The axial hydrodynamic behavior in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed

Based on experimental results from a 7.6 cm I. D. and 3 m high liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed, the liquid–solid circulating fluidization regime has been separated into two zones: the initial circulating fluidization zone and the fully developed circulating fluidization zone. The distinct hydrodynamic behavior and the influence of particle properties in the two circulating fluidization zones have been studied. The overall flow structure in LSCFB, although still somewhat non–uniform, is much more uniform than that in a gas-solid CFB. Our experimental results also show that the axial flow characteristics and the regime transition can be strongly affected by the particle density. The stable operation range of the circulating fluidization system and the influences of some associated factors, such as the solids inventory and the particle density, were also investigated for the first time.     

Hydrodynamics and scale-up of liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds: Similitude method vs. CFD

Hydrodynamics and scale-up of liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds (LSCFBs) are investigated using similitude method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. Similitude method is applied to establish the dynamic similarity among LSCFBs by tuning physical properties of liquids and solids, operating conditions and bed dimensions to match several scaling sets of dimensionless groups. The hydrodynamic behaviors in these constructed LSCFBs are simulated by a validated CFD model [Cheng, Y., Zhu, J., 2005. CFD modeling and simulation of hydrodynamics in liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 83, 177-185] and compared in terms of the axial and radial flow structures characterized by the solids fraction, particle and liquid velocities and solids mass flux. The results demonstrate that only the full set scaling parameters obtained from similitude method, i.e., five dimensionless groups together with fixed bed geometry, particle sphericity, particle size distribution as well as particle collision properties, can ensure the similarity of hydrodynamics in the fully developed region of different LSCFBs. Developing flow structures in LSCFBs are strongly influenced by some parameters such as turbulent kinetic energy at the inlet so that the proposed similitude method may not always be applicable.     

Continuous enzymatic polymerization of phenol in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed

A liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) system consisting of 3.8 cm I.D. and 4 m high riser and 12 cm I.D. and 3.5 m high down-comer was investigated in this study for the continuous polymerization of phenol. Approximately 8.5 kg immobilized particles containing soybean seed hull peroxidase enzymes were applied in the LSCFB system. The continuous enzymatic polymerization was carried out in the riser section by introducing phenol and hydrogen peroxide at the entrance of the riser. Under optimized hydrodynamic conditions and by keeping the molar concentration ratio of phenol to H₂O₂ of 1:2, 54% conversion of phenol was achieved. The down-comer of the LSCFB was utilized for the regeneration of the coated immobilized enzyme particles. The effect of the superficial liquid velocity and an initial substrate concentration was studied. Our experimental results show that an enzymatic reaction and the regeneration of the biocatalysts can be carried out simultaneously and independently in the LSCFB system. Furthermore, this work opens the possibilities for many bioprocesses where the deactivation of the biocatalysts is a major problem and the regeneration of the biocatalysts is required.     

液固循环流化床换热器中固体颗粒分布

利用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统对多管液固循环流化床换热器中的两相流动特性进行了研究。探讨了下管箱中的分布板结构对固体粒子的体积分数分布、固体粒子的速度分布,以及液固两相流压降的影响。实验结果表明:在循环流化床换热器进口段安装适当结构的多孔板分布器,即多孔板的面积小于床层截面积,且床中心处的遮挡面积大于边缘处的遮挡面积,可以有效地提高固相速度的均匀程度,在较高流速下,能较好地改善固体颗粒在管束中的不均匀分布。     

Macroscopic properties of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed with viscous liquid medium

Experiments were conducted in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed to study the effect of liquid viscosity and solids inventory on pressure gradient, critical transitional liquid velocity, onset average solids holdup, axial solids holdup distribution, average solids holdup and solids circulation rate in circulating fluidization regime with riser operated in fixed inventory mode. The results indicate that critical transitional liquid velocity decreases with increase in liquid viscosity. The onset average solids holdup, on the other hand, increases with increase in either auxiliary liquid velocity or solids inventory. The variation of axial solids holdup distribution, average solids holdup and solids circulation rate with liquid viscosity when solid inventory was 0.15 m was dissimilar with either 0.25 m or 0.35 m solid inventory. Correlations were proposed for estimating the average solids holdup and are satisfactorily compared with experimental values.     

循环流化床换热器中液固二相流的数值模拟

在循环流化床换热器的流体中加入固体粒子,可以对边界层有扰动作用,加快换热器中的传质与传热.对流化床换热器中的液固二相进行数值模拟,分别讨论了固体粒子对液体动量方程、k-ε方程及能量方程的影响,在单液相方程的基础上进行修正,建立了相应的液固二相流控制方程,确定了物理模型及边界条件.利用FLUENT进行数值计算,分别讨论了...     

Kenics静态混合器在水平液固循环流化床中的研究

为了解决水平液固循环流化床中颗粒分布不均匀问题,在内径29 mm、长4 m的水平有机玻璃管流化床内放入Kenics静态混合器,采用CCD图像测量与数据处理系统考察静态混合器的结构、个数、安装位置对液固二相流中颗粒分布的影响;同时,利用U型管压差计考察不同条件下静态混合器的压降。实验结果表明:Kenics静态混合器能明显地改善管内颗粒分布情况;单个扭率Y=3.5的Kenics静态混合器压降最小;2个扭率Y=3.5的Kenics静态混合器间距为40 mm时对颗粒分布影响长度是最长的。     

High-velocity fluidization of solid particles in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed system

Particulate and aggregative fluidizations in a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed system are characterized by chaotic time series analysis of local voidage and heat transfer fluctuations in terms of the correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy. Both correlation dimension and Komogorov entropy of the voidate fluctuation are found to decrease with decreasing bed voidage in both fluidization regimes, suggesting the suppression of chaotic motion of individual particles due to high solid concentration. The correlation dimension of the heat transfer fluctation in the aggregative fluidization regime is higher than that in the particulate fluidization regime. This reflects the complex convective motion of liquid and solid phases induced by the formation of the liquid streaks and aggregates of particles.     

Continuous protein recovery using a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed ion exchange system: Modelling and experimental studies

In this study, a continuous protein recovery process using a Liquid–Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed (LSCFB) ion exchange system is described and a model with known kinetics has been developed. Experiments and computer simulations using Matlab? are conducted at different operating conditions. The effects of hydro‐dynamic parameters and kinetic parameters on the performance of the LSCFB ion exchange system are discussed. The model is shown to be applicable for the design of LSCFB ion exchange systems for protein recovery.     

水平液固循环流化床颗粒分布状况的实验研究

为使水平液固循环流化床换热器更好地强化传热和防垢、除垢,管中颗粒的分布是关键,因此对卧式换热器前管箱进行改造,采用双进料口并在前管箱加入挡板,使得颗粒在管路中分布均匀。在实验中自行设计了一套水平多管液固循环流化床实验装置。采用CCD图像采集系统,获得了颗粒的运动及分布状况。研究表明:挡板的角度、颗粒密度等对颗粒分布性能都有较大影响。通过对实验结果的分析,得到了使固体颗粒在管束中分布效果较好的挡板角度以及较适宜颗粒分布的运行参数,以指导工程放大应用。     

喷嘴对液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的影响

设计了实现液固外循环流化床中颗粒正常循环的关键部件——喷嘴,利用CCD图像采集分析系统,获得了其换热管束内固体颗粒的分布情况,考察了液体流量、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对液固外循环流化床换热器管束内含固体积分数的影响。结果表明:口径比及喷嘴安装位置对提高管束内的含固体积分数都存在一个最佳值,颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对管束内含固体积分数也具有较大的影响,同时还通过对实验数据的综合分析,得到了喷嘴在最佳安装位置下液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的经验关联式。     

Axial hydrodynamic studies in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed riser

Axial distribution of phase holdups was studied in the riser of a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB). The effects of gas and liquid superficial velocities as well as solids circulation rate on radial distribution of phase holdups at different axial locations were investigated. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and optical fiber probe were employed online in the experiments for a precise determination of phase holdups. An empirical model was developed for the determination of gas bubbles in analysis of data obtained by fiber optic sensor. Gas holdup was higher at the central region of the riser and increased axially due to coalescence of small bubbles and decrease of hydrostatic pressure at higher levels in the riser. This led to an increase in solids holdup in regions close to the wall which was slightly higher than the solids holdup at the wall. Both solids and liquid holdups were lower in the central region and increased radially towards the wall. Gas holdup decreased with increasing solids circulation rate but opposite trend was observed for solids holdup. Solids circulation rate had negligible effect on liquid holdup at lower axial locations compared to top of the riser. Cross-sectional average of solids, gas and liquid holdups did not change significantly at higher liquid superficial velocities.     

循环流化床多联供试验台调节特性的试验研究

在一个循环流化床与移动床结合的多联供冷态试验台上,循环床与移动床之间用改进的气动分配阀控制循环物料的分配,提升管直径为400mm、高度为6000mm,移动床直径为476mm、高度为1200mm。进行了单回路运行和双回路同时运行的试验,对气动分配阀返料特性和系统压力分布进行了研究。在气动分配阀的返料临界压力范围内,在两侧存在压差的情况下,气动分配阀可以实现对循环物料在回路1和回路2之间分配的调节控制。试验结果为循环流化床多联供热态试验台的设计提供了一些经验。     

电石渣用于循环流化床锅炉脱硫工艺的探讨

简要介绍了热电厂循环流化床锅炉运行现状，针对电石渣脱硫工艺进行了试验与分析，论证了电石渣应用于流化床锅炉脱硫的可行性。     

循环流化床回流物料循环的特性

为了研究循环物料在流化床内回流并参与循环的过程,进一步揭示流化床内物料的循环特性,文中搭建了冷态循环流化床顶部回流试验台。利用激光多普勒粒子动态分析仪(PDA)对塔内颗粒回流时床内气固二相流场和颗粒浓度分布进行了测量。同时对物料回流量和床内表观气速等操作条件对回流过程的影响进行了考察。研究表明,回流颗粒在流化床内的返混可以分为3个区域:回流区、返混加速区和主流区,回流颗粒造成床内流场的不均匀性。回流长度主要受物料回流量和床内表观气速影响。     

Hydrodynamic similarity in circulating fluidized bed risers

Hydrodynamic similarity in the fully developed zone of co-current upward gas-solid two-phase flow systems under different operating conditions was investigated by measuring the axial profiles of pressure gradient, radial profiles of solid concentration and particle velocity in two circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers of 15.1 and 10.5 m high, with FCC and sand particles, respectively. The experimental data obtained from this work and in the literature show that when the scaling parameter, G_s/(ρ_pU_g), is modified as , a detailed hydrodynamic similitude of the gas-solid flow in the fully developed zone of the risers under different operating conditions can be achieved. Furthermore, the experimental results from different gas-solid flow systems also show that as long as remains constant, there is the same solid concentration in the fully developed zone of different CFB risers with different particles. With the same , the local solid concentrations, the descending particle velocities, the cluster frequencies and the solid concentrations inside clusters in the fully developed zone of the risers all display the same axial and radial distribution, respectively. In other words, the empirical similarity parameter, , appears to have incorporated the effects of operating parameters (G_s and U_g), so that, the gas-solid flow in the fully developed zone of CFB risers under those different operating conditions but having the same shows similar micro- and macro-hydrodynamic characteristics. The study shows that the empirical similarity parameter, , is also independent of the upward gas-solid flow systems.     

循环流化床锅炉的清洗

介绍了循环流化床锅炉的特点及其构造、流程.通过某自备电厂的220t/h循环流化床锅炉EDTA清洗实例,讨论了化学清洗的范围、清洗工艺和参数等.分析总结了清洗中应注意的事项.     

循环流化床中颗粒振荡循环现象的实验研究

颗粒的循环特性是循环流化床研究的重点及热点之一,在建立颗粒循环时,颗粒循环由非稳态向稳态过渡。本文在循环流化床实验装置中,采用摄像法和压力检测法研究了不稳定颗粒循环条件下颗粒流动结构和各段压降的变化情况。首次发现了不稳定颗粒循环状态下的颗粒振荡循环现象及其具有的两个特征:下降段、提升段气固流动结构呈周期性变化;下降段压降p_d和提升段压降p_r周期性波动且p_d>p_r和p_dr交替出现。进一步对颗粒振荡循环过程进行受力分析,建立了颗粒振荡周期的计算公式。研究还发现在颗粒藏量一定的条件下,循环气流量或颗粒循环段阀门开度大于某一临界值时才能诱发颗粒振荡循环;颗粒振荡循环周期随着循环气流量的增大而增大,与阀门开度无关。研究结果为动态颗粒循环建立过程的研究奠定了基础,有助于快速地建立颗粒的稳定循环。     

循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫技术的应用

介绍了炉内脱硫技术在循环流化床锅炉上的应用及优化改造情况,通过可行性分析、试验,采用合理的整体方案工艺及流程设计,实现了SO2达标排放。     

Voidage characteristics and prediction of bed expansion in liquid-solid inverse fluidized bed

Studies on voidage fluctuations, axial voidage profile and bed expansion are carried out by measuring the local void fraction using particles of wide ranging characteristics in liquid-solid inverse fluidized bed. The quality of fluidization is elucidated by the local voidage fluctuations. The RMS voidage fluctuation depicts a maximum with respect to average bed void fraction and increases with increase in Archimedes number. The fluidization quality has been quantified using average normalized RMS voidage fluctuation in terms of Transition number. The axial void fraction is almost uniform throughout the bed except for particles with size distribution. All the literature and present experimental data on bed expansion are unified in terms of Richardson and Zaki equation using experimental terminal velocities. A new correlation is proposed for predicting the wall effect corrected experimental terminal velocities, as a substitute for standard drag equation. The bed expansion data are also predicted using the drift flux model.