIN is used to verify that the model does not have deadlock. This algorithm proves to be highly effective in practice.     

Comparing material wastage levels between conventional in-situ and prefabrication construction in Hong Kong

Generation of construction wastes constitutes a major impact to the environment. Studies have been directed toward reducing wastes of the various construction processes. However, contractors in Hong Kong are rather conservative and lack motivation to develop new technology for waste minimization. This paper examines the benefits of using prefabrication in reducing material wastage levels for some traditional in-situ trades such as concreting, rebar fixing, bricklaying, drywall, plastering, screeding and tiling in Hong Kong. By measuring thirty construction projects, it is been found that waste levels of all major construction trades can be effectively reduced. This is particularly significant in the trade of plastering where 100% saving can be achieved after adopting prefabrication. The standardized design of the building can also be useful in the adoption of prefabrication for private housing projects.     

Improved response surface method based on sample point selection strategies

In the reliability analysis of complex structures,response surface method(RSM)has been suggested as an efficient technique to estimate the actual but implicit limit state function.A set of sample points are needed to fit to the implicit function.It has been noted that the accuracy of RSM depends highly on the so-called sample points.However,the technique for point selection has had little attention.In the present study,an improved response surface method(IRSM)based on two sample point selection techniques,named the direction cosines projected strategy(DCS)and the limit step length iteration strategy(LSS),is investigated.Since it uses the sampling points selected to be located in the region close to the original failure surface,and since it needs only one response surface,the IRSM should be accurate and simple in practical structural problems.Applications to several typical examples have helped to elucidate the successful working of the IRSM.     

Research of the ATR system based on the 3-D models and L-M BP neural network

Automatic target recognition （ATR） is an important issue for military applications, the topic of the ATR system belongs to the field of pattern recognition and classification. In the paper, we present an approach for building an ATR system with improved artificial neural network to recog- nize and classify the typical targets in the battle field. The invariant features of Hu invariant moments and roundness were selected to be the inputs of the neural network because they have the invari- ances of rotation, translation and scaling. The pictures of the targets are generated by the 3-D mod- els to improve the recognition rate because it is necessary to provide enough pictures for training the artificial neural network. The simulations prove that the approach can be implement ed in the ATR system and it has a high recognition rate and can be applied in real time.     

Optimization of post-classification processing of high-resolution satellite image:A case study

The application of remote sensing monitoring techniques plays a crucial role in evaluating and governing the vast amount of ecological construction projects in China. However, extracting information of ecological engineering target through high-resolution satellite image is arduous due to the unique topography and complicated spatial pattern on the Loess Plateau of China. As a result, enhancing classification accuracy is a huge challenge to high-resolution image processing techniques. Image processing techniques have a definitive effect on image properties and the selection of different parameters may change the final classification accuracy during post-classification processing. The common method of eliminating noise and smoothing image is majority filtering. However, the filter function may modify the original classified image and the final accuracy. The aim of this study is to develop an efficient and accurate post-processing technique for acquiring information of soil and water conservation engineering, on the Loess Plateau of China, using SPOT image with 2.5 m resolution. We argue that it is vital to optimize satellite image filtering parameters for special areas and purposes, which focus on monitoring ecological construction projects. We want to know how image filtering influences final classified results and which filtering kernel is optimum. The study design used a series of window sizes to filter the original classified image, and then assess the accuracy of each output map and image quality. We measured the relationship between filtering window size and classification accuracy, and optimized the post-processing techniques of SPOT5 satellite images. We conclude that (1) smoothing with the majority filter is sensitive to the information accuracy of soil and water conservation engineering, and (2) for SPOT5 2.5 m image, the 5×5 pixel majority filter is most suitable kernel for extracting information of ecological construction sites in the Loess Plateau of China.     

RAW MEALS CONTAINING TRACE RE OXIDES TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF CEMENT CLINKER

Clay or industrial wastes containing trace rare earth(RE) oxides as one of the components are used to burn cement clinker.When the total amount of RE oxides reaches 0.2×10~(-4)-2.0×10~(-4)(wt), it has positive effect on the burnability of raw meals, and the Alite content in clinker increases.However,with the addition of lanthanide, the formation process of clinker and the distribution of lanthanide in clinker are different from those of yt trium.If the burning temperature is 1450 C, yttrium shows negative effect on the formation of clinker. There fore to improve the quality of cement clinker, the raw meals in which yttrium content is lower and lanthanide content is higher is preferable; to reduce the consumption of coal, the raw meals that yttrium content is higher is suitable.Using raw meals containing trace RE oxides can reduce the cost of fluorite and protect environment.     

Quality Improvement of Granular Wastes-The Effective Way to Recycle Secondary Raw Building Materials

1　IntroductionTherearefourmaintypesofgranularwastematerialslistedinTable 1.Constructionanddemolitionwaste(CDW )arefromtheconstruction ,remodelling ,repairinganddemolishingofbuildingsandotherstructures .Ashesaretheresiduesfromburningofwood ,coal ,andother…     

有机合成中的绿色化学

绿色化学在有机合成中十分重要，近几年来得到了很大的发展，为了减少环境污染，实现有机合成的绿色化，可采用以下方法：选用绿色合成原料，减少在反应过程中使用有机溶剂，实现原料的绿色化，采用有机电合成技术，利用电子这一清洁的能源，实现一步反应合成有机物，提高产率，降低三废污染，采用合适的催化剂合成有机产品，减少合成步骤，提高产率，合成对环境有益的有机化工产品，降低传统农药，染料等化工产品对环境的影响。     

三峡库区成库后工业固体废弃物的处置与利用

三峡水库形成后,保护和改善三峡库区生态的环境,日益成为影响重庆直辖市经济、社会全面发展的重要因素.而工业固体废弃物是影响三峡库区生态环境质量的关键因素之一,是影响我市经济与社会发展的热点和难点问题.论述了重庆工业固体废弃物排放、处置和利用的现状、前景和发展趋势,分析了国内外可资借鉴的经验,探讨了用高新技术和先进适用技术变废为宝的途径和前景,提出了三峡库区成库后工业固体废弃物的处置与利用对策.研究工业固体废弃物的处置与利用技术,不仅有利于三峡库区生态环境保护,还有利于新重庆的发展,其潜在的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益较大.     

香港建筑废物再生骨料混凝土的研究进展

减少,回收和再利用各种废物是当今世界可持续发展的战略之一.香港的建筑工业每天都要产生大量的建筑废物,处理和管理这些建筑废物已经成为严重的社会问题和环境问题.随着经济的快速增长,国内的一些大城市中建筑废物的处理和管理同样成为主要的环境和社会问题之一.回收和再利用建筑废物,不仅可以节约处理建筑废物的土地,减少管理和处理建筑废物的成本,而且可以节约大量的自然资源.香港政府已经建立了回收和筛选建筑废物的设施.香港理工大学在回收和再利用建筑废物领域开展了近十年的研究工作,取得了一定的成果并向香港政府推荐了再生骨料回收再利用的规范.笔者介绍香港理工大学在研究建筑废物再生骨料混凝土方面取得的成果,包括建筑废物再生骨料环保砖、粉煤灰再生骨料混凝土、蒸汽养护再生骨料混凝土等.并介绍再生骨料混凝土在香港湿地公园的应用情况.这些技术成果将对回收和利用建筑废物起到促进作用.     

River Water Quality Model Based on Remote Sensing Information Methods——A Case Study of Lijing River in Guilin City

1 Introduction Mathematical methods are used in river water quality models to describe laws of dilution, diffusion and self-purification of contaminants after they enter rivers. These kind of models have already been well developed in both theoretical and applied research since the BOD-DO model was developed by Streeter and Phelps. Especially after the 1970’s, a number of comprehensive models have been created, which contain many variables and describe in detail the transportation and tran…     

River Water Quality Model Based on Remote Sensing Information Methods--A Case Study of Lijing River in Guilin City

River water quality models based on remote sensing information models are superior to pure water quality models because they combine the inevitability and risk of geographical phenomena and can take complex geographical characteristics into account. A water quality model for forecasting COD has been established with remote sensing information modeling methods by monitoring and analyzing water quantity and water quality of the Lijing River reach which flows through a complicated Karst mountain area. This model provides a good tool to predict water quality of complex rivers. It is validated by simulating contaminant concentrations of the study area. The results show that remote sensing information models are suitable for complex geography. It is not only a combined model of inevitability and risk of the geographical phenomena, but also a semi-theoretical and semi-empirical formula, providing a good tool to study organic contaminants in complicated rivers. The coefficients and indices obtained have limited value and the model is not suitable for all situations. Some improvements are required.     

经济发展与环境质量关系实证研究——以河南省18个省辖市为例

基于2009年河南省18个省辖市的经济发展与环境质量数据,以及环境库兹涅茨假说,利用二次多项式和三次多项式模型对河南省工业经济发展与工业“三废”排放量的关系进行检验．结果显示,河南省环境库茨涅茨曲线不同于典型的倒“U”型曲线,工业总产值和环境质量、固体废弃物排放量之间均呈倒“N”型曲线关系,和废气排放量之间呈倒“U”型曲线关系,而和废水排放量之间呈弱正相关关系,整体环境呈现向好趋势．但是经济增长并不能自动改善环境质量,只有经历“后治理”这一阶段,环境质量才会出现好转．曲线陡峭以及拐点的提前出现是经济和环境没有协调发展所致,在以后的发展过程中应抓好两者的协调工作．     

Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutions

The environmental challenges from coal mining include coal mine accidents,land subsidence,damage to the water environment,mining waste disposal and air pollution.These are either environmental pollution or landscape change.A conceptual framework for solving mine environmental issues is proposed.Clean processes,or remediation measures,are designed to address environmental pollution.Restoration measures are proposed to handle landscape change.The total methane drainage from 56 Chinese high methane concentration coal mines is about 101.94 million cubic meters.Of this methane,19.32 million,35.58 million and 6.97 million cubic meters are utilized for electricity generation,civil fuel supplies and other industrial purposes,respectively.About 39% of the methane is emitted into the atmosphere.The production of coal mining wastes can be decreased 10% by reuse of mining wastes as underground fills,or by using the waste as fuel for power plants or for raw material to make bricks or other infrastructure materials.The proper use of mined land must be decided in terms of local physical and socio-economical conditions.In European countries more than 50% of previously mined lands are reclaimed as forest or grass lands.However,in China more than 70% of the mined lands are reclaimed for agricultural purposes because the large population and a shortage of farmlands make this necessary.Reconstruction of rural communities or native residential improvement is one environmental problem arising from mining.We suggest two ways to reconstruct a farmer's house in China.     

新世纪食品包装的发展趋势

近几年来 ,国内外食品包装的新材料、新设计和新技术不断出现 ,拓展了包装功能 ,满足了消费需求 ,而同时 ,减轻包装废弃物对环境污染已成为新世纪食品包装的发展趋势。在这方面 ,我国应进一步缩短与发达国家的差距 ,大力推行绿色包装     

建筑废料减量化管理措施研究

建筑垃圾的迅速增多．不仅成为污染环境的一个主要因素，而且大量地浪费了各种资源,对环境和社会的可持续发展造成了极大的负面影响．根据课题组在深圳和香港的问卷调查以及深圳市十二个大型建设项目的跟踪调查结果，对施工过程中各种建筑废料的构成和来源进行了分析，探讨了建筑废料产生的原因．同时，提出了加强建筑废料减量化管理的相应措施．