热变形参数对GH864合金显微组织的影响

采用等温热压缩的方法研究了在变形温度为1000～1160℃、应变速率为1和10s-1、工程应变量为30%,50%和70%时,不同的热变形参数对GH864合金流变应力和显微组织的影响。结果表明,当变形温度低于γ′相析出温度时,动态再结晶能力较差。在高于MC碳化物的回溶温度变形时,由于沿晶界再析出的细小MC颗粒对晶界的非均匀钉扎作用,容易得到混晶严重的热处理态组织。降低变形速率和增加变形量可以得到较为均匀的变形态组织,最终改善热处理态的混晶程度。GH864合金热变形温度的下限和上限分别为γ′相的析出温度和MC碳化物的回溶温度。     

Precipitation of Secondary Carbides in M2 High-Speed Steel Modified with Titanium diboride

The precipitation of the secondary carbides in high-speed steel of AISI M2 type modified with titanium diboride has been investigated for both the cast and the heat-treated states. The primary focus was on the effect of austenitizing temperatures on the secondary carbide precipitation during tempering. Some differences in origin of the secondary carbides, as well as in their shape and size distribution, were found in the tempered microstructure for the different austenitizing temperatures. After austenitization at 1180 °C and triple tempering at 560 °C, the secondary carbide particles of a spherical shape up to 200 nm in size were identified by selected area electron diffraction as M₂₃C₆. After austenitization at 1220 °C, two types of the secondary carbides were found in the tempered microstructure, M₂₃C₆ with a size up to 200 nm and M₆C with a size up to 400 nm. In both the cases, the carbide particles were slightly angular. After austenitization at 1260 °C, only M₆C secondary carbides were revealed in the tempered microstructure, which occurred as the angular particles up to 350 nm in size. In addition, considerably finer M₂₃C₆ carbide particles with a size of 10-40 nm were found to precipitate in the tempered microstructure.     

形变时效温度对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金形状记忆效应的影响

研究了直接时效和形变时效温度对Fe-13Mn-5Si-8Cr-4Ni-0.2C合金形状记忆效应和微观组织的影响.结果表明,直接时效后Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金在奥氏体晶界和晶内只有少量Cr23C6第二相弥散析出,而形变后再时效有大量的Cr23C6在奥氏体晶内沿某些特定的方向析出,显著强化基体的同时提高了ε马氏体的可逆逆转变性.形变时效温度影响第二相的析出数量和方向性,从而影响合金的形状记忆效应,存在一个最佳的时效温度.当形变后在1073 K时效300 min时,不仅第二相数量多且在晶内析出的方向性好,合金的形状记忆效应达到89%.     

Effects of Ageing with Electric Pulse Treatment on Shape Memory Effect and Precipitation of Cr23C6 Carbide in a Pre-deformed Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C Alloy

研究了电脉冲时效对预变形Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C合金形状记忆效应及Cr23C6析出的影响.结果显示电脉冲处理能加速Cr和C原子的迁移及Cr23C6碳化物的析出,降低时效温度,缩短时效时间,能诱发Cr23C6碳化物的形核.在973K时效时具有电脉冲处理的预变形Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C合金与没有电脉冲处理的合金相比,其形状回复率在30 min内从淬火合金的32％提高到最大值89.2％.     

热处理工艺对8Cr20Si2Ni阀门钢碳化物的影响

试验钢在１０５０℃加热及冷却后，主要碳化物相是Ｍ２３Ｃ６，Ｍ７Ｃ３和少量的ＳｉＣ，Ｍ２３Ｃ６和Ｍ７Ｃ３中含有一定的硫。在８７０℃加热时，大块Ｍ２３Ｃ６一般不会聚集长大，粒状Ｍ２３Ｃ６的数量随着保温时间的增加而增多，冷却时在块状Ｍ２３Ｃ６之间还析出相当数量的精细颗粒和薄片Ｍ７Ｃ３，冷却速度愈慢，精细颗粒愈大和薄片愈多。     

GH80A组织特征及平衡相析出行为的热力学计算分析

采用高分辨扫描电镜、物理化学相分析、X射线衍射等手段对实验GH80A合金热处理态的微观组织特征进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,合金晶界分布有M7C3、M23C6两种碳化物,有效强化晶界,晶内弥散分布有γ’强化相,有效提高合金的高温强度;此外,采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件和Ni基数据库,对GH80A平衡析出相和非平衡凝固过程进行了模拟计算,并分析了合金元素Al、Ti对γ’相,C对MC、M7C3、M23C63种碳化物析出量和析出温度的影响。     

Phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of as-cast Ni-based superalloy during heat treatment

The phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of an as-cast Ni-based alloy, IN617B alloy, after solution heat treatment and long-term aging treatment were investigated. Ti(C,N), M₆C and M₂₃C₆ are the primary precipitates in as-cast microstructure. After solution heat treatment, most of carbides dissolve into the matrix except a few fine Ti(C,N) within grains. During long-term aging at 700 °C, the phase precipitation behaviors of the alloy are characterized as follows: (1) M₂₃C₆ carbides at grain boundaries (GBs) transform from film-like shape to cellular shape and gradually coarsen due to the decrease of the surface energy and element aggregation to GBs; (2) M₂₃C₆ carbides within grains have a bar-like morphology with a preferential growth direction [110] and have a cube-on-cube coherent orientation relationship with the matrix γ; (3) γ′ particles inhibit the coarsening of M₂₃C₆ within grains by constraining the diffusion of formation elements. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the alloy obviously increases, but the ductility significantly decreases after the aging for 5000 h. The alloy has a relatively stable microstructure which guarantees the excellent tensile properties during long-term aging.     

Microstructures and Hardness of 8CrWMoV Steel with Multiple Types of Ultra Fine Carbides

The structure and hardness of 8CrWMoV steel with multiple types of ultra fine carbides are studied after annealing, quenching and tempering in this paper. The results show that multiple types of carbides M3C, M7C3, M23C6, M6C and MC were observed in the annealed steel. Nucleation and coalescence of new carbides, partial dissolution of original carbides in 7 phase region during annealing at 800-840℃, result in ultra-fine carbides. Average size of the carbides is 0.33～0.34μm in the steel annealed at 800～840℃. Because M3C and M23C6 dissolve easily in austenite, the high hardness HRC63～65 can be obtained by quenching at 840～860℃. Un-dissolved carbides M6C and MC (VC) can effectively prevent the coarsening of austenitic grain, and conduce to obtain very fine martensite. The retained austenite can be easy to decompose during tempering at low and middle temperature due to the precipitation of multiple types of carbides and the good tempering-resistance of the steel is obtained. The microstructure and property of the steel after heat treatment can be accurately explained by calculating based on phase equilibrium thermodynamic.     

FGH96合金中γ′和碳化物相平衡计算

利用热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc及相应的Ni基数据库对FGH96粉末高温合金中可能析出的平衡相进行计算,并分析元素含量在允许范围内的波动对主要析出相γ′和碳化物析出行为的影响。结果表明:FGH96合金析出的平衡相有γ′、MC、M23C6、MB2、M3B2和TCP相。Al、Ti和Nb含量的增加会显著提高γ′相的固溶温度及析出量;合金中碳化物的析出量及MC的析出温度主要受到碳含量的影响,Al和Nb含量的变化对碳化物的析出温度有着显著影响,其中Al含量的影响尤为明显。     

长期高温时效F12耐热合金钢中碳化物形态和组分变化

热电厂中质材为X20CrMoV12.1耐热合金钢主蒸汽管线在550℃高温条件下长期服役，材料的性能和组织结构发生明显变化，研究结果表明：材料在常温条件下表现为脆性，但没有出现一般耐热钢常见的软化现象；显微组织也发生显著退化，出现明显的蠕变特征；晶界和晶内碳化和严重粗化或球化，经电子衍射和X射线能谱分析，碳化和基本上都是M23C6。分布在晶界、亚晶界和晶内的M23C6碳化物的形态和组分存在一定差异，这可能与碳化物粗化过程相关。晶内有细小弥散的富钒碳化物MC在长期高温时效过程中沉淀，是材料保持硬度的重要原因。     

Thermal stability of submicrocrystalline structure in 4Kh14N14V2M steel

At 700°C, the recrystallization of the high-temperature austenitic 4Khl4N14V2M steel with a submicrocrystalline structure takes place under conditions of a high-rate decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution. In this case, the perfeetnese of its structure inocreases due to the improvement of the boundaries and the shape of micro crystallite s at a low rate of their growth. The high rate of the decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution results in the precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries and at triple junctions of grains, efficiently retarding grain growth. Such a structure remains submicrocrystalline in the course of even long heating of the steel at 700°C, with the maximum size of grains being no more than 1 μm. At lower temperatures (600°C), only few recrystallization centers are capable of growing; the carbides precipitate predominantly in the bulk of re crystallized grains and do not impede their growth. Grains several microns in size are formed before the termination of primary recrystallization, and the submicrograin state is not realized.     

Microstructure evolution,fracture and hardening mechanisms of quenched and tempered steel for large sized bearing rings at elevated quenching temperatures

Based on 42CrMo steel, a steel with a higher C and Ni content is developed for use in large sized bearing rings. The impact energy and hardness of the quenched and tempered steel increase with the quenching temperature, but then decrease when the temperature is above 925 °C. When the temperature is below 925 °C, some larger M₂₃C₆-type carbides (with average diameters of 255.6 μm) exist in the quenched and tempered microstructure. The number of carbides is reduced as the quenching temperature increases. At the same time, the fracture modes change from microvoid coalescence and quasi-cleavage to microvoid coalescence. The number of round quasi-cleavage fractures, which are formed around the carbides, decrease as the number of carbides decrease. The existence of larger M₂₃C₆-type carbides leads to round quasi-cleavage fractures and decrease the impact energy. The precipitation strengthening of M₂₃C₆-type carbides increases the hardness at a quenching temperature of 925 °C.     

The Kinetics of Phase Transformations During Tempering in Laser Melted High Chromium Cast Steel

The precipitation of secondary carbides in the laser melted high chromium cast steels during tempering at 300-650?°C for 2?h in air furnace was characterized and the present phases was identified, by using transmission electron microscopy. Laser melted high chromium cast steel consists of austenitic dendrites and interdendritic M₂₃C₆ carbides. The austenite has such a strong tempering stability that it remains unchanged at temperature below 400?°C and the secondary hardening phenomenon starts from 450?°C to the maximum value of 672 HV at 560?°C. After tempering at 450?°C fine M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitate from the supersaturated austenite preferentially. In addition, the dislocation lines and slip bands still exist inside the austenite. While tempering at temperature below 560?°C, the secondary hardening simultaneously results from the martensite phase transformation and the precipitation of carbides as well as dislocation strengthening within a refined microstructure. Moreover, the formation of the ferrite matrix and large quality of coarse lamellar M₃C carbides when the samples were tempered at 650?°C contributes to the decrease of hardness.     

Effects of hot compression on carbide precipitation behavior of Ni—20Cr—18W—1Mo superalloy

The effect of hot compression on the grain boundary segregation and precipitation behavior of M₆C carbide in the Ni–20Cr–18W–1Mo superalloy was investigated by thermomechanical simulator, scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that the amount of M₆C carbides obviously increases in the experimental alloy after hot compression. Composition analyses reveal that secondary M₆C carbides at grain boundaries are highly enriched in tungsten. Meanwhile, the secondary carbide size of compressive samples is 3–5 μm in 10% deformation degree, while the carbide size of undeformed specimens is less than 1 μm under aging treatment at 900 and 1000 °C. According to the thermodynamic calculation results, the Gibbs free energy of γ-matrix and carbides decreases with increase of the compression temperature, and the W-rich M₆C carbide is more stable than Cr-rich M₂₃C₆. Compared with the experimental results, it is found that compressive stress accelerates the W segregation rate in grain boundary region, and further rises the rapid growth of W-rich M₆C as compared with the undeformed one.     

硼含量对镍基合金GH4049晶界析出相和高温性能的影响

在晶界面上用萃取碳复型技术研究了镍基合金GH4049(Ni-15Co-10Cr-5．5W-5Mo-4．2Al-1．5Ti)中与B和C的晶界偏聚效应密切相关的二次析出相特征．B含量低于0．008％时,因固溶B／C(原子比)很低,晶界析出大尺寸MC薄膜和M6C枝晶片以及薄膜状M23C6,不利于高温塑性和持久寿命．B含量为0．011％和0．018％时,固溶B／C(原子比)虽仅为0．667和0．941,已可减少和全部抑制上述碳化物的析出,代之以弥散M3B2颗粒,高温性能大幅度上升．但B含量过高,M3B2密集析出,高温性能下降．降低固溶冷却速度而使B和C原子向晶界长程偏聚,可促进M3B2析出,改善MC的形貌并抑制M6C和M23C6析出。     

High Carbon Alloy Steels with Multiple Types of Ultra-fine Carbides and Their Characteristics

Under normal forging and annealing conditions, there are different ultra fine carbides (M3C, M23C6, M7C3, M6C and MC) in high carbon alloy steels when alloy composition design is carried out properly. On the basis of carbides transformation orderliness, the alloy composition design of the high carbon alloy steels is conducted by phase-equilibrium thermodynamic calculation for Fe-Cr-W-Mo-V-C system. The nucleation and growth of new carbides, dissolution of previous partial carbides in these steels during annealing process, all these lead to ultra-fine distribution of carbides. Due to different crystal structures of carbides and different thermodynamics as well dynamics parameters of the carbides dissolution and precipitation, the range of quenching temperature of these steels is widened, and the good temper-resistance is obtained. The characteristics of heat treatment process and microstructure variance, and the carbides transformation for different temperature are explained by the phase-equilibrium component satisfactorily. Their bend and yield strength,flexibility and toughness all are advanced markedly comparing with that of kindred steels. Results of the applications have proved that the microstructure of ultra-fine carbides in these steels played importance roles in the enhancement of edginess and fatigue crack resistance of the die and knives.     

T91钢服役过程中碳化物的熟化分析

通过碳化物的电解萃取、X衍射分析、能谱分析和透射电镜分析等方法,对不同服役时间的T91钢中的碳化物状态及变化进行了研究.结果表明,经长期高温高压作用后,T91钢中碳化物M23C6发生较显著的熟化.碳化物M23C6颗粒形态多由短条形变为球形,仍以板条界分布为主.同时发现碳化物M23C6的化学成分发生变化,Mo、Cr从基体中的固溶态转移到碳化物中的化合态,碳化物M23C6在T91钢中的含量显著增加,由此对碳化物熟化提出了一些新的见解.     

Mn-Si-Cr系中碳钢在过冷奥氏体状态下变形时的显微组织演变

将Mn-Si-Cr系中碳钢在过冷奥氏体状态下进行低速率变形, 变形促进先共析铁素体转变, 但未见层状珠光体形成. 铁素体在奥氏体晶界和晶内形核, 以近似等轴状长大、交联, 并分割奥氏体, 形成富碳奥氏体区. 随着变形量的增大, 铁素体可在富碳奥氏体区内部继续形核长大并交联, 导致富碳奥氏体区不断被分割且碳浓度升高, 当碳浓度足够高时, 一次析出球状碳化物可在富碳奥氏体区边界处形成, 尺寸为0.5-1 μm; 变形过程中铁素体的动态回复和再结晶导致碳原子从Cottrell气团中逸出, 在铁素体内部形成几十纳米的二次析出球状碳化物.     

CREEP DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE OF DZ40M DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED COBALT-BASE SUPERALLOY AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＤＺ４０ＭａｌｏｙｉｓａｎｅｗｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎａｌｙｓｏｌｉｄｉｆｉｅｄｃｏｂａｌｔｂａｓｅｓｕｐｅｒａｌｏｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌＸ４０ａｌｏｙ．ＣｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈＸ４０ａ...     

形变温度对FeMnSiCrNiC合金第二相方向性析出及记忆效应的影响

基于控制第二相方向性析出提高铁基合金形状记忆效应的构想,研究了不同形变温度对Fe13.53Mn4.86Si8.16Cr3.82Ni0.16C合金γ/ε界面(母相丫与诱发马氏体ε之间界面)的数量和结构及随后时效第二相析出的数量和方向性的影响,以及第二相析出的数量和方向性对马氏体相变和形状记忆效应的影响.扫描电镜分析显示,形变温度远高于Ms时,无γ/ε面产生,时效后第二相析出少;形变温度接近Ms时,产生大量γ/ε面,时效后析出第二相数量很多,且方向性良好;形变温度进一步接近Ms时,γ/ε界面交叉,导致时效后方向性的第二相也交叉.透射电镜分析显示,析出方向性Cr23C6第二相的合金再次进行预变形时,产生的应力诱发马氏体具有单一方向.原因在于方向性Cr23C6及其产生的应力场对马氏体相交产生约束作用,避免马氏体片之间的交叉,使其具有更好的可逆转变性.