Surface area and pore development during lignite activation

Samples of five Louisiana lignites were steam activated for up to eight hours at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 750–900 °C. The products were characterized in terms of their structural properties — specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution. Pore volume increased monotonically with increasing activation temperature and time. Specific surface area reached a maximum of approximately 460 m²/g at 850 °C and three hours activation; further activation reduced the surface area. The average pore radius of approximately 20 Å was essentially independent of activation temperature or time. A separate pyrolysis step preceding activation slowed the rate of activation but did not change significantly the product structural properties when compared at equal burnoff values.     

Rice hull ash structure and bleaching performance produced by ashing at various times and temperatures

Surface areas, pore sizes, and bleaching efficiencies of rice hull ashes produced under different time and temperature conditions were examined. Specific surface area and average pore diameter were measured by a surface area meter. Bleaching efficiencies were calculated based on the Lovibond color indices of sesame oil before and after bleaching by rice hull ash. Experimental results indicated that specific surface area and pore size increased with increase in ashing temperature, reached a maximum, and then decreased. Specific surface area decreased while pore size enlarged with the increase in ashing time. Both surface area and pore size were observed to reach a plateau after 30 min. Bleaching efficiency increased with increasing ashing temperature, reached a maximum, and then decreased with further increase in ashing temperature. It also increased with ashing time and then reached a plateau. Bleaching efficiency remained unaffected by specific surface area when the pore diameter was less than 50 Å but varied with specific surface area when the pore diameter was larger than 50 Å.     

The influence of different factors on the porous structure of the positive electrode in lead-acid batteries

Geometric structure measurements of positive electrodes have been determined by measuring cumulative pore volume, pore size distribution, porosity, pore specific surface area and BET specific surface area. The influence of technological parameters such as concentration of SO₄²⁻ ions in the paste, the temperature of the paste and the quality of oxides on the structure of porous positive electrode have been studied. The relation between BET specific surface area and the electrical capacity of the positive electrode is shown and interpreted.     

陶瓷基活性炭活化条件对其性能影响

以酚醛树脂为原料,泡沫陶瓷为载体,经过浸渍、固化、炭化后,采用一种复合的活化方法-KOH浸渍加水蒸气括化的复合活化法,制备表薤积较大的酚醛树脂基活性炭。并采用正交试验法考察制备工艺中了活化温度、滔化时间下对所制得得酚醛基活性炭烧失率、碘吸附值、比表面积及其孔结构的影响。结果表明,在活化温度850℃,活化时间80min条件下,可制得比表面积1197m^2/g,中空容0．369cm^3／g,孔径2．57nm的酚醛树脂基活性炭。     

氯化钙对棉秆炭理化性质的影响

以棉花秸秆(棉秆)为原料,研究了不同温度下添加无水氯化钙对热解产物棉秆炭理化特性的影响.通过同步热分析(TG/DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和N2吸附-脱附分析表征了其微观形貌和结构.TG分析显示热解温度达到500℃后,样品失重较少,故选择55...     

原料中添加天然黏土室温合成介孔分子筛

室温条件下以天然黏土、硅酸钠和氯化铝为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂合成介孔分子筛。用XRD,TEM,FT-IR和N₂物理吸附等手段对所合成的样品进行表征。结果表明：室温条件下添加天然黏土成功合成出介孔分子筛,其比表面积为902 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为3.97 nm。经750℃下焙烧3 h后,样品的比表面积降低,但介孔结构依然存在。在100℃下水热处理15 d后比表面积为776.78 m²·g^-1,平均孔径为4.34 nm,表明添加天然黏土室温下合成出的介孔分子筛具有高的热稳定性和水热稳定性。     

高比表面积介孔碳材料的混合模板法制备

以纳米氧化锌和氧化镁为混合模板剂,以氢氧化钾为活化剂,中温煤沥青为碳源,经热处理、酸洗、干燥制备出介孔碳材料。通过X射线衍射分析介孔碳材料制备过程中组分的变化情况,通过扫描电子显微镜观察介孔碳材料的表面形貌,通过氮气吸脱附等温线对所得的介孔碳材料进行表征。结果表明,随着温度的升高,由于体系内反应越来越剧烈,体系内呈现碎片状,因而所得的介孔碳材料比表面积逐渐增大;随着模板剂含量的增加,酸洗后的介孔碳材料由于孔的联结而使所得介孔碳材料的比表面积逐渐减小,平均孔径逐渐增大。所得介孔碳材料比表面积最大为2 509.76 m²/g。     

焦化粗苯加氢脱硫脱氮催化剂工艺条件研究

对研制的焦化粗苯预加氢催化剂HDA016和主加氢脱硫催化剂HDB017进行工艺条件试验,在预加氢温度180 ℃、主加氢温度270 ℃、液体流速0.15 L·h-1、氢油体积比600∶1、预加氢段液体空速1.88 h^-1、主加氢段液体空速0.75 h^-1和反应压力2.5 MPa条件下,进行催化剂连续寿命考察。结果表明,产品中硫含量低于0.7 mg·L^-1,氮含量约维持在1 mg·L^-1。采用压汞法对催化剂的比表面积以及孔结构进行测试,结果表明,预加氢催化剂HDA016比表面积219.3 m2·g-1,平均孔径1.56 nm,最可几孔径1.71 nm,孔容0.19 mL·g^-1;主加氢催化剂HDB017比表面积196.6 m²·g^-1,平均孔径1.58 nm,最可几孔径1.88 nm,孔容0.15 mL·g^-1。XRD测试结果显示,活性金属组分负载在γ-Al2O3上,达到了非常高的分散度。     

Performance Evaluation of Alkaline Treated Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes

A poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane surface was modified by alkaline treatment in this study. This subject was selected with the aim to confirm the mechanisms of alkaline degradation of PVDF membranes, characterize the variations of membrane surface morphology (e.g., average pore size, pore size distribution, porosity, etc.), and estimate the membrane fouling potential by a bench-scale test with synthetic surface water. The conditions of the alkaline treatment covered various concentrations, temperature, and processing time. The results of this study indicate that the hydrophilic PVDF membranes can be obtained after appropriate treatment without loss of integrity of the membrane surface. All factors, including the concentration of NaOH, temperature, and processing time affect membrane properties. The surface images and air flow rate of unmodified and modified membranes showed difference in their average pore size and pore size distribution. In general, the increase of the processing time decreases the average pore size at constant concentration and temperature; the increase of the NaOH concentration in solution and temperature fastens the degradation process. Membrane pure water flux decreased after alkaline treatment. This can be attributed to the decrease of pore size. However, the membrane anti-fouling potential increased after alkaline treatment due to the enhancement of hydrophilic property of membrane surface.     

焙烧温度对氧化铝物化性质及微观结构的影响

以拟薄水铝石为前驱体,经不同温度焙烧制备氧化铝,利用X-射线衍射、N2-物理吸附、扫描电镜、透射电镜等技术对其物化性质及微观结构进行表征,系统研究了焙烧温度对氧化铝物化性质及微观结构的影响规律.结果表明:在低温(500～800℃)条件下焙烧时,氧化铝的比表面积、孔容随着焙烧温度的升高缓慢降低,平均孔径缓慢增大,分别46...     

Preparation of alumina catalyst supports and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts

Several alumina catalysts were prepared to investigate effects of catalyst preparation variables on pore structure, including sintering time and temperature, acid type, and fiber type and loading. Each catalyst was characterized with a porosimeter and sorptometer in terms of pore size distribution, average pore diameters, pore volumes, densities and surface area. Bimodal NiMo catalysts were effectively prepared without losing surface area by using a combined method of coextrusion and fiber incorporation.     

水热条件下CuMCM-41介孔分子筛的合成与表征

以硅酸钠(Na2SiO3·9H2O)、氯化铜(CuCl2·6H2O)等无机盐为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂,通过水热法合成CuMCM-41介孔分子筛.分别采用X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、透射电子显微镜和N2吸附-脱附等技术,对产物的晶相、结构、形貌、比表面积和孔径分布进行了表征.同时研究金属铜添加量与比表面积、孔径之间的关系.结果表明:合成出的4种不同铜含量的CuMCM01介孔分子筛,其比表面积最高可达1032.41m2/g,平均孔径在3.4～4.0 nm之间.随着介孔分子筛中掺杂的金属铜含量的增加,介孔分子筛的比表面积变小、介孔有序性变差.当原料配比增加到n(SiO2):n(CuO)=1:0.2时,合成出的CuMCM-41介孔分子筛有序性很差.     

氧化铝载体孔结构对长链正构烷烃(C_(16)～C_(19))脱氢Pt-Sn-K/Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响

通过N_2吸附-脱附法对4种Al_2O_3载体进行孔结构表征,采用等体积真空浸渍法制备Pt质量分数0.5%的Pt-Sn-K/Al_2O_3催化剂,以直链烷烃C_(16)~C_(19)脱氢反应为探针,考察Al_2O_3载体孔结构对催化剂脱氢性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂载体的孔容、平均孔径和比表面积之间存在相互制约的关系。载体孔容和平均孔径大,则其比表面积相对较小。对于直链烷烃C_(16)~C_(19)脱氢催化剂,较大孔容、孔径和一定比表面积的Al_2O_3载体为最佳,孔容和孔径较小的催化剂脱氢活性和稳定性较差。     

SiO2气凝胶的非超临界干燥法制备与表征

以聚二甲基硅烷为原料,采用聚合物超临界法制备了SiO2气凝胶.聚合物超临界法制备的SiO2气凝胶除碳前为疏水性气凝胶,比表面积为27.68 m2/g,孔体积为0.103 7 cm3/g,平均孔径约为15 nm;除碳后为亲水性气凝胶,比表面积为500.6 m2/g,孔体积为0.404 3 cm3/g,平均孔径为3.23 nm.对聚合物超临界法制备SiO2气凝胶的反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

NOVA1000e型比表面积和孔径分析仪测定高纯纳米氧化铝比表面积

主要讲述了使用NOVA1000e型比表面积和孔径分析仪测定高纯纳米氧化铝的比表面积,仪器操作方法和测试过程中样品处理条件.把NOVA1000e型比表面积和孔径分析仪与ST-03型比表面积分析仪进行性能对比.     

羟基磷灰石微球的制备及表征与色谱性能

采用喷雾干燥法制备羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)微球。用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪及比表面积分析仪等表征HA的微观结构及性能。结果表明:HA微球具有理想的球形结构、比表面积为44.135m2/g,孔体积为0.2911cm3/g,且其粒度分布较窄。利用高压匀浆法填充HA色谱柱,并用高校液相色谱仪检测性能,结果表明色谱柱柱效较高。     

氧化石墨烯-羧基碳纳米管-多乙烯多胺三维蜂窝状材料吸附CO2

以氧化石墨烯-羧基碳纳米管水溶液为原料,葡萄糖酸β内酯为交联促进剂,通过冷冻干燥法制得负载有多乙烯多胺的氧化石墨烯-羧基碳纳米管三维多孔气凝胶。通过在制备过程中改变多乙烯多胺的加入量可以调节其负载量。FTIR、XRD、TG、SEM、XPS、Raman、N₂吸脱附等测试表征发现：多乙烯多胺通过酰胺键与基体连接,所得材料呈蜂窝状,且比表面积、孔容和平均孔径随胺类负载量的增加而逐渐降低,引入多乙烯多胺后的气凝胶材料通过化学作用实现CO₂吸附。在200kPa、328K下,多乙烯多胺含量为55.8%的改性吸附剂的CO₂吸附量可达3.9mmol/g,为相同条件下未改性吸附剂的9.8倍。结果表明,将多乙烯多胺、氧化石墨烯和羧基碳纳米管制备成三维蜂窝状多孔材料能有效提高CO₂吸附性能。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备中孔炭材料及其表征

以正硅酸乙酯为无机模板硅源，蔗糖为炭前驱物，采用溶胶-凝胶法制得了比表面积达1073．36m^2／g，孔径分布集中，平均孔径为2．75nm的中孔炭材料，并采用FT—IR、N2吸附、TG—DTA和XRD等分析手段对其进行了表征。     

活化温度对酚醛基活性炭纤维的孔结构和电化学性能的影响

从酚醛纤维出发,经过炭化和KOH活化制备了酚醛基活性炭纤维（PACF）,并对不同温度下活化样品的比表面积、孔结构以及所制备的双电层电容器（EDLC）的电化学性能之间的关系进行了探讨。氮气（77K）吸附法测定PACF活性炭纤维的孔结构和比表面积;采用循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒流充放电等测试对超级电容器的电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明：900℃是KOH活化酚醛纤维制备用于EDLC电极材料的最佳活化温度,该温度下活化样品具有最佳的循环性,稳定性和较小的内阻,比表面积为2311m^2·g^-1和比电容264．IF·g^-1（充放电电流为1000mA·g^-1）。PACF系列样品均呈现出典型的微孔炭的特征,不同活化温度下制备的PACF,虽然表现出不同的比表面积和比电容,但是其整体孔径分布范围基本相同,都在0.5nm～3．0nm之间。随活化温度的升高,样品的电容性能和功率特性越来越好,内阻也随活化温度的升高而降低。     

纳米CaCO3孔径调控及其对碳酸化反应性能的影响

研究了纳米CaCO₃颗粒间孔径调控对CaO与CO₂碳酸化反应性能的影响。通过有机模板法制备得到一系列比表面积相近、孔径分布不同的纳米CaCO₃,并考察其再生和碳酸化反应性能差异。结果表明：增大平均孔径能促进纳米CaCO₃的热分解反应,并降低分解温度约15℃。将平均孔径由15 nm增大至113 nm可显著提高碳酸化反应速率和转化率。研究认为平均孔径和比表面积对碳酸化反应转化率的影响存在交互作用;比表面积小的纳米CaCO₃,表现出碳酸化反应转化率受扩散控制影响较大,而比表面积较大的表现为碳酸化反应转化率以表面反应影响控制为主的规律。