通道尺寸对稠密栅元内湍流流体的影响

利用CFD软件FLUENT对37棒束内的湍流流体进行分析,利用实验数据对计算结果进行验证,然后分析棒-棒间隙的减小对稠密栅元内流动交混和相干结构的影响.随着P/D的减小,大尺度相干结构运动越来越显著,由此带来的横向动量和能量交换也越来越明显.栅元的临界P/D约为1.03,此时栅元的换热条件基本上处于最佳状态.当P/D=...     

稠密栅元不同子通道内湍流流动的RANS和URANS模拟

本工作采用RANS和非稳态雷诺平均纳维斯托克斯模拟（URANS）方法对稠密栅元内典型子通道——中心通道和壁面通道内的湍流流动进行CFD模拟。研究分析了稠密栅元子通道内的不同周向角度的主流速度、壁面剪应力、湍动能等参数。将模拟计算结果和实验测量结果进行对比,结果表明：RANS模拟在采用各向异性的湍流模型的情况下能较好地模拟P/D较大的稠密栅元通道,但对于P/D较小（P/D<1.1）的稠密栅元通道,CFD结果和实验数据存在较大差距。相比之下,URANS方法可模拟紧密栅元子通道间隙区的大尺度、准周期的流动振动,从而和实验数据拟合良好。推荐采用雷诺应力湍流模型(SSG,ORS)进行RANS模拟,而采用SAS湍流模型进行URANS模拟。     

紧密栅元棒束通道内的传热流动数值模拟

对紧密栅元棒束中心通道和壁面通道内空气的传热流动行为进行了数值研究;结合实验数据对壁面温度、剪应力、流体温度和速度以及湍动能等参数进行了分析.结果表明:随着节径比(PID)的减小,紧密栅元棒束通道内参数的不均匀性会增加,在通道的间隙区会出现壁面温度的峰值.在紧密栅元组件的设计中应该考虑这种间隙区的高温点分布;通道壁面的...     

不同棒束结构稠密栅元通道内的湍流CFD研究

采用URANS（UnsteadyReynoldsAveragedNavierStokes）方法对不同棒束结构稠密栅元通道（P/D=1.001～1.2）内的湍流流动进行CFD模拟。研究分析了不同Re（Re=5000~215000）的湍流流动的主流速度、壁面剪应力、湍动能等参数。研究表明：在较稠密的棒束（P/D<1.1）通道内,P/D的变化对子通道内主流速度和剪应力分布均有较大影响。本文的模拟结果也验证了在达到临界P/D前（即使δ/D<0.011）,交混因子Y和δ/D成反比关系。对于固定的棒束结构（P/D=1.062）,当Re达到一定值（Re=9600）时,子通道内主流速度和剪应力分布对Re的变化不敏感。     

摇摆条件对稠密栅元内流动的影响

利用非稳态雷诺平均模拟(URANS)对摇摆条件下稠密栅元内的流体波动和大尺度相干结构进行理论分析,计算结果与实验值非常接近.摇摆运动会对流体波动和相干结构产生影响,摇摆条件下的流体波动周期比稳态条件下的流体波动周期略大10％.摇摆条件下流体的相干速度与稳态条件下的相干速度之间有一定的差异.最小相干主流速度位于流道中央,...     

稠密栅元内湍流流体的流动传热

本文对稠密栅元内的湍流流动和传热特性进行了分析。首先利用实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,然后分析了Re和P/D等参数对稠密栅元内的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数的影响。Re和P/D均会对稠密栅元内的流动传热特性产生显著影响,但传统的理论模型无法描述P/D对栅元内的摩擦阻力系数和传热系数的影响。P/D=1.03是一临界点,这种条件下的稠密栅元内的流动和传热是最安全的,也是最高效的。此时核反应堆的功率和系统的传热能力可同时达到最大。     

稠密栅元棒束内流动行为的CFD数值模拟

国内针对稠密栅元组件内流体的流动和传热特征展了大量的实验研究,但目前仍缺乏对稠密栅元通道内冷却剂流动特性的全面认识.本文对矩形和三角形稠密栅元通道内的空气湍流流动进行了数值研究.结合实验数据,系统地验证了涡粘性和雷诺应力两类湍流模型模拟稠密栅元内流动特征的适用范围.结果表明:SSG雷诺应力模型对流动有较好的模拟,但在棒壁窄缝处的计算结果与实验数据存在较大的差距;在y+<20时,SSG模型对近壁面区域网格的疏密不敏感;在y+较小时,二阶ω模型出现数值震荡.     

7棒束紧密栅元流体流动传热数值研究

紧密栅元内的流体流动传热研究对高转化比反应堆燃料组件的优化有十分重要的意义。本文采用CFD方法对7棒束紧密栅元棒束通道内流体流动传热现象进行了数值模拟,并与7棒束紧密栅元内氟利昂流体传热的实验结果进行对比分析,详细分析了定位格架对棒束内流体传热流动的影响。结果表明：数值计算所得的非加热棒的壁面温度和实验吻合良好,定位格架的存在对其下游流体流动、棒束最高温度分布及交混系数有明显的影响,棒束某些位置因流动滞止导致温度大幅上升,在设计中应加以注意。     

三角形排列的紧密栅元棒束内流动行为的数值模拟

对三角形排列紧密栅元通道内的空气湍流流动进行了数值研究,系统考察了涡粘性和雷诺应力两类湍流模型模拟紧密栅元通道内流动特征的适用性.结果表明:SSG雷诺应力模型对流动有较好的模拟,这说明湍流各项异性的模拟在紧密栅元中十分重要;不同雷诺数和几何结构下的模拟显示,二次流的大小和雷诺数的相关性不大.但随着棒间距和棒径比(P/D)的增大,二次流减小.     

2×2棒束内超临界水传热特性数值研究

复杂通道是介于典型通道和典型栅元之间的几何结构,在通道形状、加热方式等方面更接近于原型组件。本文以小棒束2×2结构为分析对象,采用计算流体力学(CFD)工具分析组件内的温场特征,并讨论热流密度、质量流速等热工参数对通道平均换热系数的影响。结果表明,减小热流密度、增加质量流速都会增强换热。棒束结构的壁面温度分布存在明显的周向不均匀性,固体壁面导热会有效抑制这种周向不均匀性,进而增强通道的换热能力。     

URANS simulation of the turbulent flow in a tight lattice: Effect of the pitch to diameter ratio

The turbulent flow in 37 rod bundles is investigated with CFD code FLUENT. The calculation results were validated with experimental data at first. Then the effects of diminishing rod-rod gap size on local flow, heat transfer and coherent structure in tight lattice are analyzed. The critical pitch to diameter ratio is next to 1.03. As the pitch to diameter ratio decreases from a high level to 1.03, the coherent structure and flow oscillation increase gradually. However, as the gap size continues decreasing, the coherent structure and flow oscillation decay very quickly. In the very narrow gap, the coherent structure is so weak that it could be neglected. The oscillations of velocity, wall shear stress and wall temperature are also very weak. But the spatial variation of the parameters in this gap is very significant.     

An experimental study of turbulent flow through a square-array rod bundle

Using laser-Doppler anemometry and calibrated Preston tubes, experiments were performed in water (80°C, 0.6 MPa) to obtain information on the distributions of wall shear stresses, mean axial velocities and turbulence intensities for fully developed adiabatic flow through a six-rod bundle at a Reynolds number of 5 × 10⁵. The rods were arranged in a square array with a pitch to a diameter ratio of 1.15 and a wall-distance to diameter ratio of 0.62. The core flow in the central subchannel appears to be similar to pipe flow, but in the gap regions much higher turbulence intensities are encountered. The skewed wall shear stress profiles together with the deformed constant-velocity lines suggest the presence of secondary flows in the corner subchannels.     

Measurements of frequencies and spatial correlations of coherent structures in rod bundle flows

Cross-wire anemometry was used to identify and characterize coherent flow pulsations in isothermal air flow near the gap regions of a five-rod bundle with a design pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.149 and contained in a quasi-trapezoidal duct. It was confirmed that such pulsations are quasi-periodic and contribute significantly to the velocity fluctuations across the gap. The frequency of pulsations was found to decrease with diminishing rod–wall gap size in the range between 0.015D and 0.250D, where D is the rod diameter. The pulsations in a rod–wall gap and an adjacent rod–rod gap were strongly coupled and occurred at the same frequency as one rod was displaced towards the duct wall.     

摇摆条件下典型通道间湍流的流动传热特性

利用Fluent软件分析了摇摆条件对典型四棒束间的湍流流体流动和传热特性的影响机理。摇摆运动会对棒束间流体的流动传热特性产生一定影响,但不会对绝热通道与加热通道内流体流动相似性产生影响。而当摇摆幅度较大时,径向附加力会使通道横截面上的参数分布发生显著的变化,进而影响流体的流动与传热特性。在摇摆条件下,随着P/D（棒间距/棒直径）的逐渐减小,尤其是小于1.1时,典型棒束间流体的流动传热特性发生明显变化。     

Optimization of rib-roughened annular gas-coolant channels

The present study deals with the effects of wall geometry on the fluid flow and heat transfer in an annulus. Rectangular-rib structural wall roughness on the inner wall is considered. This roughness is characterized by rib height, width and pitch. A detailed parametric investigation of the effect of rib width-to-height ratio on the friction coefficient is performed for different rib pitches. This ratio varies from 0.125 to 6.0. Various rib pitches are considered, from those corresponding to a smooth wall, and up to the pitch-to-rib-height ratio of 16. Examples of various rib heights are also shown. The hydraulic diameter and the flow Reynolds number serve as additional parameters.Numerical simulations are performed using a modified k-? turbulence model, which makes possible the prediction of flow separation, reattachment and adverse pressure gradients. The model is validated by comparing its results with experimental and numerical results for overall and local flow parameters reported in the literature. The results of the present study indicate that for the given hydraulic diameter of the annulus and flow Reynolds number, the pitch that corresponds to maximal flow resistance depends on the rib width-to-height ratio. It appears that when the width-to-height ratio decreases, this optimal pitch approaches an asymptotic value. On the other hand, the optimum rib distance-to-height ratio remains almost constant. These findings are discussed in context of the available literature.Generalization of the results is attempted through the use of dimensionless groups based on the flow and geometrical parameters of the systems. A correlation for the friction factor is suggested.     

Analysis of dynamical flow structure in a square arrayed rod bundle

Large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flow in a bare rod bundle was performed, and a new concept about the flow structure that enhances heat transport between subchannels was proposed. To investigate the geometrical effect, the LES was performed for three different values of rod diameter over pitch ratio (D/P = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9). The computational domain containing 4 subchannels was large enough to capture large-scale structures wide across subchannels. Lateral flow obtained was unconfined in a subchannel, and some flows indicated a pulsation through the rod gap between subchannels. The gap flow became strong as D/P increased, as existing experimental studies had reported. Turbulence intensity profile in the rod gap suggested that the pulsation was caused by the turbulence energy transferred from the main flow to the wall-tangential direction. This implied that the flow pulsation was an unsteady mode of the secondary flow and arose from the same geometrical effect of turbulence. This implication was supported by the analysis results: two-points correlation functions of fluctuating velocities indicated two length-scales, P-D and D, respectively of cross-sectional and longitudinal motions; turbulence stress in the cross-sectional mean flow contained a non-potential component, which represented energy injection through the unsteady longitudinal fluid motion.     

矩形通道长带条拟序结构的可视化实验研究

采用氢气泡流动显示技术,以水为工质,对较小尺度竖直矩形通道湍流边界层内的长带条拟序结构进行了可视化实验研究。研究通道边界层内长带条的统计特性,并与光滑平板边界层内长带条的现象进行了对比。从长带条形成机理方面对其间距的特点进行了解释,分析y⁺变化对通道内长带条分布的影响,并对通道内长带条的频率特性进行探讨,得到了通道内长带条频率的关系式。     

International Solvent Extraction Conference ISEC ′90

The supercritical-water-cooled power reactor (SCPR) is expected to reduce power costs compared with those of current LWRs because of its high thermal efficiency and simple reactor system. The high thermal efficiency is obtained by supercritical pressure water cooling. The fuel cladding surface temperature increases locally due to a synergistic effect from the increased coolant temperature, the expanded flow deflection due to coolant density change and the decreased heat transfer coefficient, if the coolant flow distribution is non-uniform in the fuel assembly. Therefore, the SCPR fuel assembly is designed using a subchannel analysis code based on the SILFEED code for BWRs.

The SCPR fuel assembly has many square-shaped water rods. The fuel rods are arranged around these water rods. The fuel rod pitch and diameter are 11.2 mm and 10.2 mm, respectively. Since coolant flow distribution in the fuel assembly strongly depends on the gap width between the fuel rod and the water rod, the proper gap width is examined. Subchannel analysis shows that the coolant flow distribution becomes uniform when the gap width is 1.0 mm. The maximum fuel cladding surface temperature is lower than 600°C and the temperature margin of the fuel cladding is increased in the design.     

Measurements of turbulent velocity and temperature in axial flow through a heated rod bundle

Fully developed turbulent air flow in a heated 37-rod bundle with a pitch to diameter ratio of 1.12 has been investigated. Measurements were performed with a hot-wire probe with x-wires and a temperature wire. Besides the distributions of the mean velocity, mean fluid temperature, the wall shear stress and wall temperature, the turbulent quantities such as the turbulent kinetic energy, the Reynolds-stresses and the turbulent heat fluxes were measured and compared with data from isothermal flow and heated flow in pipes.     

双弹性管流固耦合振动的数值模拟

为研究反应堆结构中诸如燃料棒、蒸汽发生器和其他换热器等管束类结构的流固耦合振动问题,利用有限体积法离散大涡模拟的流体控制方程及有限元方法离散结构动力学方程,结合动网格技术,建立了三维流体诱发弹性管束振动的数值模型,实现了计算结构动力学与计算流体力学之间的双向耦合。得到横流作用下单管的振动响应,并与已有的实验数据比较,证明了本文模型的合理性;对横流作用下的两串列管、两并列管的流固耦合振动进行了数值模拟,着重研究了节径比为1.2、1.6、2、3、4的两弹性管在不同流速作用下的动力学响应及流场特性;得到串列管、并列管的临界间距与临界流速。