燃气透平叶片前缘气膜冷却效率的试验研究

为了研究燃气透平叶片前缘气膜冷却的传热特性,建立了叶片可视化测试试验台,对叶片前缘区域的冷却效率进行了试验研究,分析了不同吹风比、不同主流雷诺数对叶片前缘区域冷却效率的影响.结果表明：气膜孔附近的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而提高,气膜孔下游的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而降低;冷却效率最高的区域在吸力面上,最低的气膜冷却效率在压力面上产生;低吹风比时主流雷诺数对叶片冷却效率的影响较小;但在高吹风比时,主流雷诺数对叶片前缘气膜孔附近的冷却效率影响较大.     

带复合角度气膜孔的透平叶片冷却流场大涡模拟

采用大涡模型模拟了吹风比M=1.5时静止叶栅前缘射流孔为复合角度的流场结构,计算和分析了复合孔排叶片流场的三维流动结构及不同截面的涡量分布随时间的变化.结果表明:由于射流的存在,增加了流场的复杂性,流场中同时存在射流剪切层涡、马蹄形涡系、反向旋涡对和尾迹涡等4种涡系结构;叶片压力面和吸力面由于复合孔排的连续布置,冷却效果较好;射流的旋涡脱落呈周期性变化,第7排射流孔旋涡的脱落周期为0.04 s;在压力面侧,CVP的形成比吸力面早,涡的影响区域也相对较大.     

气膜孔形状对涡轮叶片气膜冷却效果的影响

基于控制容积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,采用非结构化网格及两层k-ε湍流模型,在吹风比M为0.6和1.2的情况下,数值模拟了气膜孔几何形状对涡轮叶片气膜冷却效果的影响,得到了气膜孔附近的流场分布.所选孔形为圆柱孔、前向扩张孔、开槽前向扩张孔及新型缩放槽缝孔.结果表明:圆柱孔的冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而显著地降低;开槽前向扩张孔的冷却效率优于圆柱孔和前向扩张孔;缩放槽缝孔在不同吹风比下的冷却效率均高于其它3种孔形,缩放槽缝孔和开槽前向扩张孔不同程度地抑制了反向涡旋对的产生,提高了射流对壁面的贴附性,增强了壁面的冷却效果.     

气膜孔形状对冷却效率影响的数值研究

采用控制容积法对三维定常不可压缩雷诺时均紊流方程(N-S方程)进行了离散,并在吹风比M为0.6和1.2的情况下,利用非结构化网格及两层k-e湍流模型,对气膜孔几何形状对涡轮叶片气膜冷却效率的影响进行了数值模拟,得到气膜孔附近的流场分布.结果表明:圆柱形孔的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而明显降低.前向扩张孔的冷却效率优于圆柱形孔,射流在叶高方向上扩展较广,在侧向孔间区域的气膜冷却效率较高.缩放槽缝孔在不同吹风比下的冷却效率均高于圆柱形孔和前向扩张孔,而且在孔下游较远区域,2个孔之间沿叶高方向的气膜覆盖性较好.缩放槽缝孔和前向扩张孔不同程度地抑制了反向涡旋对的产生,因而提高了射流对壁面的贴附性,增强了壁面的冷却效果.     

透平叶片表面单排孔气膜冷却效率试验研究

采用稳态红外法试验测量了透平叶片压力面和吸力面气膜孔后冷却效率的分布,分析了吹风比对叶片表面不同位置处单排孔后气膜冷却效率的影响规律,结果发现:吸力面孔排1下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而降低;孔排2出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加先增加后减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。压力面孔排1出口附近气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而减小,远离孔下游区域的气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加;孔排2下游气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增加而增加。研究成果可为燃气轮机透平叶片气膜冷却结构设计和冷却空气流量的选取提供参考。     

旋转对涡轮叶片气膜冷却影响的数值模拟

采用数值模拟的方法对旋转涡轮叶片表面的气膜冷却效率进行了研究,同时对涡轮静叶栅和动叶片在不同的旋转速度下分别进行计算,分析不同转速、吹风比和冷却气流喷射角度对气膜冷却的影响.计算结果表明,旋转使压力面气膜冷却效率降低,转速越高,气膜冷却效率越低;在吸力面冷却孔下游附近区域,叶片旋转对气膜冷却效率的影响不大,但叶片旋转使离冷却孔较远处的吸力面冷却效率升高.同时,在旋转状态下,靠近叶顶区域的叶片表面气膜冷却效率升高.     

旋转对气冷涡轮内部流场影响的PIV测量

采用PIV测速技术分别对旋转和不旋转两种情况下的气冷涡轮内部流场进行实验测量,研究旋转对气冷涡轮内部流场的影响。同时改变吹风比(M=1.5,2),研究不同射流吹风比对涡轮流场的影响。实验结果表明,冷却孔射流下游附近存在明显的尾迹区域。旋转情况下涡轮内部流场中存在的离心力、哥氏力的作用使射流与主流的掺混流场结构改变。与静止涡轮叶栅流场相比,旋转对叶片压力面侧流场的影响明显大于吸力面。同时,吹风比增大使射流与主流掺混流场区域以及射流尾迹区的范围扩大。     

吹风比与湍流度对涡轮叶片压力面气膜冷却影响的实验研究

为研究不同吹风比下主流湍流度对涡轮导叶气膜冷却的影响,采用可进行全表面换热特性参数测量的瞬态液晶传热测量技术,获得了叶片压力面侧圆柱形孔排气膜绝热有效度和表面传热系数比的全表面分布数据。结果表明:吹风比的变化对气膜绝热有效度影响显著,随着吹风比的增大,相同主流湍流度下的气膜绝热有效度明显下降,然而吹风比的增大仅对气膜孔附近区域的对流传热系数比有一定的提升作用;随着主流的湍流度增加,强化了主流和二次流的掺混,导致二次流温度快速接近主流温度,气膜射流在叶片压力面的覆盖范围变窄,绝热气膜有效度降低;由于高湍流度下的光滑叶片对流传热系数显著提高,造成对流传热系数比随着主流湍流度的增大而减小。     

重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶气膜冷却特性数值模拟研究

采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,并结合Simple算法和有限体积法对三维定常不可压缩N-S方程进行离散,对某重型燃气轮机透平第一级动叶在不同吹风比和主流湍流度条件下的气膜冷却效率进行了数值模拟。结果表明:气膜冷却能够有效地降低叶片表面的温度,但叶片前缘吹风比的改变对冷却效果的影响不是很大,在前缘滞止线两侧仍然存在较大的高温区;在压力面侧和吸力面侧,随着吹风比的增大,沿叶片展向平均冷却效率分布都得到了提高;低吹风比时,吸力面靠前缘区域孔排中的冷却孔保持单孔冷却特点,孔间区域冷却效果较差;主流湍流度对气膜冷却效果产生了明显的影响,但影响趋势因不同吹风比而各不相同,其对冷却射流的影响主要集中在气膜孔下游扩散上。     

叶型表面曲率对离散孔气膜冷却性能的影响

由于型面曲率的影响,涡轮叶片前缘和吸力面的冷却气膜易于脱离型面,气膜冷却效果下降。本研究将叶片型线分段拟合,建立了多个单一曲率的曲面模型(R/D=-30、-75、120、∞),研究涡轮叶片表面曲率对于气膜冷却的影响。流动与传热的数值模拟采用Fluent软件,湍流模型选择RNGk-ε模型,模拟方法经平板流动进行的结果验证是可靠的。在不同吹风比(M=0.5、1.2、2.0)条件下,计算比较了不同曲率曲面上气膜单孔下游的壁面传热系数以及局部平均气膜冷却效率。结果表明:涡轮叶片型面曲率对气膜冷却效果的影响与吹风比有关。不同曲率的型线部分,应该设计采用不同的吹风比,气膜冷却效果可能取得最佳。低吹风比M<1时,凹面曲率对气膜换热系数是强化,凸面基本没有作用。高吹风比M>1时,曲率不影响换热能力,冷却效果则取决与气膜相对于型面的流动状态和与主流的掺混能力。     

尾迹对气膜冷却影响的三维非定常数值模拟

采用数值计算的方法，对带有前导静叶的涡轮动叶气膜冷却进行三维非定常数值计算，研究了静叶非定常尾迹对动叶气膜孔周围流场及绝热冷却效率的影响，同时比较了在吹风比M=0．8和M=1．5时动叶表面气膜冷却效果的变化。结果表明，静叶尾迹使动叶压力面和吸力面上冷却气流的流场发生改变，降低了叶片表面的气膜冷却效果。另外，吹风比从0．8增大到1．5时，静叶非定常尾迹对动叶气膜冷却效果的影响降低。     

Study on trench film cooling on turbine vane by large-eddy simulation

Abstract

Combined with infrared thermography experiments, large-eddy simulation was used for studying trench film cooling on C3X vane model at the mainstream Reynolds number of 2.5?×?10⁵ based on the chord length, and nominal blowing ratios of 0.5 and 1.5. The instantaneous and time-averaged characteristics for trench film cooling were analzyed in detail. Inside the trench, a pair of recirculation vortices promotes the coolant spreading on spanwise direction, mitigates the jet penetration into mainstream, and improves cooling effectiveness. On pressure surface, hairpin vortices play the dominate role in the unsteady flow fields. Downstream of the trench, a streamwise vortex pair corresponding to anti-CRVP (Counter rotating vortex pair) is generated on both sides of hairpin structures, and causes high turbulent fluctuation. On suction surface, the mainstream boundary layer transits from laminar to turbulent flow in the upstream of the coolant exit, and large numbers of small-scale vortices dominate the flow dynamics. Spectrum analysis of pressure signals shows that, on pressure surface, trench and round-hole film cooling both exhibit strong periodicity. On suction surface, randomness is more pronounced. The statistical characteristics of velocity and temperature fluctuations were also discussed in detail. Overall, significant cooling augmentation by trench hole is seen on both the suction and pressure surfaces, especially at high blowing ratio.     

Film cooling on a gas turbine blade pressure side or suction side with axial shaped holes

The film cooling effectiveness on the surface of a high pressure turbine blade is measured using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Four rows of axial laid-back, fan-shaped cooling holes are distributed on the pressure side while two such rows are provided on the suction side. The coolant is only injected to either the pressure side or suction side of the blade at five average blowing ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. The presence of wakes due to upstream vanes is simulated by placing a periodic set of rods upstream of the test blade. Effect of the upstream wakes is recorded at four different phase locations with equal intervals along the pitch-wise direction. The freestream Mach numbers at cascade inlet and exit are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively. Results reveal that the tip leakage vortices and endwall vortices sweep the coolant film on the suction side to the midspan region. The film cooling effectiveness on the suction side is usually higher than that on the pressure side except the regions affected by the secondary vortices. The presence of upstream wakes results in lower film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface. The moderate blowing ratios (M = 0.6 or M = 0.9) give higher film cooling effectiveness immediately downstream of the film cooling holes. Further downstream of the holes, higher blowing ratios cover wider surface area.     

Numerical predictions of flow and heat transfer of film cooling with an internal channel roughened by crescent ribs

Abstract

This study explores the effects of crescent ribs mounted in an internal cooling channel on the external adiabatic film cooling performance to evaluate the advantage of crescent ribs in gas turbine blade cooling. Three ribs including a transverse rib, a crescent rib concave to the stream-wise direction, and a crescent rib convex to the stream-wise direction are considered. For a fixed mainstream flow Reynolds number, two cross-flow Reynolds numbers and two blowing ratios are taken into account. The results show that the case with a crescent rib concave to the stream-wise direction provides higher film cooling effectiveness both at the lower cross-flow Reynolds number and at the higher cross-flow Reynolds number with higher blowing ratio while the case with a crescent rib convex to the stream-wise direction performs worst at any condition. It is found that the longitudinal vortices produced by crescent ribs concave to the stream-wise direction can promote the cooling air entering the film hole while that induced by the other crescent ribs are nonbeneficial for the cooling air entering the hole. The results indicated that a lower spiral intensity leads to counter-rotating vortices with lower intensity and thus results in better cooling effectiveness. However, it makes a narrow coverage of the target surface by the coolant, which leads to disadvantages upon the cooling performance. The relative merits among the cases at different cross-flow Reynolds numbers and blowing ratios are investigated based on the dominating mechanism.     

Experimental Study on Impingement and Film Overall Cooling Characteristics of Turbine Shroud

Based on the variable characteristics of the actual operating conditions of the turbine shroud and the purpose of improving the cooling effect of the turbine shroud,this paper builds a test system of the impingement-film cooling shroud with two gas inlet angles(90°,167°).The effects of film cooling hole arrangement,gas inlet angle,blowing ratio(0.7,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0)and temperature ratio(1.2,1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6)on the cooling characteristics of the impingement-film cooling shroud were experimentally studied by infrared temperature measurement technology,especially the effects of gas inlet angle and temperature ratio.The results showed that the film covering effect of the film cooling hole vertical or the same direction of the high-temperature gas incoming flow is better than the film covering effect of the reverse direction with the incoming flow,and the optimal arrangement of film cooling holes can improve the cooling effectiveness of the shroud.Compared with 90°intake gas,the film coverage area on the shroud surface of the 167°intake gas is expanded,and the surface average overall cooling effectiveness is increased by 1.03%to 12.6%.The overall cooling effectiveness of turbine shroud increases with the increase of blowing ratio,which increases the flow rate and pressure of cooling gas,and the corresponding increase rate is between 1.04%and 9.96%.However,the increase in the temperature ratio increases the mainstream heating capacity,resulting in a decrease in the cooling effectiveness of the shroud,with a maximum reduction rate of 11.04%.     

船用燃气轮机预旋系统增压设计及仿真

为了提高船用燃气轮机进口燃气压力和温度,涡轮冷却空气应当具备更大的压力来满足叶片表面气膜冷却的需求。本文优化现有的预旋系统,通过在供气孔入口布置增压叶轮,减少气流经预旋喷嘴射入盘腔和经盘腔进入供气孔的突扩损失。运用数值计算的方法对预旋系统模型进行研究,所采用的计算模型和冷吹实验与1.0设计工况数据对比具有较好的精度。研究表明：增压预旋系统和常用预旋系统具有相似的流场结构,但预旋腔内形成的涡更小,有效抑制了气流在腔内的总压损失;在增压叶轮和结构改进的作用下,冷气相对总压提高2.90%,绝对总压提高4.59%,同时增压所产生的温升变化较小,提高了冷却空气的冷却能力。     

Experimental flow field investigations of a film cooling hole featuring an orifice

This paper presents the flow field downstream of a film cooling hole geometry featuring orifice, referred to as nozzle hole, on a flat plate using PIV. The experiments were performed with blowing ratios from 0.5 to 2.0, density ratio of 1.0 and mainstream Reynolds number of 115,000. Velocity fields and vorticity fields of nozzle hole jet are compared with that of cylindrical hole jet. The results indicate that nozzle hole jet features double-decker vortices structure, resulting in vortices canceling out and significant reduction in CRVP strength. The streamwise vorticity of nozzle hole jet averages a drop of 55% at low blowing ratio 0.5 in comparison to cylindrical case. At high blowing ratio from 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0, the average drop is 30%–40%. A round jet bulk is observed to merge from the two legs of a typical kidney-shaped jet and the merged jet brings better coverage over the surface. In addition, it is found that CRVP strength might not have strong impact on jet lift-off but influences jet-mainstream mix characteristics.     

Experimental investigations on overall cooling effect of ribbed channel with air bleeds

An experimental investigation on overall heat transfer performance of a rectangular channel, in which one wall has periodically placed oblique ribs to enhance heat exchange and cylindrical film holes to bleed cooling air, has been carried out in a hot wind tunnel at different mainstream temperatures, hot mainstream Reynolds numbers, coolant Reynolds numbers and blowing ratios. To describe the cooling effect of combined external coolant film with the internal heat convection enhanced by the ribs, the overall cooling effectiveness at the surface exposed in the mainstream with high temperature was calculated by the surface temperatures measured with an infrared thermal imaging system. The total mass flow rate of cooling air through the coolant channel was regulated by a digital mass flow rate controller, and the blowing ratio passing through the total film holes was calculated based on the measurements of another digital-type mass flow meter. The detailed distributions of overall cooling effectiveness show distinctive peaks in heat transfer levels near the film holes, remarkable inner convective heat transfer effect over entire channel surface, and visible conductive heat transfer effect through the channel wall; but only when the coolant Reynolds number is large enough, the oblique rib effect can be detected from the overall cooling effectiveness; and the oblique bleeding hole effect shows the more obvious trend with increasing blowing ratios. Based on the experimental data, the overall cooling effectiveness is correlated as the functions of Re_m (Reynolds number of hot mainstream) and Re_c (Reynolds number of internal coolant flow at entrance) for the parametric conditions examined.     

Endwall heat transfer and film cooling measurements in a turbine cascade with injection upstream of leading edge

Detailed heat transfer measurements were conducted on the endwall surface of a large‐scale low‐speed turbine cascade with single and double row injection on the endwall upstream of leading edge. Local film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient with coolant injection were determined at blowing ratios 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. In conjunction with the previously measured flow field data, the behaviors of endwall film cooling and heat transfer were studied. The results show that endwall film cooling is influenced to a great extent by the secondary flow and the coverage of coolant on the endwall is mainly determined by the blowing ratio. An uncovered triangle‐shaped area with low effectiveness close to pressure side could be observed at a low blowing ratio injection. The averaged effectiveness increases significantly when injecting at medium and high blowing ratios, and uniform coverage of coolant on the endwall could be achieved. The averaged effectiveness could be doubled in the case of double row injection. It was also observed that coolant injection made the overall averaged heat transfer coefficient increase remarkably with blowing ratio. It was proven that film cooling could reduce endwall heat flux markedly. The results illustrate the need to take such facts into account in the design process as the three‐dimensional flow patterns in the vicinity of the endwall, the interactions between the secondary flow and coolant, and the augmentation of heat transfer rate in the case of endwall injection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 141–152, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20007