Development and implementation of hazard analysis and critical control point plans by several U.S. feed manufacturers

The commitment to consumer food safety, global trade, and proposed new regulations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine has led to increased adoption of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) by the U.S. feed industry. A project supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Integrated Food Safety Initiate titled "Development and Implementation of a Voluntary HACCP Program for the US Feed Industry" enabled faculty from three land grant universities to assist individuals from 14 feed companies that collectively manufacture 15 million metric tons of feed in 100 facilities to develop HACCP plans. The process flow in these plans averaged 20 steps, and the most detailed plan included 60 process steps. Chemical hazards were more commonly identified in HACCP plans (average of four hazards per plan) than were biological hazards (average of one per plan). The most prevalent chemical hazards were cross-contamination of type A medicated articles and type B medicated feeds, aflatoxin, and wrong ingredient inclusion in feed. The most common biological hazard was mammalian protein contamination of feed ingredients and finished feed for cattle. An assessment of time and costs associated with developing HACCP plans revealed that approximately 29% of the companies needed additional personnel or additional equipment to implement a HACCP plan, and on average 268 additional person hours were needed to develop and implement a HACCP plan. Plan design, compliance monitoring, and record keeping were the three most time-consuming activities needed for developing and implementing a HACCP plan. The average cost of additional equipment needed to implement a HACCP plan was $250.     

HACCP体系在蜂蜜生产质量控制中的应用

目的通过介绍HACCP体系在本公司蜂蜜实际生产中的运用,以期能为其他蜂产品企业提供参考,共同为人类健康事业添砖增瓦。方法通过分析从蜂蜜原料到蜂蜜终产品整个食品工艺流程,寻找关键控制点(CCP),并确定关键控制点,在发生食品安全危害之前将其危害消除或达到可以接受的水平。结果在蜂蜜生产过程中制定了2个CCP,分别为原料收购时氯霉素限量的控制和化蜜、巴氏杀菌时的微生物数量的控制。结论 HACCP体系是一项保证食品安全的预防性技术管理体系。通过引入HACCP体系,对蜂蜜产品进行有效地食品安全控制,从而确保生产出健康的蜂产品,为广大消费者提供有益健康的蜂蜜。     

HACCP管理体系在香料香精生产中初次运行效果的验证

本文主要研究了HACCP管理体系在我公司香料香精生产过程中初次运行的效果。验证结果显示：香料香精生产过程中的三个关键控制点（原材料验收、合成反应和雾化干燥）在其关键限值内运行，产品的安全性符合标准QB／T2640-2004要求。说明HACCP小组策划的HACCP管理体系能够保证香料香精的食用安全，该体系运行是有效的。     

Validation of acid washes as critical control points in hazard analysis and critical control point systems

A 2% lactic acid wash used in a large meat-processing facility was validated as an effective critical control point (CCP) in a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) plan. We examined the microbial profiles of beef carcasses before the acid wash, beef carcasses immediately after the acid wash, beef carcasses 24 h after the acid wash, beef subprimal cuts from the acid-washed carcasses, and on ground beef made from acid-washed carcasses. Total mesophilic, psychrotrophic, coliforms, generic Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, pseudomonads, and acid-tolerant microorganisms were enumerated on all samples. The presence of Salmonella spp. was also determined. Acid washing significantly reduced all counts except for pseudomonads that were present at very low numbers before acid washing. All other counts continued to stay significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those on pre-acid-washed carcasses throughout all processing steps. Total bacteria, coliforms, and generic E. coli enumerated on ground beef samples were more than 1 log cycle lower than those reported in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Baseline data. This study suggests that acid washes may be effective CCPs in HACCP plans and can significantly reduce the total number of microorganisms present on the carcass and during further processing.     

HACCP质量控制体系在柑桔果酒生产中的应用

HACCP最大的特点是通过CCP的控制而保证终产品合格，将危害因素消灭在生产过程之中，避免了依靠最终产品检验的弊端。将HACCP体系应用到柑桔果酒的生产工艺中，根据生产工艺流程，对各个工序进行了祥尽的危害分析，确定了7个关键控制点，制定了HACCP计划表，为保证柑桔果酒的质量安全提供了依据。     

Costs of Food Safety Investments in the Meat and Poultry Slaughter Industries

To develop regulations efficiently, federal agencies need to know the costs of implementing various regulatory alternatives. As the regulatory agency responsible for the safety of meat and poultry products, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service is interested in the costs borne by meat and poultry establishments. This study estimated the costs of developing, validating, and reassessing hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), sanitary standard operating procedures (SSOP), and sampling plans; food safety training for new employees; antimicrobial equipment and solutions; sanitizing equipment; third‐party audits; and microbial tests. Using results from an in‐person expert consultation, web searches, and contacts with vendors, we estimated capital equipment, labor, materials, and other costs associated with these investments. Results are presented by establishment size (small and large) and species (beef, pork, chicken, and turkey), when applicable. For example, the cost of developing food safety plans, such as HACCP, SSOP, and sampling plans, can range from approximately $6000 to $87000, depending on the type of plan and establishment size. Food safety training costs from approximately $120 to $2500 per employee, depending on the course and type of employee. The costs of third‐party audits range from approximately $13000 to $24000 per audit, and establishments are often subject to multiple audits per year. Knowing the cost of these investments will allow researchers and regulators to better assess the effects of food safety regulations and evaluate cost‐effective alternatives.     

HACCP在出口速冻竹笋生产上的应用

根据 HACCP体系的七个原理和速冻竹笋的生产工艺流程 ,对速冻竹笋生产各工序可能存在的潜在危害进行分析 ,并确定了 3个关键控制点 ,制定了 HACCP计划表 ,保证速冻竹笋的质量安全。     

HACCP在植物油厂应用研究

食用植物油安全性直接影响到消费者安全,通过在植物油厂推行HACCP体系以控制植物油生产的关键控制点,可有效控制植物油产品安全性和产品质量,减少产品的安全风险。该文研究在植物油厂建立HACCP体系关键环节和控制措施,为各类植物油企业推行HACCP体系提供指南。     

HACCP在面粉厂的应用研究

面粉的安全性直接影响到消费者的安全。通过在面粉厂推行HACCP体系来控制面粉生产的关键控制点，可以有效控制面粉产品的安全性和产品质量，减少产品的安全风险。研究了在面粉厂建立HACCP体系的关键环节和控制措施，为在各类面粉企业推行HACCP体系提供了指南。     

A comparative presentation of implementation of ISO 22000 versus HACCP and FMEA in a small size Greek factory producing smoked trout: a case study

ISO 22000 is the new standard bound to replace HACCP on issues related to food safety. Although several companies, especially the big ones, have either implemented or are on the point of implementing ISO 22000, there are many others which are rather timid and/or reluctant to implement it. The main reason behind that is the lack of information and the fear that the new standard is too demanding in terms of bureaucratic work. This paper aims at making a comparative presentation of how the two systems can be applied to a small smoked salmon producing company thereby facilitating the emergence of the differences. The main difference is that in ISO 22000 systems like Good Manufacturing Practice and Good Hygiene Practice are prerequisites thus leading to lower number of CCPs. In this case study for example, the number of CCPs dropped from eight (8) in HACCP to four (4) in ISO 22000. Furthermore, the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis was applied to the smoked trout manufacturing process in an attempt to calculate quantitatively the Risk Priority Number (RPN) and to find out whether it can be effectively correlated to ISO 22000 and/or HACCP. RPN was found to be higher than 130 for eight steps, in close agreement with HACCP, thereby indicating that corrective actions will have to be undertaken.     

中小型企业如何面对HACCP挑战

<正> 不管现代科技先进到何种程度,食品安全仍然是世界范围内的公众健康问题。有数据证明,大多数因在食品供应链中对食品处理不当所导致的疾病都可以通过恰当的管理加以预防。目前,通过运用风险管理系统如 HACCP(危害分析与关键控制点)来保障食品安全的方式已经得到了广泛的赞同。HACCP 被描述为系统化运作、进行防范控制的内部管理体     

Evaluation of worldwide approaches to the use of HACCP to control food safety

Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a management tool, developed in the late 1960s, to ensure the safety of foods for space flights. It was subsequently recognised as an effective alternative to conventional end-point-testing by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United States Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), amongst others, and recommended for use in commercial food production. HACCP principles are now incorporated in national food safety legislation of many countries, as well as a likely future component of the standardisation of international food quality control and assurance practices. However, governments and food companies have interpreted HACCP differently. This paper describes the basic principles of HACCP, and evaluates its implementation in the European Union, North America, Australia and New Zealand, and in developing countries. The ‘Zurich House of Food-Safety’ approach was identified as the most rigorous (and possibly most effective) interpretation of HACCP, while the Australian food industry approach was identified as the most practical and readily applicable approach to HACCP.     

HACCP体系在罐装牛乳生产线中的实践

通过对某食品厂罐装牛奶生产线的工序、设备及环境中微生物污染状况的检验，及对整个生产流程进行危害分析（HA），确定了调理、UHT高温灭菌和二次杀菌3个工序为关键控制点（CCP），并提出严格的质量监控措施，建立HACCP管理体系，以保证出厂产品的安全性，从而进一步提高罐装牛奶在市场上的竞争能力。     

An overview of microbial food safety programs in beef, pork, and poultry from farm to processing in Canada

Canada's vision for the agri-food industry in the 21st century is the establishment of a national food safety system employing hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) principles and microbiological verification tools, with traceability throughout the gate-to-plate continuum. Voluntary on-farm food safety (OFFS) programs, based in part on HACCP principles, provide producers with guidelines for good production practices focused on general hygiene and biosecurity. OFFS programs in beef cattle, swine, and poultry are currently being evaluated through a national recognition program of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Mandatory HACCP programs in federal meat facilities include microbial testing for generic Escherichia coli to verify effectiveness of the processor's dressing procedure, specific testing of ground meat for E. coli O157:H7, with zero tolerance for this organism in the tested lot, and Salmonella testing of raw products. Health Canada's policy on Listeria monocytogenes divides ready-to-eat products into three risk categories, with products previously implicated as the source of an outbreak receiving the highest priority for inspection and compliance. A national mandatory identification program to track livestock from the herd of origin to carcass inspection has been established. Can-Trace, a data standard for all food commodities, has been designed to facilitate tracking foods from the point of origin to the consumer. Although much work has already been done, a coherent national food safety strategy and concerted efforts by all stakeholders are needed to realize this vision. Cooperation of many government agencies with shared responsibility for food safety and public health will be essential.     

Potential sources of food hazards in emerging commercial aquaculture industry in sub-Saharan Africa: a case study for Uganda

A study was conducted to assess sources of food hazards in Uganda's emerging commercial aquaculture industry based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), focusing on inputs, their sources and farm-practices on ten representative commercial farms. Critical control points (CCPs) were identified to reveal potential hazards that would jeopardise any export trade. Site selection, water quality, fertiliser, fish seed, fish rearing facilities, feeds, and post-harvest practices were the main CCPs identified. Animal manure was used to generate plankton as pond fertiliser in nine of the ten surveyed farms and veterinary drugs were not found in any of the ten farms, which is starkly different from aquaculture in indutrialised countries. Potential sources of hazards from water were mainly: municipal waste flow which was more likely on five of the ten farms, domestic waste (four farms), agricultural run-off (three farms), and low water pH (three farms). Fish fry and fingerlings from other farms, feeds formulated on-farm from unapproved sources, chemical products, uncontrolled fish predators, and domestic animal and human activities were the other potential sources of hazards. A complete application of HACCP is recommended for producing safe products that meet the strict market standards of developed countries.     

薄饼生产质量控制—HACCP计划执行中的微生物指标监控

通过对某食品厂薄饼生产的物料、工序、设备和环境中微生物污染状况的检验,及对整个生产流程进行危害分析,确定焙烤、收集和包装3个工序为关键控制点。在HACCP计划执行过程中,必须强调收集和包装工序环境卫生以避免或减少物料的二次污染。建立健全监测系统,及时纠正程序操作偏差,以确保产品卫生指标符合国家卫生安全标准。     

风鹅加工过程中的危害分析与关键点确定

应用危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)的原理与方法,通过对风鹅生产过程中微生物、盐分、亚硝酸盐、肌肉pH等指标的测定,分析风鹅生产各工艺步骤中对产品质量可能产生的潜在危害,从而确定了关键控制点。关键点为清洗、煮制、包装、微波杀菌。     

Application of ISO 22000 and comparison with HACCP on industrial processing of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) – Part I

Critical control points (CCPs) were identified in the risk assessment of octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) processing and implemented in the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plan. In the hazard analysis worksheet the different hazards were identified at each processing stage, whereas in the HACCP plan each CCP is identified and accompanied with the relevant significant hazard, critical limit, monitoring of the CCP and corrective actions. In this work comparison of ISO 22000 analysis with HACCP is carried out over octopus processing and packaging. ISO 22000 Analysis Worksheet was employed for determination of some prerequisite programmes (PrPs). Comparison between the two systems has been carried out using the hazard analysis worksheet. The PrPs are the main difference between the two systems. The incorporation of PrPs in the ISO 22000 made the system more flexible as a smaller number of CCPs was introduced.     

HACCP PLAN DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT: A REVIEW

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a food safety preventive program designed to assure consumers of a safe food supply. Preventive measures adopted for this concept are intended to reduce the need for microbial testing after processing. HACCP plans are designed with the incorporation of good manufacturing practices as a guide to develop sanitation standard operating procedures. Seven principles are followed. The use of preshipment review ensures that the plan has been executed. HACCP plan assessment is needed to determine if a safe product is manufactured consistently. It includes review of the HACCP manual and on-site verification that the HACCP plan is implemented properly. HACCP plan assessment helps to determine if the manufacturer has implemented a sound HACCP system, with appropriate knowledge and support programs to maintain the HACCP plan.     

对我国食品企业建立的HACCP系统常见问题的探讨

为提高我国食品企业的管理水平 ,对我国实施HACCP体系时存在的一些问题进行了深入分析 ,指出了我国部分HACCP系统中常见的 7点不足之处 :混淆HACCP系统与GMP和SSOP的关系 ,导致关键控制点过多过滥 ;缺乏产品描述阶段的内容 ,使危害分析没有依据 ;未能深入理解通过危害分析判断关键控制点的方法 ,错误选择CCP ;片面依赖实验室检测 ,未能有效利用既往食品特性资料和食源性疾病资料 ;着重控制微生物污染 ,缺乏有效的控制化学性污染措施 ;许多关键控制点缺乏快速、可操作的监控措施 ;把重点放在危害分析和确定关键控制点 ,忽视监控、纠偏和验证程序 ;缺乏完整的记录保存系统。通过分析找出了原因 ,提出了改进措施。这些措施的实施对推动我国食品企业管理水平的提高有一定的意义。